AMERICAN COLONIES PART 3 EMPIRES

MICHAEL FOWKES

REVOLUTIONSRESOLUTION

In Maryland, Massachusetts, and New York, the rebels all professed loyalty to England and vowed to abide by the determination of the new monarchs.

It was easiest to find common ground in Maryland, for William distrusted the Catholic Lord Proprietor, and rebels wanted a royal government.

Compromise between crown and colonist also proved difficult in Massachusetts, where the rebels wanted a restoration of the 1629 charter that permitted home rule, Puritan preeminence, and republican government.

RevolutionsColonial and Indian War

During the Nine years War, the enhanced English military proved of little benefit to the colonists.

By the end of the war, the New English were so starved for good news that they made a great deal of their only war hero, and an unlikely war hero she was.

The Iroquois Five Nations especially suffered from the ineptitude of their English allies.

The AtlanticNews

The increased volume and predictability of shipping improved the flow of transatlantic information, eroding the colonial sense of isolation.

Increased information from home and greater colonial dependence upon it stimulated the development of colonial newspapers.

Newspapers both depended upon and contributed to integration of newspapers included very little local material, which consisted primarily of advertisements for newly imported goods or for the apprehension of runaway slaves and servants, as well as notices of ship arrivals.

The AtlanticTrade

During the eighteenth century, trade within the empire became increasingly complex.

The southern European trade and the growing importance of wheat exports shifted prosperity within the colonies, as New England stagnated while the middle colonies boomed.

Indeed, the wealth of colonial regions varied directly and positively with the number of slaves.

AwakeningsEstablishments

Myth insists that the seventeenth century English colonists fled from religious persecution into a land of religious freedom.

Beyond New England, establishments ere far weaker because official ministers were so few

Access to religious services was also difficult because the sprawling pattern of settlement stretched southern parishes, often beyond one hundred square miles

Awakenings Growth and Limits

Despite the impressive extensive growth in religion many ministers complained that only a declining minority of adults qualified for full church membership and communion.

Common people cherished preaching and access to the sacrament of baptism

In addition to the many denominational divisions, colonial churches were developing an internal rift between evangelicals and rationalists.

The Great Plainshorses and Guns

Not until the late seventeenth century did the Pueblo and Apache acquire horses from the New Mexicans, by a mixture of illicit trade and nocturnal raiding

By killing more buffalo, the Great Plains peoples became better fed, clothed, and housed.

During the eighteenth century the rich new possibilities of mounted life on the Great Plains attracted newcomers and competitors.

The Great PlainsThe Bourbon Reforms

During the 1770s and 1780s, Spanish officials rescued New Mexico by adopting reforms that bolstered the frontier defenses.

Reform did not com easily or quickly. The apparently intractable problem of defending a long frontier without sufficient manpower wore down the inspector general.

During the early 1790s, some Apache bands sued for peace.