AMERICA IN THE…AMERICA IN THE…

The beginning of the Civil The beginning of the Civil Rights MovementRights Movement

Life in the 60´SLife in the 60´S• The 60s were often considered to be the ‘age of youth’

• Movement away from the conservative fifties resulted in revolutionary ways of thinking

•First presidential election televised in 1961

•First man to walk the moon

•Vietnam War

•Emergence of the Hippie lifestyle

•Over half a million attended Woodstock

•Despite all the advances in the 1960s, the younger generation began to demand change

•This change affected all facets of life

KKKKKK

• Emerged after the Civil War Rejection to the integration of the color newly freed people (The Reconstruction)

• “The invisible empire of the south", searched for the "white supremacy" attacking color people and everyone that sympathized with them.

• Structure: Grand Wizard

Grand Dragons

Grand Titans

Grand Cyclopes. • Nathan Bedford Forrest = first Grand Wizard leading the

KKK.

• The First age of the KKK, concluded with the issue of the Force Act in 1870 and the KuKluxKlan Act in 1871.

• The Second age of the Klan, emerged in 1915, and reached its highest point in 1920 4 million members across the country and the expansion of their fear from color people, to Christians, Jews and immigrants.

• Alfred E. Smith, 1928, Democrat candidate. A• 1929 Depression membership of the Klan

diminished and the organization came into a recess in their activities, until 1960's with issue of the Civil Rights Act in 1964.

• President Lyndon B. Johnson.• Growing tolerance the group vanished (few small

and scattered cells of thugs.)

The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement

• Abolishment of racial discrimination (1954-1968) – “Second Reconstruction era”

• Black Panther Party, Young Lords, Weathermen and Brown Berets

Militant tactics to make a social revolution

Government:

COINTELPRO

Relevant MovementsRelevant MovementsRosa Parks• Refused to sit on the back of a segregated

bus• Led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott

(1955-1956) in Alabama. • Arrested in 1955

Martin Luther King• Montgomery Bus boycott / Outlawing

segregation on public transport.• Southern Christian Leadership

Conference in 1957 - conduct non-violent protests in the service of civil rights reform. VS. Jim Crow laws

• Extensive media coverage - a wave of sympathetic public opinion – CRM the most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.

• Black´s right to vote, desegregation, labor rights and basic civil rights. (US law/Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act of 1965)

• The March on Washington: More than a quarter of a million people. “I have a dream”

• Bloody Sunday: March severely represed – broadcasted.

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)• Desegregation of public schools. Linda Brown

(African American girl) 3rd grade in Kansas. Travelled more than a mile to “black” school – rejected in “white” elementary.

Malcolm X• Black Muslim minister

(Spokesman-Nation of Islam & funder-Organization of Afro-American Unity)

• Drug dealer and burglar one of the most prominentblack nationalist leaders n US

• Advocated for black pride, economic self-reliance, and identity politics & human rights activist.

John F KennedyJohn F Kennedy

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• Served as president of the United States from 1961-1963

•Major events during his presidency include the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin wall, the Space Race, the early

events of the Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement

• Assassinated on November 22nd, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.

“Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country” - 1961

The ControversyWho was Lee Harvey Oswald?

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According to four US government investigations, he was responsible for the assassination of JFK. However, while in custody, he was shot and killed by Jack Ruby on live television.

Public opinion is still divided regarding Oswald’s culpability.

Who was Jack Ruby or “Sparky”?

Ruby gained international attention after shooting Oswald on November 24th, 1963 while authorities were transferring Oswald to a jail.

As he shot, it is reported that he yelled, “You killed my President, you rat!”. Ruby claimed that he shot Oswald to avenge Kennedy. After being arrested, he told reporters that it was to show that “Jews had guts” and to save Jacqueline Kennedy from having to appear at Oswald’s trial. Later though, he said that it was a spur of the moment decision.

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Possible Motivations for Oswald

“Oswald was moved by an overriding hostility to his environment….perpetually discontented with the world around him…he expressed his hatred for American society and acted in protest against it…His commitment to Marxism and communism appears to have been another important factor in his motivation. He also had demonstrated a capacity to act decisively and without regard to the consequences when such action would further his aims of the moment. Out of these and the many other factors which may have molded the character of Lee Harvey Oswald there emerged a man capable of assassinating President Kennedy.”

- The Warren Commission

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The window from where Oswald was said to have shot JFK

Possible Motivations for Ruby

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• Mafia orders were given as part of a conspiracy to assassinate the president (would prevent Oswald from testifying)

• Ruby was emotionally unstable and in search of publicity

• Ruby revered Kennedy and his policies and was seeking vengeance

The TheoriesMannlicher-Carcano Rifle

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The Backyard Pictures

•A. Hidell•Rifle used in assassination purchased at a Chicago sporting goods store with coupon•Writing on coupon matched Oswald’s•The rifle was purchased under his alias but sent to Dallas post office box registered under his own name

•Photos taken by Marina Oswald on Sunday, March 31st 1963 with Oswald’s camera

•Holding two Marxist newspapers and a rifle

•Oswald insisted that these were fake photos after his arrest

•Marina testified that she had taken the photos at Oswald’s request

•Photos were labeled CE 133-A and CE 133-B

•One showed him with his right hand in front of his chest with rifle in the right hand, the other is vice versa

•Negatives were found, as well as two originals

•Handwriting on the newspapers were identified as Oswald’s

•Many people still think that these photos were not authentic

SourcesSources• Ku Klux Klan. (2007). In Britannica elementary encyclopedia.

Retrieved February 10, 2007, from encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://0-search.eb.com.millenium.itesm.mx:80/ebk/article?articleId=400125

• The Ku Klux Klan. (2007). Available at: http://www.kukluxklan.bz/

• American Cultural history.(2007). In Kinwood College Library. Available at: http://kclibrary.nhmccd.edu/decade60.html

• John Kennedy (2007). Available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/jk35.html

• The 1960s: Decade of Peace and Love (2006). Available at:http://www.kyrene.org/schools/brisas/sunda/decade/1960.htm

• JFK Assassination Research Materials (2004). Available at:http://www.kyrene.org/schools/brisas/sunda/decade/1960.htm