american civil war the battle for the blue & the gray
TRANSCRIPT
American CIVIL WAR
The Battle for the
Blue & the Gray
APUSH/CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
(The War between the States)
More lives lost in Civil War than in World War I, World War II, Korea
and Vietnam!
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North
South
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Background Information
1st Modern War in AmericaReasons:• Armies were organized and trained for battle.• Strategies / tactics used to defeat each other.• Artillery / Weaponry improves during the war.
Submarine, Rifle, Gattling Gun, etc..,..• Communities/Towns/States organized
regiments to fight for the cause.
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Long Range causes
• Money - Industrial North vs Agricultural South• States Rights - South felt that they had certain rights
to run their state government w/o interference• Expansion - South wants to push slavery into West.• Lifestyle – Northerners = City life / Southerners
Plantation lifestyle• Secession - Southerners felt that they should leave
Union to get what they want!
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Immediate Causes of the War: SLAVERY!
Talmadge Amendment (1819) – Congressional attempt to prohibit any more slaves in Missouri.
• Defeated by US Senate.• 11 free state /11 slave
Wilmot Proviso (1846)• Congressional Proposal twice passed through the House but was
defeated in Senate. – North (anti slavery) control House– South (fire eaters) balance equal in Senate!
• Polk never took sides in the debate and when he left office in 1849 country was divided over the issue of slavery!
APUSH/CIVIL WARMissouri Compromise of 1820
Congress admits MS as a slave
SLAVE state, and MAINE as a free
state.
This establishes a precedent.
Admit 1 free for 1 slave state.
Draw line across country. All
states north of line are free,
south of line are Slave.
APUSH/CIVIL WARGrowth & Expansion
• 1848:Mexican War USA gets territory of Texas.
• Jan. 24, 1848 – Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill
• 1849: California petitions for statehood.
• Congress now has to determine again if each will come in as Free or Slave.
• California straddles the line!
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Debate Over California1. 15 Slave and 15 Free States exist!2. President: Zachary Taylor (had already warned
Southerners he would hunt them down and kill them as deserters if they try to leave Union)
3. If CA is admitted, there are no Slave states to balance up the sides!
4. Unhappy trio – Clay, Calhoun & Webster1. One more time on the floor of the Senate.2. Debate the merits of the Compromise.3. Clay – 73 years old, tired and feeble.4. Calhoun – 68, dieing of TB, can’t speak5. Webster – 68, liver ailment, last speech
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Positions of Each man• Henry Clay – North & South should both make concessions.
(Motion supported by Stephen Douglas)• John C. Calhoun – Leave slavery alone, return runaway
slaves, and restore political balance. (Secretly had a proposal to elect two Presidents (1 southern/1northern)
• Daniel Webster - Urged support of Clay’s Plan. He claimed Mexican territories were not the issue. (God had made the land unsuitable for plantation economy) People should support compromise, concessions and reasonableness!– Called 7th of March Speech – 100, 000 copies printed in 1850
alone!
• William Seward – Said that there was a “higher law” than that of the Constitution. Probably cost him election of 1860!
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Compromise of 1850• Plan to bring CA in as a state, balance the
number of Free/Slave states and provide stiff punishment for escaped slaves in AMERICA.
• Henry Clay of Kentucky: Four Parts1.) Admit CA=Free state
2.) Create UTAH & New Mexico territory
3.) End slave sales (not slavery) in District of Columbia4.) Congress passes Federal Fugitive Slave Law (More strict than 1793 Law)
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Backlash over the Compromise
1. Congressional balance permanently tipped to North.
2. NM/UT would be free as well. (too many FREE SOILERS there!
3. Fugitive Slave Law was viewed by Abolitionists as too harsh.
1. No testimony at trial/hearing.2. Instant return to Slavery.
4. Sets up 1850’s as decade of Violence!
HarrietBeecherStowe
1811 - 1896
HarrietBeecherStowe
1811 - 1896So this is the lady who
started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
So this is the lady who started the Civil War.
-- Abraham Lincoln
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1852 Sold 300,000
copies in the first year.
2 million in a decade!
Sold 300,000 copies in
the first year.
2 million in a decade!
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Kansas/Nebraska Act 1854• Proposed by Stephen
Douglas. – Why?– Answer: It would put
Transcontinental RR through his state (IL) $$$$
Provisions:1. KS & NEB want to enter
union!2. KS is north of 36’30 line for
slavery.3. Nebraska would be a free
state!4. Stephen Douglas calls for
Kansas to be a SLAVE STATE!
• Creates Chaos! Helps to create the Republican Party!
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Kansas is a battleground!• Populated by 1,000’s of “Free Soilers”
– Purpose is to move to KS and make sure it comes in as a FREE STATE!
• May 21, 1856 -Tension comes to a boiling point! Violence sweeps across state.– Newspaper offices, homes & businesses are
looted!
• John Brown-an anti slavery crusader decides to handle things “his own self”
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
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Raid at Pottawatomie May 21, 1856
• John Brown raided a pro slavery settlement near river.
• He and his men dragged five men from their beds and executed them with swords/knives in front of their families!
• Brown and others believed it was God’s work to stop the spread of slavery!
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Beating of Charles Sumner (May 22, 1856)
AKA “Bleeding Sumner”• A New England Senator who had publicly criticized
Senator Andrew Butler of SC for the “Crime against Kansas”.
• His speech implied that Butler slept with slavery as if she were a “Whore” without a name.
• Butler’s nephew Preston Brooks decided to defend his uncles honor on the floor of the Senate chamber.
• Brooks beats Sumner with a cane in front of 30 other people, mostly from the South who do nothing to stop it!
• Northerners are frightened by this incident!
•IF THIS CAN HAPPEN IN WASHINGTON, DC…THE SOUTH IS A DANGER TO ALL OF US!
•NORTHERN PAPERS DENOUNCED IT AS AN ATTACK ON THE PRINCIPALS OF DECENCY!
•SOUTHERNERS SENT POST CARDS TO THE SENATE THAT SAID “HIT HIM AGAIN”
•BUTLER RESIGNED HIS SEAT IN THE SENATE ONLY TO BE UNANIMOUSLY REELECTED BY THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA!
“The Crime Against Kansas”“The Crime Against Kansas”
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)
Preston Brooks(D-SC)
Preston Brooks(D-SC)
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Election of 1856
• James Buchanan wins election over John C. Fremont.
• Popular Vote: 1,832,955 to 1,339,932• Electoral College 174 to 114.• First real election for the Republican Party.• Smear Campaign:
– Buchanan was a bachelor! Fiancee had died after a lover’s quarrel.
– Fremont – He was illegitimate. Mother was a southerner.
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Dred Scott Case 1857
• Supreme Court Case• A slave (Dred Scott)
had been brought to a free state by his owner.
• Owner died, Scott went to court to prove he was now a free man.
• Case went to Supreme Court.
Scott’s Argument:
•Citizenship is not defined by race in Constitution
•He lives in a FREE STATE, therefore he is FREE!
February 15, 1857
“Dred Scott is still a slave, appeal denied”
March 1857
James Buchanan becomes President
President Buchanan pushes Supreme Court to make clearer definition of
ruling.
March 6, 1857
• Citizenship is defined by race!
•Slaves are Property not people!
•Slaves can be taken anywhere!
RULING CREATES CHAOS IN AMERICA!
Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine
Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine
PopularSovereignt
y?
PopularSovereignt
y?
•The Freeport Doctrine was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois.
•Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the United States Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford.
•Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas's response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery.
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LeCompton Constitution 1857
• Kansas vote for statehood.• Free Soilers dominate population.• Citizens can only vote for constitution
with slavery or without, no other choice presented!– Provision Included that if slavery
was abolished in KS, people who owned slaves prior to 1857, would be allowed to keep them! (A Grandfather clause)
• State Constitution passed with Slavery in 1857!
• IMPACT: POPULAR SOVERIEGNTY
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Lincoln vs Douglas• Both had competed with the
other for years.• Both are from Springfield, IL.• Both served in State Legislature
as well as H of R• Both competed for affections of
Mary Todd. (She chose Abe!)• Both ran for Senate seat from
Illinois in 1858.(Senators were chosen by State
Legislatures until 1913)• Lincoln felt like he was awkward,
homely and somewhat out of place in the debates!
• Douglas viewed the debates as a stepping stone to the Presidency!
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates• 1858- Seven debates took place
between Douglas and Lincoln over Slavery.
• Related to Senate race for Illinois. 1857-58
• Both supported idea of inferior position for blacks!
• Lincoln loses election! • Positive Effects:
– Lincoln becomes well known national figure!
– Douglass is exposed for being “two faced”. Democrats did not want him to represent the party!
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“A house divided”A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it
will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of
ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the
States, old as well as new—North as well as South.
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Raid at Harper’s Ferry • John Brown & 18 men
raid Federal Arsenal there!
• October 1859- Brown is caught by Robert E. Lee!
• Yes that Robert E. Lee!!!• Tried and convicted of
treason against Virginia!• Executed by hanging!• Becomes a martyr for
North, & symbol of all that’s bad for the South!
John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859
John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859
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ELECTION OF 1860Lincoln: The Choice for President!
Reasons for support:1. Free Soilers: non-extension of slavery2. Manufacturers: A Protective Tariff3. Immigrants: No abridgement of rights4. Northwest: A Pacific Railroad5. West: Internal Improvements at
Federal Expense!6. Farmers: Free Homesteads (Land)
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1860Presidenti
alElection
1860Presidenti
alElection
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
√ Abraham Lincoln
Republican
John BellConstitutional
Union
John BellConstitutional
Union
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
John C. BreckinridgeSouthern DemocratJohn C. BreckinridgeSouthern Democrat
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!
1860
Election
Results
1860
Election
Results
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ELECTION OF 1860Abe Lincoln vs Stephen Douglas
• South says that if Lincoln is elected, they will leave the Union!
• November 1860-Lincoln wins Presidency with not one single vote from the South!
• February 1861= Confederate States of America formed!
• The Civil War is On!
Popular Vote Results:
LINCOLN 40%
DOUGLAS 29%
BRECKENRIDGE 18%
BELL 13%
LINCOLN GETS 180 of 303 EC Votes!
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Crittenden Compromise:A Last Ditch Appeal to SanityCrittenden Compromise:
A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity• An unsuccessful proposal by
Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns of the Lower South .
• It proposed reestablishment of the ’36 30° line!
• Both the House of Representatives and the Senate rejected it in 1861.
• Could not be repealed or amended if adopted!
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
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Confederate States of America• Nov. 1860 – Mar. 1861
– LAME DUCK BUCHANAN failed to stop Secession!
– AL, MS, TX, GA, FL, LA• Created in February, 1861.• Jefferson Davis is chosen as
President and elected to a 6 year Term!
• Went about the business of forming Confederate Treasury, War, Commerce Departments.
• Varina Hopewell Davis -1st Lady of the Confederacy.– Father: Zachary Taylor (12th
President)– Varina – named for her!
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Lincoln forced to act!• March 1861-Inauguration
• April 6, 1861, Lincoln tells Governor of SC that he is re-supplying the Fort!
• Union troops held the fort which is off the coast of South Carolina.
• April 10, 1861- Confederate President, Jefferson Davis orders General P.T. Beauregard to attack the FORT!
April 12th-14th
Constant Bombardment
dooms the Fort!
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April 12, 1861-Fort Attacked!• 24 hours later, without weapons and supplies to
fight, Union surrenders the Fort to Confederates!• Lincoln saw this as open rebellion against the
Union…calls for volunteers for Army! (Army of the Potomac)
• South sees that as a personal attack …VA, NC, TN and AK all secede as a result!
• The South is now in for a Bloody Battle it won’t forget!
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861
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Differences in War..NORTH
• TEND TO UNDER-ESTIMATE THE RESOLVE OF SOUTHERN TROOPS!
• USUALLY NAME BATTLES AFTER PHYSICAL FEATURES OF AREA NEAR SITE!
• BATTLE OF BULL RUN, BATTLE OF WILDERNESS,
SOUTH• TEND TO OVER
EXAGGERATE THE ROLE THAT THEY PLAY IN BATTLES.
• USUALLY NAME THE BATTLE AFTER A NEAR BY CITY OR TOWN!
• BOTH SIDES EXPECT QUICK WIN!
NEITHER SIDE WAS PREPARED FOR HAND TO HAND COMBAT
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Technology• Size - Both sides were used to Large scale Battles
involving 1,000’s of men on one Battlefield!• Training -Neither Army was well armed or Trained!• ARTILLERY and weaponry all had improved!• Improvements - Cannons shoot farther, guns are more
accurate, bullets now fly faster and straighter!• Accuracy - Artillery shells are used to “bombard” enemy
lines with grenade like efficiency!• Time -Jefferson Davis knew that if the South had to fight a
large scale war, they would lose!
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A Nation divided by WarNorth
• Mostly Industrial, cities are well developed.
• Don’t need Slavery to survive!
• Immigration provided plenty of labor for steel mills, factories and railroads
• West allied itself with North because it needed protection North provided!
South• Mostly Agricultural. They
manufactured nothing of Value.
• Everything had to be imported (tools, supplies)
• 1860-Cotton represented 57% of all US exports!
• Cotton was King! Needed labor force to harvest!
• Slavery was lifeblood of South!
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Anaconda Plan
• Union Army was better supplied because of the Vast amount of Industrial Resources available in the North.
• The North planned to strangle the South’s economy and effectively squeeze the life out of them and force them to quit.
• They will block Southern ports and intercept all trains in and out of the South!
• Eventually the Union Army will snake up the Miss. River and cut the South in two!
Overviewof
Civil WarStrategy:
“Anaconda”Plan
Overviewof
Civil WarStrategy:
“Anaconda”Plan
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•Confederates built Forts along major rivers in South.
•Union Army created a “floating fort” called the gunboat, an iron clad warship that could navigate shallow waters and destroy Confederate strongholds easily!
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Battles of the Civil War
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Battle of Bull Run July 1861 (Manassas, VA)
• 30,000 Union troops easily defeated by Confederates.
• Spectators showed up with picnic supplies to watch the Battle.
• During Union retreat, picnic baskets and people were overrun by Union Forces!
• 1st battle takes place in backyard of Wilmer McLean General Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July, 1861
Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July, 1861
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1862-Year of disaster for Lincoln
• Shiloh-April6-7 23, 746 casualties• Seven Days-July 1862- 100,000 Union
troops defeated by 50, 000 Confederates.• Antietam-Sept 1862- 23, 100 casualties.• Fredericksburg-Dec 1862- 18, 000
casualties.Lincoln would like to forget that this year ever
existed!
War in the East: 1861-1862War in the East: 1861-1862
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Battle of Shiloh (1862)
Fought near Shiloh Church in Tennessee.
Bloodiest Battle of Civil War up until 1862.
13,000 Union Deaths. 10,000 Confederate.
40,000 Confederate troops launched a sneak attack on 45,000 Union troops.
US Grant was Union commander. Looked like he would be defeated on the first day of the Battle!
US Grant reorganized on the 2nd day and won! But at a huge cost!
People of America take notice of casualties involved in this type of Battle.
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Peninsula Campaign (1862)• McClellan will float about 90,000 Union
troops down the Potomac into the Chesapeake Bay.– Plan was for the Union to attack Richmond, VARichmond, VA
by way of the Sea.– They would come ashore near Jamestown, VAJamestown, VA
and work their way Westward towards Richmond.
– McClellan is far too methodicaltoo methodical to carry out this campaign.
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Confederates are outnumbered• Confederate Commander on the
Eastern shore of Virginia is supposed to defend it from invasion.
• McClellan gets tricked into believing that the Confederates have about 50,000 soldiers stationed along the shore.
• Truth was they only had 10,000 soldiers there!
• Joseph Johnston, Confederate Commander was a former stage and theatre actor.
• He planned to make McClellan think there were more soldiers on the peninsula!
• He was able to use McClellan’s cautious nature against him!
• He built 1,000’s of campfires all along the area where the Union had come ashore, making them think there were 50,000 plus Confederate soldiers.
• He stacked large boulders and logs together to make it appear they were cannons!
• They marched the same unit in front of McClellan over and over again.
•McClellan counted 20,000 men!
•Johnston had actually just marched 2,000 men across the field 20 times!McClellan delayed an attack on the Confederates because he
wanted to make sure he had the advantage. His cautious nature allows Lee to come down out of Northern VA and defend
Richmond!
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Battle of Seven Days
June 25-July 1, 1862
Battle to gain control of Richmond, VA.
Union commander McClellan has 100,000 troops.
Confederate commander RE Lee has 50,000.
Lee won through skillful maneuvering.
Union troops tried to invade Virginia using Ironclad warships along the Potomac River.
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RE Lee
McClellan
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Battle of Antietam Sept. 1862
Fought near Sharpsburg, MD
Bloodiest Single day Battle of Civil War.
6,000 deaths. 17,000 wounded.
RE Lee wanted to bring the fight to the North, instead of battling in the South all the time.
Confederates were closest to defeating the North on this day!
Confederates believed if they could show Great Britain they could stand on their own, they could get assistance!
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• Union troops camped across Rappahannock River at Chatham.
• Commanded by General Ambrose Burnside.
• They Bombarded town during Winter of 1862. Destroyed town, streets, bridge, etc.,..
• Union troops launched 8,000 shells on city.
• Union troops tried to build a pontoon bridge across river.
• Confederates shelled them.
Battle of FredericksburgDecember 1862
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•Union Troops had to cross the Rappahannock under heavy fire from Confederate soldiers.
•Pontoon Bridges which were supposed to arrive on Dec 1st did not show up until Dec 13th!
•The union made the mistake of attacking the Confederates superior position!
•Utter disaster for the Union!
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Union troops needed to cross the river to get into Fredericksburg, they were forced to build pontoon bridges while under heavy artillery fire from Confederate forces!
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Marye’s Heights• Union troops pushed forward to Marye’s Heights (off
Lafayette Blvd.) Confederates are on top of hill!
• Confederate troops hold a superior position at the top of Marye’s Heights..
• This is also called the Battle of Sunken Road.
• 30,000 union troops attacked the hill, 8,000 died, none made it to the top!
• Union casualties were high, chaos ensued during the Battle. Some confederates thought Union troops were their comrades!Confederate troops waited atop of the hill and ambushed
Union soldiers as they tried to assault the hill!
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Angel of Marye’s Heights• Richard Kirkland - part of the
South Carolina regiment.– Gave aid and water to both
Union and Confederate soldiers.
– Monument built to his efforts exists near Sunken Road at the Battle of Fredericksburg site.
– He risked injury and death to save hundreds of men at the battle.
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Prisoners of War• At first both sides
exchanged prisoners.• Once Grant realized that
the South could not replenish their numbers, he stopped exchanges.
• South then mistreated thousands of prisoners in prison camps like Andersonville, GA.
• 30,000 men imprisoned their- 17,300 died!
Most prisoners died from exposure, starvation and
disease.
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Emancipation Proclamation• September 1862 - Lincoln
says that as of Jan 1, 1863-”all enslaved persons in areas that are in open rebellion against the Union, were [therefore] and forever free”
• Is actually an Economic attack against the South!
• Stop the South’s economy and you win the war!
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Battle of Vicksburg 1863• US Grant wants to capture city of
Vicksburg to control Mississippi River.
• 2nd Largest city in Mississippi.• Grant decided to bomb them into
submission.• Union troops launched 2,800
bombs a day!• 47 straight days!• July 4, 1863-Confederates
surrender!
Almost 36,000 casualties
Tunnels dug all over town!Part of the Anaconda Plan
Goal: To split the Confederacy!
The War in
the West, 1863:
Vicksburg
The War in
the West, 1863:
Vicksburg
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Vicksburg (town of tunnels)• For $20, you could get a decent
tunnel dug for protection.• For $50, you could get several
rooms dug out with timbers for support.
• Grant eventually attacked the southern portion of the city and worked his way North towards Vicksburg.
• Once inside, they found a virtual honeycomb of tunnels underneath the town!
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
The Road to Gettysburg: 1863
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Battle of Gettysburg July 1863• Confederate attempt to cut
off Washington, DC from the Union Army.
• 28,000 total casualties• Site of Pickett’s Charge.• Confederate troops most
daring feat at Gettysburg.• 15,000 Troops charged up
Cemetery Ridge and fought a vicious hand to hand battle which they lost! Pickett’s Charge effectively
ended the Battle of Gettysburg
For Confederates:
All battles after 1863 are Defensive.
For Union: All Battles prior to 1863 are
Defensive.
Gettysburg CasualtiesGettysburg Casualties
Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863
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Gettysburg Address
• Five months after the deadliest Battle between North and South, Lincoln delivers speech at battle site.
• Dedicates Soldiers National Cemetery.
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54th Massachusetts Regiment• Under command of Robert Gould
Shaw.• Organized in March 1863.• One of the first organized Black
Units in the northern states.• Participated on the assault on Fort
Wagner in Hilton Head, SC in June of 1863.
• Probably the most famous all black infantry regiment to ever fight!
• Sgt. William Carney – CMH winner
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The H.L. HunleySecret Weapon of the South!
• South wanted to build a submarine to attack union gunboats and Atlantic Coast port cities.
• Designed a primitive underwater submarine to sink Union ships.
• Designed and built near Mobile, Alabama, it was actually the third boat built to attack the North.
• It could remain underwater for about 2 hours.
First two attempts to launch were disasters!
First crew killed when they dive with hatch open!
Second crew killed when they dive straight into River bottom and get stuck!
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H. L. Hunley•36 feet long, 4,000 pounds.
•Could carry a nine man crew. Openings at each end were about 15 inches wide.
•Boat was propelled through the water by a hand-turned crankshaft
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The Mission
• February 17, 1864• Charleston Harbor, SC.• Confederate sub sneaks
through the dark waters and plants a 135 pound torpedo on the hull of the USS Housatonic.
• The Hunley successfully detonated their torpedo and the Housatonic sank in about three minutes.
• The Hunley, however, never returned to the island where she was launched from.
• She was found buried in the sand 137 years later at the mouth of Charleston Harbor.
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H.L. Hunley
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Battle for Atlanta July 1864• Confederate Commander – Joseph Johnston replaced
by Jefferson Davis.• New Commander James Hood engages the Union
Army several times throughout the summer.• Each time --- massive Confederate casualties!• Confederates were reduced from 62,000 to 45,000 in
about 7 weeks.• Hood retreated to Atlanta, GA.• Sherman and his forces constantly bombarded the
city just like Grant at Vicksburg and Sherman at Petersburg.
• Hood retreated from Atlanta and pulled out!
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Sherman’s March to the SeaSept.-Dec 1864
• William Tecumseh Sherman- Union plan to burn city of Atlanta and then march to Savannah, GA.
• They cut a 60 mile wide path that destroyed plantations, railroads, bridges, mills and anything else in their path.
• GOAL: To make people so sick of war that they will never want to fight another!
• Sherman wrote to Lincoln that the city of Savannah was a Christmas present in Dec. 1864!
“War is cruelty. There is no use trying to reform it. The
crueler it is, the sooner it will be over!
William Tecumseh Sherman
Sherman’s
Marchthroug
hGeorgiato theSea, 1864
Sherman’s
Marchthroug
hGeorgiato theSea, 1864
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Battle of PetersburgJune 1864-April2, 1865
• A heroic defense of Fort Gregg by a handful of Confederates prevented the Union from entering the city that night.
• Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill was killed trying to reach his troops in the confusion.
• After dark, Lee ordered the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond.
• Objective: the capture of Richmond Achieved through: Capture of Petersburg
The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865
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The end of the War• Sherman marched north to South Carolina in 1865.
– Many people felt that since they had been the 1st to secede, they should be punished the harshest!
• Feb 1865 – ½ of the capital city of Columbia, SC was burned!– No one ever proved that it was Sherman but most Southerners
believe it was the Union Army’s fault!• April 2, 1865 – only 35,000 men remain to defend
Richmond, VA.• Lee planned to slip around the Union forces towards SC and
unite with the remaining Confederate forces.• April 9, 1865 - US Grant and Union Army cut him off at
Appomattox, VA
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Surrender!• Confederates were allowed to walk back to their
home states.• They could take their horses and mules and return to
their homes.• As long as they obeyed the laws where they lived,
they would not be punished!• May, 1865 – Johnston surrendered to Sherman in SC.• May 13, 1865 – Last person killed in Civil War at
Battle of Palmito Ranch, TX. (Private John J. Williams)
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Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth
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Civil war ends
Confederate troops could not maintain supply lines, resources or soldiers to continue to fight
the war.
Union troops were better supplied, better trained, and continually replenished their
numbers during the war.
Casualties for the South were so high that eventually children were enlisted to fight!
22 Union states totaled 22 million people.
11 Confederate states- 9 million people (4 million slaves)
Casualties on Both SidesCasualties on Both Sides
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Final Thoughts• 850,000 Confederate soldiers-450,000 deaths
• 2.2 Million Union Soldiers-360,000 deaths.• Casualties for the South: Economic, Social,
Political• Total Wounded / Deaths on both sides exceed 1.1
million men.• About 2/3 of the Union casualties died from
dysentery, typhoid, measles and malaria.• Cost in Human life exceeded WWI, WWII, Korea
and Vietnam for US citizens.
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars
Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other Wars
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Lincoln Kennedy Parallels
• The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters. • Both were particularly concerned with civil rights. • Both of their wives lost their children while living in the White
House. • Both Presidents were shot on a Friday. • Both were shot in the head. • Both were shot with one bullet. • Both were rumored to be killed in a conspiracy.
Neither was confirmed to be a conspiracy.
Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
•Lincoln was shot in the Ford Theater.•Kennedy was shot in a car made by the Ford Motor Company (a Lincoln no less) •Lincoln's secretary was named Kennedy.•Kennedy's secretary was named Lincoln. •Both were assassinated by Southerners. •Both were succeeded by Southerners. •Both successors were named Johnson. •Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born in 1808.•Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born in 1908.•Their first names both contain six letters.
•John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Lincoln, was born in 1839.•Lee Harvey Oswald, who assassinated Kennedy, was born in 1939.•Both assassins were known by their three names.•Both names comprise fifteen letters. •Booth ran from the theater and was caught in a warehouse.•Oswald ran from a warehouse and was caught in a theater. •Both assassins were assassinated before their trials. •The only complete filming of Kennedy's assasination was shot by Abraham Zapruder.•The only complete account of Lincoln's assasination was written by John Zelfindorfer.
•A week before Lincoln was shot, he was with friends in Monroe, Maryland.A week before Kennedy was shot, he was with his friend Marilyn Monroe. •Lincoln's last child, Tad, had his funeral held on July 16, 1871.•Later he was exhumed and moved to a different grave site.•Kennedy's son JFK Jr. was lost at sea on July 16, 1999.•Later he was found, brought up, and then re-burried at sea.
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