american foreign policy: 1935-1941 fdr’s “i hate war” speech (1936)
TRANSCRIPT
American Foreign Policy:
1935-1941
American Foreign Policy:
1935-1941
FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)FDR’s “I hate war” Speech (1936)
Ludlow Amendment (1938)Ludlow Amendment (1938)
-A proposed amendment -A proposed amendment to the Constitution to the Constitution that called for a that called for a national referendum national referendum on any declaration of on any declaration of war by Congress.war by Congress.
-Introduced several -Introduced several times by times by Congressman Ludlow.Congressman Ludlow.
-Never actually passed.-Never actually passed.
Congressman Louis LudlowCongressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN][D-IN]
Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937-When the President proclaimed the existence of a -When the President proclaimed the existence of a
foreign war, certain restrictions would foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:automatically go into effect:
Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.
Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.
Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].war [in contrast to WW I].
Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis and-carry” basis pay when goods are picked up. pay when goods are picked up.
Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
-This limited the options of the President in a crisis.-This limited the options of the President in a crisis.
-America in the 1930s declined to build up its -America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!forces!
US NeutralityUS Neutrality
Panay Incident (1937)Panay Incident (1937)-December 12, 1937.-December 12, 1937.
-Japan bombed -Japan bombed USS USS PanayPanay gunboat & three gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River.the Yangtze River.
-The river was an -The river was an international waterway.international waterway.
-Japan was testing US resolve!-Japan was testing US resolve!
-Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised -Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks.no further attacks.
-Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.-Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.
-Results-Results Japanese interpreted US tone as a license Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for for further aggression against US interests. further aggression against US interests.
Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)(1936-1939)
The American “Lincoln The American “Lincoln Brigade”Brigade”
Fascist AggressionFascist Aggression1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty &1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty &
the League of Nations [re-arming!] the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.
1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland.1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.Spain.
1938: Austrian 1938: Austrian AnschlussAnschluss.. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement Munich Agreement APPEASEMENT! APPEASEMENT!
1939: German troops march into the rest of1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.
September 1, 1939: German troops march into September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland Poland blitzkriegblitzkrieg WW II WW II begins!!! begins!!!
1939 Neutrality Act1939 Neutrality Act-In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.-In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.
-FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow -FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:way:
The US could sell weapons to the European The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.
FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.US ships and citizens could not enter.
-Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:-Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:
Aggressors could not send ships to buy US Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.munitions.
The US economy improved as European demands for The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession.1937-38 recession.
-America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”-America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”
US Assistance
• Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies:Lend-Lease - 1941
•US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain
London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze
Atlantic Charter
•US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany
““America First” CommitteeAmerica First” Committee
Charles LindberghCharles Lindbergh
“Lend-Lease” Act (1941)Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31 billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillionThe amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000
Pearl HarborPearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor from the Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Cockpit of a Japanese
PlanePlane
A date which will live in infamy!A date which will live in infamy!
Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 19411941
USS ArizonaUSS Arizona, Pearl , Pearl HarborHarbor
FDR Signs the War FDR Signs the War DeclarationDeclaration
2,887 Americans Dead!2,887 Americans Dead!
Pearl Harbor MemorialPearl Harbor Memorial
Who?Allies Axis
Great Britain
France(note: France surrendered to
Germany in 1940 (after 6 weeks of fighting)
United States
Russia
GermanyItaly
Japan
(major powers)
(major powers)
When?
1939
Sept.1 - Germany invades Poland (official start to the war)
Sept. 3 -Britain &
France declare war on
Germany
Dec. 7 – Japan
bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the
War
1941
May - Germans Surrende
r
Sept. - Atomic
Bombing of
Hiroshima &
Nagasaki,
Japanese Surrende
r
1945
•1939-1945
•US involvement 1941-1945
Major Leaders
Adolf HitlerNazi Germany
Benito MussoliniItaly
Major LeadersHideki Tojo
Japanese Prime Minister
Winston ChurchillBritish Prime Minister
Major Leaders
Franklin Delano RooseveltUS President
Joseph StalinRussian Leader
Why? (underlying causes of WWII)Treaty of Versailles
•Germany lost land to surrounding nations
•War Reparations
1) Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S.
2) Germany must pay $57 trillion (modern equivalent)
3) Bankrupted the German economy & embarrassed GermansLloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson
during negotiations for the Treaty
Why? (underlying causes of WWII)World-wide DepressionA. The Depression
made Germany’s debt even worse
B. Desperate people turn to desperate leaders
1) Hitler seemed to provide solutions to Germany’s problems
1923 - Wallpapering with German Deutchmarks
Why? (underlying causes of WWII)World-wide DepressionHitler provided
scapegoats for Germany’s problems (foreigners, Jews, communists, Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill, homosexuals)
Kristallnacht - vandalism & destruction of Jewish property & synagogues
Why?• Rise of Totalitarian Regimes
In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation
Totalitarianism
Communist Dictatorship
(USSR)
Fascist Dictatorship
(Germany, Italy)
Military Dictatorship
(Japan)
Fascism: military government with
based on racism & nationalism with strong support
from the business community
Why?• Isolationism of Major Powers
A. Why was the U.S. Isolationist?
1. Great Depression (problems at home)
2. Perceptions of WWIa. WWI did not seem to solve much
b. People began to think that we’d got into WWI for the wrong reasons (greedy American businessmen!)
Why?• Isolationism of Major Powers
Opposition to war (Pacifism)
Kellogg-Briand pact - condemned war as a way to solving conflicts
•August 28, 1928, by the US, France, UK, Italy, Japan, Germany and a number of other countries
Why?• Isolationism of Major Powers
This led to policies of “Appeasement” 1. Appeasement: give dictators what they want and hope that they won’t want anything else
2. Begins with Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and continues with Hitler . . .
So What Was Hitler Asking For?
• Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum”
•Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938
German Troops Parade in Streets of Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939
So What Was Hitler Asking For?
• Return of German Speaking Lands - “Lebensraum”
•Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic)
•Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace
•Hitler then invades the rest of CzechoslovakiaGerman Troops Parade in Streets of
Czechoslovakian Town, ca. 1939
So What Was Hitler Asking For?
• Return of German Speaking Lands
•Nonaggression Pact Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland
Hitler's triumphal entry into Danzig, Poland 1939
•Great Britain & France finally declare war on Germany
How Did Hitler Make War?
• Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”In the next year, Hitler invades:
•Denmark
•Norway
• The Netherlands,
•France
Hitler in Paris
Pacific Theater of Pacific Theater of OperationsOperations
Meanwhile … in the Pacific• Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy”
USS Arizona Sinking in Pearl Harbor
What?•Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Effect? •US declares war on
Japan & other Axis powers
““Tokyo Rose”Tokyo Rose”
American servicemen in the Pacific often listened to the propaganda broadcasts to get a sense, by reading between the lines, of the effect of their military actions
Paying for the WarPaying for the War
Paying for the WarPaying for the War
Paying for the WarPaying for the War
War Costs• US Debt 1940 - $9 billion
US Debt 1945 - $98 billion
• The war cost $330 billion -- 10 times the cost of WWI & as much as all previous federal spending since 1776
Quick FactsHuman Costs
Quick FactsHuman Costs
• 50 million people died (compared to 15 million in WWI)
• 21.3 million Russians (7.7 million civilians)
• 11 million died as a result of the HOLOCAUST(6 million Jews + 5 million others)
World War II
Carnage Abroad and Changes At Home, 1941-1945
Relative manpower mobilized by the warring nations:
• Map of the War in the Pacific
Map of Europe
The Second World War
1939-1945
U. S. Entry into War
• Response to Japanese gamble that it could effect the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and U. S. wouldn’t effectively challenge
• U. S. war in Europe resulted from Hitler’s declaration of War on U. S. on Dec. 11, following U. S. declaration of War on Japan on Dec. 8.
World War II
• Transforming event at home and abroad• U. S. had to mobilize society and economy at
unprecedented levels• War shape experiences of a generation and had
particular impacts on Women, African-Americans, Mexicanos, and Japanese-Americans.
• U. S. military strategy in war: Europe first, then Japan.
Holding Action in Pacific
• Pacific had become a Japanese lake by Spring ’42, with the fall of the Philippines.
• U. S. victories at Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942), Midway (June 4-5, 1942), and Guadalcanal (August 7, 1942-February 21, 1943) arrested Japanese expansion, and crippled their naval airpower
• This permits U. S. to focus on Europe
The War at Home• War Production Board managed conversion from
civilian to military production• OSRAD—created the bazooka, techniques to
isolate blood plasma• OPA—ration coupons and price ceilings• Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act allowed
government to seize plants useful to war when there were strikes
• War inflated national debt by 6x, but 45% of total war costs were paid with tax revenues
Your Number Was Called!Your Number Was Called!Your Number Was Called!Your Number Was Called!
Marine Corps Motor PoolMarine Corps Motor PoolMarine Corps Motor PoolMarine Corps Motor Pool
Servicing U. S. BombersServicing U. S. BombersServicing U. S. BombersServicing U. S. Bombers
USO CanteenUSO CanteenUSO CanteenUSO Canteen
The Andrew Sisters The Andrew Sisters SingingSinging
“Boogie Woogie Bugle “Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy”Boy”
The Andrew Sisters The Andrew Sisters SingingSinging
“Boogie Woogie Bugle “Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy”Boy”
Betty Grable: Allied Pinup Betty Grable: Allied Pinup GirlGirl
Betty Grable: Allied Pinup Betty Grable: Allied Pinup GirlGirl
She Reminded Men She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting ForWhat They Were Fighting For
Fighting the Enemy on Fighting the Enemy on the Battlefield & the Battlefield &
on the Home Fronton the Home Front
Fighting the Enemy on Fighting the Enemy on the Battlefield & the Battlefield &
on the Home Fronton the Home Front
Working on the Assembly Working on the Assembly LineLine
Working on the Assembly Working on the Assembly LineLine
““Rosie, the Riveter”Rosie, the Riveter”““Rosie, the Riveter”Rosie, the Riveter”
Fix that Engine!Fix that Engine!Fix that Engine!Fix that Engine!
Join the Women’s Army Join the Women’s Army CorpsCorps
Join the Women’s Army Join the Women’s Army CorpsCorps
Women’s Army Air Women’s Army Air CorpsCorpsPilotsPilots
Women’s Army Air Women’s Army Air CorpsCorpsPilotsPilots
We Need Nurses BadlyWe Need Nurses BadlyWe Need Nurses BadlyWe Need Nurses Badly
Female War Female War PhotographerPhotographerFemale War Female War
PhotographerPhotographer
Do Your Bit!Do Your Bit!Do Your Bit!Do Your Bit!
Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Bond:Bond:
It Will Lead to VICTORY!It Will Lead to VICTORY!
Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Bond:Bond:
It Will Lead to VICTORY!It Will Lead to VICTORY!
Get Your Ration CardsGet Your Ration CardsGet Your Ration CardsGet Your Ration Cards
S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!
No New Dresses for a No New Dresses for a WhileWhile
No New Dresses for a No New Dresses for a WhileWhile
On the RoadOn the RoadLooking for WorkLooking for Work
On the RoadOn the RoadLooking for WorkLooking for Work
Segregated UnitsSegregated UnitsSegregated UnitsSegregated Units
Japanese-American Boy Japanese-American Boy Scout Troop in an Scout Troop in an Internment CampInternment Camp
Japanese-American Boy Japanese-American Boy Scout Troop in an Scout Troop in an Internment CampInternment Camp
Navaho “Code Navaho “Code Talkers”Talkers”
Navaho “Code Navaho “Code Talkers”Talkers”
7 Future American Presidents 7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Views of the World Were
Formed by Their Service in Formed by Their Service in World War IIWorld War II
7 Future American Presidents 7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Views of the World Were
Formed by Their Service in Formed by Their Service in World War IIWorld War II
Abbott & Costello: Abbott & Costello: “Buck Privates”“Buck Privates”
Abbott & Costello: Abbott & Costello: “Buck Privates”“Buck Privates”
Hollywood Pitches InHollywood Pitches InHollywood Pitches InHollywood Pitches In
He’s the Boogie Woogie He’s the Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company BBugle Boy of Company BHe’s the Boogie Woogie He’s the Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company BBugle Boy of Company B
Bob Hope in the South Bob Hope in the South PacificPacific
Bob Hope in the South Bob Hope in the South PacificPacific
Thanks, for the Thanks, for the Memories!Memories!
Thanks, for the Thanks, for the Memories!Memories!
War Transforms a Nation• Western states experience population boom due to
war industries• Women serve in military (over 200,000) and 6
million worked in war related industries.• Executive Order 8802 provides non-discrimination
in Defense hiring for African Americans• Military remained racially-segregated: Tuskegee
Airmen defy stereo-types, but race riots occurred around bases where large numbers of African Americans were stationed.
War Transforms a Nation
• Bracero program brought 200,000 Mexican laborers to U. S.
• 17 Mexicanos win CMH• 1943 Zoot Suit Riots• 33% of eligible Native Americans Serve in War—
many as “Code Talkers”• Executive Order 9066—Japanese Americans
interned: affirmed by Supreme Court in Korematsu v. U. S.
Zoot Suit rioters: Why didn’t they arrest the white boys?
You pay for who your parents are.
War Transforms a Nation
• Rural people flock to cities and many acquire useful skills for the post war economy
• Service Personnel eligible for benefits under Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (G. I. Bill)—loans to start small businesses and $ to go to college.
• Origin of Middle Class norm in U. S.
War in Europe
• Operation Torch (November 1943) US/British Invasion of No. Africa
• Casablanca Conference (1943)—unconditional surrender of Axis
• Battle of Atlantic (’39-43)—won by U. S. in 1943 – longest naval engagement…included over 100 battles
• Sicily invaded on July 10, 1943
• September 1944, Italy mainland invaded
• Anzio landings on January 22, 1944
• Rome fell on June 4, 1944
Operation Overlord and After
• Teheran Conference—Cross-channel invasion• June 6, 1944—landings in Normandy (5,000 U. S.
casualties on Day One)• Paris fell August 25, 1944• Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 16, 1944—January 26,
1945• March 7, 1945, Bridge at Remagen seized• May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered
Ike with Paratroopers
What the Allies found in the 3rd Reich
Mt. Suribachi, Iwo JimaMt. Suribachi, Iwo JimaMt. Suribachi, Iwo JimaMt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima
War in the Pacific• Island Hopping and Leapfrogging
• January 1943, New Guinea Invaded
• Tarawa invaded, Nov. 20, 1943 (Central Pacific)
• Marianas secured on June 19, 20, 1944 (Guam…allows for US to attack Japan without refueling)
• Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 25, 1944 (1st. use of Kamikazes)
• Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945 (total loss for Japan 20,000)
• Okinawa, April 1, 1945 (Amphibious warfare -82 days, 12,000 Allied KIA – 95,000 Japanese KIA)
War in the Pacific
• U. S. plans to invade Japan: Operations Coronet and Olympic, but war casualties rise
• Firebombing raids on Tokyo, March 1945
• Decision to use Atomic Bomb
• August 6, 1945—Hiroshima; August 9, 1945, Nagasaki
• Japanese sue for peace on August 14, 1945
• Formal Surrender on U. S. Missouri, September 2, 1945.
The Beginning of the The Beginning of the Nuclear Age Nuclear Age The Beginning of the The Beginning of the Nuclear Age Nuclear Age
Hiroshima: courtesy RW & B
It’s Finally It’s Finally Over!!!!!Over!!!!!
It’s Finally It’s Finally Over!!!!!Over!!!!!
Ongoing Controversies
• Did FDR know about Pear Harbor in advance?
• Could U. S. have done something to liberate death camps sooner?
• Did the U. S. really need to nuke Japan?
pictures
More images
Balance Sheet
• Monetarily, in 1940 dollars, the estimated cost was $288 Billion.
• In 2007 dollars this would amount to approximately $5 Trillion.
• Effects of the war on the U.S. economy:– it decisively ended the depression
– created a booming economic windfall.
– The US became the world leader in manufacturing, technology, industry and agriculture.
Civilian Employment and Unemployment during World War II
(Numbers in thousands)
1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
Civilians 99,840 99,900 98,640 94,640 93,220 94,090
Civilian Labor Force
Total 55,640 55,910 56,410 55,540 54,630 53,860
% of Population 55.7% 56% 57.2% 58.7% 58.6% 57.2%
Employed Total 47,520 50,350 53,750 54,470 53,960 52,820
% of Population 47.6% 50.4% 54.5% 57.6% 57.9% 56.1%
% of Labor Force 85.4% 90.1% 95.3% 98.1% 98.8% 98.1%
Unemployed Total 8,120 5,560 2,660 1,070 670 1,040
% of Population 8.1% 5.6% 2.7% 1.1% 0.7% 1.1%
% of Labor Force 14.6% 9.9% 4.7% 1.9% 1.2% 1.9%
Federal Spending and Military Spending during World War II
Nominal GDP Federal Spending Defense Spending
Year total $ % total $ % % of GDPtotal $ % % of GDP % of federal spending
1940 101.4 9.47 9.34% 1.66 1.64% 17.53%
1941 120.67 19.00% 13.00 37.28% 10.77% 6.13 269.28% 5.08% 47.15%
1942 139.06 15.24% 30.18 132.15% 21.70% 22.05 259.71% 15.86% 73.06%
1943 136.44 -1.88% 63.57 110.64% 46.59% 43.98 99.46% 32.23% 69.18%
1944 174.84 28.14% 72.62 14.24% 41.54% 62.95 43.13% 36.00% 86.68%
1945 173.52 -0.75% 72.11 -0.70% 41.56% 64.53 2.51% 37.19% 89.49%
(dollar values in billions of constant 1940 dollars)
US CASUALTIES IN ALL WARS
War Number Serving Battle Deaths Disease & Accidents Wounded Total Casualties
Revolutionary War NA 4,435 NA 6,188 NA
War of 1812 286,730 2,260 NA 4,505 NA
Mexican War 78,718 1,733 11,550 4,152 17,435
Civil War 2,213,363 140,414 224,097 281,881 646,392
Spanish-American War 306,760 385 2,061 1,662 4,108
World War I 4,743,826 53,513 63,195 204,002 320,710*
World War II 16,353,659 292,131 115,185 670,846 1,078,162
Korean War 5,764,143 33,651 NA 103,284 NA
Vietnam War 8,744,000 47,369 10,799 153,303 211,147
Persian Gulf War 467,539 148 145 467 760
NA = Not available* Does not include the number of soldiers missing in actionSource: U.S. Department of Justice
One way to understand the violence and slaughter that occurred in the Great War is to examine the number of casualties aand deaths. Exact figures are still in dispute, because of different definitions used each category, the questionable accuracy of the recording system used and the loss or destruction of a number of official documents. The data in the tables below reflect numbers from several sources and are consistant with most experts' current estimates.
CountryTotal Mobilized
ForcesKilled Wounded
Prisoners and Missing
Total CasualtiesCasualties as % of
Forces
ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3
British Empire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1
United States 4,355,000 116,516 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1
Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2
Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4
Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8
Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9
Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 11.7
Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0
TOTAL 42,188,810 5,142,631 12,800,706 4,121,090 22,062,427 52.3
ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2
TOTAL 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4
GRAND TOTAL 65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.5
US CASUALTIES IN WWII
U. S. Military Cemetery at Omaha Beach
U. S. Cemetery, Luxembourg