AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAMERICAN GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 2-INFORMATIONCHAPTER 2-INFORMATION““COLONIZATION TO COLONIZATION TO

CONSTITUTION”CONSTITUTION”

Government: Never ending Government: Never ending ProcessProcess

Ever changingEver changingDaily actions by Congress/PresidentDaily actions by Congress/President27 Amendments27 Amendments

English HeritageEnglish Heritage**Most influence****Most influence**

Ordered Gov’t-(Organized Gov’t)Regulate Ordered Gov’t-(Organized Gov’t)Regulate relationships with one relationships with one another/Sherriff/Justice of the peaceanother/Sherriff/Justice of the peaceLimited Gov’t-Gov’t is not all Limited Gov’t-Gov’t is not all powerful/Certain rights that can’t be taken powerful/Certain rights that can’t be taken away (Listed in the Constitution)away (Listed in the Constitution)Representative Gov’t-Gov’t of, by and for Representative Gov’t-Gov’t of, by and for the people/People should have a voice in the people/People should have a voice in their governmenttheir government

Creation of the ColoniesCreation of the Colonies**Reasons why the Colonists came**Reasons why the Colonists came

Trade Corporations-VirginiaTrade Corporations-VirginiaPersonal And Religious Freedom-Mass.Personal And Religious Freedom-Mass.Debtors Society-GeorgiaDebtors Society-Georgia

Basis of all ColoniesBasis of all Colonies

Charter-Written grant of authority from the Charter-Written grant of authority from the KingKingEach Colony had a charter; what Each Colony had a charter; what distinguished each of them was who had distinguished each of them was who had control of the chartercontrol of the charter

Types of ColoniesTypes of Colonies

Royal-Subject to direct control by the kingRoyal-Subject to direct control by the king-8 of 13 colonies were Royal in nature-8 of 13 colonies were Royal in nature-King would select the Governor-King would select the GovernorProprietary-King would name a ProprietorProprietary-King would name a Proprietor-Proprietor would control the Charter-Proprietor would control the CharterCharter-Charter held by a group of people Charter-Charter held by a group of people -Power held by the Colonists-Power held by the Colonists-Largely self-governing-Gov./Elected-Largely self-governing-Gov./Elected

Early attempts to uniteEarly attempts to unitethe Coloniesthe Colonies

New England Confederation-1New England Confederation-1stst Attempt Attempt-”League of Friendship”-”League of Friendship”-Protection against the Indians-Protection against the IndiansAlbany Plan-Original idea of Ben FranklinAlbany Plan-Original idea of Ben Franklin-Annual congress; Raise a military; Make -Annual congress; Raise a military; Make War; Regulate Trade; Levy Taxes; Collect War; Regulate Trade; Levy Taxes; Collect dutiesduties-Needed approval of the King: Denied!!!-Needed approval of the King: Denied!!!

First Continental CongressFirst Continental Congress

Met in response to the (Met in response to the (Intolerable actsIntolerable acts)) --Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts-Series of taxes imposed by the -Series of taxes imposed by the

King that the colonists deemed to be intolerableKing that the colonists deemed to be intolerable-Met in Philadelphia, September 5-Met in Philadelphia, September 5thth, 1774, 1774-55 Delegates chosen to attend-55 Delegates chosen to attend--DecisionDecision: Send a Declaration of Rights and : Send a Declaration of Rights and Grievances to the KingGrievances to the King--King’s ResponseKing’s Response: Stricter measures/Increased : Stricter measures/Increased TaxesTaxes

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental CongressBy the time they met the Revolutionary War had By the time they met the Revolutionary War had already begunalready begunMet in Philadelphia-1775Met in Philadelphia-1775Chose John Hancock to be their PresidentChose John Hancock to be their PresidentOrganized the Continental Army-Led by George Organized the Continental Army-Led by George WashingtonWashingtonBy CircumstancesBy Circumstances: : Became our 1Became our 1stst National National Government from the Declaration of Government from the Declaration of Independence to the Articles of Independence to the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence

Proposal to write a declaration came from Proposal to write a declaration came from Richard Henry LeeRichard Henry Lee5 Men were chosen to draft the declaration5 Men were chosen to draft the declaration-Ben Franklin, Robert Livingstone, John -Ben Franklin, Robert Livingstone, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Thomas Adams, Roger Sherman, Thomas JeffersonJefferson-Thomas Jefferson gets most of the -Thomas Jefferson gets most of the credit!!credit!!

Transfer of powerTransfer of power

Each State already had a colonial gov’t in Each State already had a colonial gov’t in place (Royal, Proprietary, Charter)place (Royal, Proprietary, Charter)Necessary to transfer their charter to a Necessary to transfer their charter to a State ConstitutionState ConstitutionMassachusetts-Became the first thus Massachusetts-Became the first thus today has the oldest State Constitutiontoday has the oldest State Constitution

Common Features of State Common Features of State GovernmentsGovernments

Popular Sovereignty-Power is held by the peoplePopular Sovereignty-Power is held by the peopleLimited Gov’t-Gov’t with restrictions/ConstitutionLimited Gov’t-Gov’t with restrictions/ConstitutionCivil Liberties-7/13 states included a Bill of Civil Liberties-7/13 states included a Bill of Rights in their State ConstitutionsRights in their State ConstitutionsSeparation of Powers-Splitting powers into three Separation of Powers-Splitting powers into three different branchesdifferent branchesCheck and Balances-Each branch has the Check and Balances-Each branch has the power to restrain the otherspower to restrain the othersSuffrage-Right to Vote-Extended only to property Suffrage-Right to Vote-Extended only to property ownersowners

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

Would become our first National Would become our first National constitutionconstitutionFirm League of FriendshipFirm League of FriendshipEach state maintained their own Each state maintained their own SovereigntySovereigntyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlpIbuAUfqQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlpIbuAUfqQ

You Tube VideoYou Tube Video

Weaknesses of the Articles of Weaknesses of the Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Each State one vote-Regardless of SizeEach State one vote-Regardless of SizeNo power to taxNo power to taxNo power to regulate tradeNo power to regulate tradeNo Executive to enforce lawsNo Executive to enforce lawsNo Judicial to interpret lawsNo Judicial to interpret lawsTo Amend (change) took unanimous consentTo Amend (change) took unanimous consent9/13 to pass a law9/13 to pass a lawSimply a League of Friendship-Not very strongSimply a League of Friendship-Not very strong

Critical Period-1780’sCritical Period-1780’s

Weaknesses in the Articles began to Weaknesses in the Articles began to surfacesurfaceStates began to act on their own at the States began to act on their own at the expense of other statesexpense of other statesStates began to tax each otherStates began to tax each otherState paid debts by printing their own State paid debts by printing their own money-13 currenciesmoney-13 currencies

Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

Daniel Shay’s led a group of farmers in the Daniel Shay’s led a group of farmers in the state of Massachusettsstate of MassachusettsTheir goal was to take over the courts to stop Their goal was to take over the courts to stop foreclosure proceedingsforeclosure proceedingsNormally a national military would be called in Normally a national military would be called in to stop this actionto stop this actionEventually put down by the State MilitiaEventually put down by the State MilitiaNeed for a stronger Central Gov’t was evidentNeed for a stronger Central Gov’t was evident

Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ImIEcsTEVohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ImIEcsTEVo

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention

May 25May 25thth, 1787, 178712 states originally attended12 states originally attendedRhode Island would come laterRhode Island would come laterOriginal goal of the Convention: Revise Original goal of the Convention: Revise the Articles of Confederationthe Articles of Confederation

Framers of the ConstitutionFramers of the Constitution

74 chosen-55 attended74 chosen-55 attendedEach delegate had common characteristics: Each delegate had common characteristics: wealthy, educated, experienced, prestigious, wealthy, educated, experienced, prestigious, avg. age 41/42avg. age 41/42Ben Franklin Oldest-81-Grandfather who was Ben Franklin Oldest-81-Grandfather who was there when the Convention needed guidancethere when the Convention needed guidanceWell-known Non-Attendees to the Convention-Well-known Non-Attendees to the Convention-Thomas Jefferson (France), Patrick Henry, John Thomas Jefferson (France), Patrick Henry, John Adams, John HancockAdams, John Hancock

Convention RulesConvention RulesGeorge Washington chosen as PresidentGeorge Washington chosen as PresidentQuorum-(number necessary to conduct Quorum-(number necessary to conduct business) set at 7 statesbusiness) set at 7 statesEach State-1 VoteEach State-1 VoteMajority Vote necessary to make decisionsMajority Vote necessary to make decisionsAll proceedings would be kept secretAll proceedings would be kept secretSecretary named to keep a recordSecretary named to keep a recordJames Madison-eventually would be named the James Madison-eventually would be named the “Father of the Constitution” because of the input “Father of the Constitution” because of the input he had into the Constitutionhe had into the Constitution

Suggested Plans for the Suggested Plans for the ConstitutionConstitution

Virginia Plan-Written by James MadisonVirginia Plan-Written by James Madison-Very thorough revision of the Art. Of Conf.-Very thorough revision of the Art. Of Conf.-Proposed three branches of government-Proposed three branches of government-Bicameral Legislature-2 houses based on -Bicameral Legislature-2 houses based on populationpopulationNew Jersey Plan-Written by William PatersonNew Jersey Plan-Written by William Paterson-Limited revision of the Art. Of Conf.-Limited revision of the Art. Of Conf.-Plural Executive-More than one President-Plural Executive-More than one President-Unicameral Congress-1 House based on equal -Unicameral Congress-1 House based on equal

representationrepresentation

Connecticut CompromiseConnecticut Compromise“Great Compromise”“Great Compromise”

Written by Roger ShermanWritten by Roger ShermanProposed a bicameral LegislatureProposed a bicameral LegislatureUpper House-Senate-Equally representedUpper House-Senate-Equally representedLower House-House of Representative-Lower House-House of Representative-Proportionately RepresentedProportionately RepresentedIf this Compromise would not have taken If this Compromise would not have taken place the Convention would have come to place the Convention would have come to a close!!!!a close!!!!

3/5 Compromise3/5 Compromise

Decided the question of how to count Decided the question of how to count slaves when figuring representationslaves when figuring representationAll free men would be countedAll free men would be countedSlaves would be counted as 3/5 of a Slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a personperson3/5 applied to representation and taxes3/5 applied to representation and taxesAbolished by the 13Abolished by the 13thth Amend (1865) which Amend (1865) which abolished slaveryabolished slavery

Commerce ClauseCommerce Clause

This Compromise would solve the South’s This Compromise would solve the South’s two major worries: Slaves and tradetwo major worries: Slaves and tradeAgreement:Agreement:1.) Government could not tax exports1.) Government could not tax exports2.) Slave Trade could not be touched for 2.) Slave Trade could not be touched for

20 years by the government20 years by the government

Article VIIArticle VIIRatification of the ConstitutionRatification of the Constitution

Original goal of the convention-Revise the Original goal of the convention-Revise the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation– If this is true it required a unanimous voteIf this is true it required a unanimous vote– Article VII allowed for an easier passage to the Article VII allowed for an easier passage to the

ConstitutionConstitution– 9 of the 13 States would be sufficient to ratify 9 of the 13 States would be sufficient to ratify

the Constitutionthe Constitution– Ultimately to be effective all 13 states would Ultimately to be effective all 13 states would

need to ratify itneed to ratify it

People begin to take sidesPeople begin to take sides

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsjfSoaW4tcv=SsjfSoaW4tc

Federalists:Federalists:– Favored ratification(formal approval)Favored ratification(formal approval)– James Madison, Alexander HamiltonJames Madison, Alexander Hamilton– Stressed Weaknesses of the A of CStressed Weaknesses of the A of C– Needed a new gov’t based on a ConstitutionNeeded a new gov’t based on a Constitution

Anti-FederalistsAnti-Federalists

Opposed the ratification of the ConstitutionOpposed the ratification of the ConstitutionPatrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, John Hancock, Samuel AdamsHancock, Samuel AdamsProblems:Problems:1. No mention of God1. No mention of God2. States had no power to print money2. States had no power to print money3. Too strong of a National government3. Too strong of a National government4. 4. Lacked a Bill of RightsLacked a Bill of Rights

Gaining Support for the Gaining Support for the ConstitutionConstitution

Federalist Papers: 85 Essays written by Federalist Papers: 85 Essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison & Alexander Hamilton, James Madison & John Jay supporting ratification of the John Jay supporting ratification of the ConstitutionConstitutionAimed directly at New York and VirginiaAimed directly at New York and VirginiaLarge States: realized the union would Large States: realized the union would need themneed them

SuccessSuccess

Virginia convinced to ratify after a deal Virginia convinced to ratify after a deal was made with Thomas Jefferson that a was made with Thomas Jefferson that a Bill of Rights would be added as a first Bill of Rights would be added as a first order of businessorder of businessNew York soon followed; New York soon followed;

Establishment of a Temporary Establishment of a Temporary GovernmentGovernment

New York established as the CapitalNew York established as the CapitalGeorge Washington chosen unanimously George Washington chosen unanimously to be President; John Adams Vice-to be President; John Adams Vice-PresidentPresident