AMERICAN HISTORY

Chapter 1

1.4 BELL ACTIVITY Would you support an increase in taxes

to pay for a very expensive US mission into deep space? Deep space is the area beyond our solar system.

Give reasons why you either would or would not support this tax increase.

TODAY’S OBJECTIVE Describe life in medieval Europe. Identify the forces that weakened the

power of the Roman Catholic church. Summarize the changes that helped

expand the European world view. Explain how trade, travel, and

technology combined to lead Europeans to sea.

1.4 EUROPEAN SOCIETIES AROUND 1492 Most Europeans (like the Native

Americans and most Africans) lived in small villages

Communities were based on social hierarchy (organized according to rank)

Monarchs and

Nobles

Artisans and merchantsPeasants

Monarchs/Nobles

Gave land and protectio

n

Peasants

Gave livestock/

crops and

military service

Artisans and merchants could move up or down

Because they created and traded goods for money

FAMILY IN EUROPEAN SOCIETY Extended family was not as important in

Europe as it was to the Native Americans and West Africans

Centered around the nuclear family (mother, father, children)

Gender determined who got which jobs

CHRISTIANITY AND EUROPE The Roman Catholic Church (RCC) was

the dominant religion Catholics felt called to convert people of

other faithsBegan as defending the faith, then changed

to spreading it

THE CRUSADES Muslim armies captured Asia/North Africa In 1492 Spain stood united after forcing the

Muslims from the area. They were ready to spread Christianity! At the same time, the RCC attempted to force

the Muslims out of the Holy Land (which was around Jerusalem)

“The Crusades” was a series of military expeditions to the Middle East, in the name of Christianity.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES This bloodbath didn’t “rescue” the Holy Land Sparked an increase in trade because the

Crusaders returned home having been exposed to products from Asia

Weakened the power of the European nobles due to losing their lives/fortunes in battle

Monarchs took over, and started exploring overseas in order to get even richer

Decline in the power of the pope- he had spearheaded the Crusades and people didn’t want to listen to him any more

REFORMATION After years of disagreeing over who has

authority over the church, led to the division in Christianity

Christianity

CatholicismProtestantismSent Protestants across the Atlantic to find religious freedom, because they weren’t going to find it in Europe!

CHANGES IN EUROPE What prompted these changes?

Heavy rain and disease wiped out food sources- thousands died of starvation

An epidemic of plagues killed 25% of Europe’s population- over 25 million people

Long wars all over the continent After these disasters, Europe began growing

and changing, and people began looking to explore other lands.

GROWTH OF COMMERCE AND POPULATION The Crusades opened up Asian trade routes Europeans wanted Asian luxuries- silk,

porcelain, tea, rugs By the end of the century, Europe’s population

had recoveredStimulated commerce and the growth of towns

The new “urban middle class” earned increasing political power (especially in Britain [England] and its colonies.

RISE OF NATIONS The nobility was losing more and more power

and the monarchies were becoming increasingly powerful. Collected taxes, raised armies, strengthened central

governments Merchants accepted new taxes in exchange for

protection 4 major nations were taking shape: Portugal,

Spain, France, England Only the king/queen had enough $$ to finance

exploration overseas, and they needed new lands to increase their wealth even more.

RENAISSANCE “Secular spirit” Interest in worldly pleasures Confidence in human achievement Renaissance started in Italy because of contact with

Asia and Africa Art: deep perspectives and fully rounded forms of

ancient sculpture and painting; the subjects were portrayed more realistically

Encouraged people to think of themselves as individuals Allowed people to look forward to the fame their

successes might bring. Many people looked for glory through adventure,

discovery, and conquest.

EUROPE: A NEW AGE OF EXPANSION Because they had been traveling by land, and

that took a VERY long time and was VERY dangerous, Europeans began looking for easier ways to get to China.

Sailing Technology: Developed the compass and astrolabe, which helped captains plot their direction and stay more on course (p. 24)

EXPLORERS Bartolomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of

Africa in 1488 Vasco de Gama reached India in 1498

By sailing around Africa, they were able to cut costs and increase profits.

Christopher Columbus (an Italian sea captain) had his own collection of maps and figures, and believed there was an even shorter route to Asia- WEST across the Atlantic Queen Isabella (Spain) financed Columbus’ trip- she

realized it would not cost nearly as much as she thought it would.

CRITICAL THINKING Why did other countries lag behind

Portugal in the race for overseas exploration?Geographic locationPrince Henry was a great leaderSailing technology

TONIGHT’S HOMEWORK Complete study guide pages 11-12 Start studying for CHAPTER 1 TEST–

THURSDAY!Monday (today)- 1.4Tuesday- 1.5Wednesday- ReviewThursday- TEST!

1.5 BELLWORK How would it feel to venture into the

unknown, where there are no accounts from someone who has gone before, and no assurance of coming back?Use descriptive words!At least 5 sentences, please.

1.5 TRANSATLANTIC ENCOUNTERS Today’s objectives:

Identify reasons for Spanish exploration and colonization of the Caribbean

Evaluate the effects of contact between Europeans and Native Americans

Assess the impact of the Atlantic slave trade upon Africa and the Americas

Understand the importance of the Columbian Exchange

Discuss the consequences of the migration of people to the Americas from other continents

COLUMBUS CROSSES THE ATLANTIC His ships were the Nina, Pinta, and Santa

Maria Set sail in August of 1492 2 months later they saw land! Came across the Taino [tie-no](aka “Noble

ones”) Columbus renamed their island and called it

San Salvador, which means “Holy Savior” and claimed it for Spain

Columbus was surprised by the generosity and kindness of the Taino, but soon realized that they would be easily subdued.

GOALS GOLD- one of the main reasons for Columbus’s

journey When he didn’t find gold on San Salvador, he spent

the next 3 months island hopping (in what is now the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispanola) trying to find gold somewhere.

LAND- He claimed all the land he “found” for Spain. “It was my wish to bypass no island without taking possession,” he wrote.

RELIGION- He also kept his promise to spread Christianity- everywhere he landed, he put a cross, and sent word that the people in these regions would be easily converted to Christianity.

SPANISH FOOTHOLDS In January of 1493, Columbus started his

journey back to Spain. However, he thought he had landed on the

islands off of Asia, which the Europeans called the Indies. He called the people he met “los indios,” which,

when it’s translated, becomes “the Indians” The Spanish monarchs were THRILLED with

Columbus’s reports and immediately gave him money for 3 more voyages. He brought priests, soldiers, and colonists with him

to the Caribbean, and they would eventually press their traditions and beliefs onto the Native Americans who were already there. This signaled the start of a cultural clash that would

continue for the next 500 years.

IMPACT ON NATIVE AMERICANS The Taino did not realize what was about

to happen to their lifestyle with the onset of European viruses and diseases

Europeans used colonization (establishing settlements that are controlled by a distant country) for YEARS before Columbus’s timeThere were many advantages to using the

plantation systemEconomic benefits of forced laborEuropean weapons were very effective in

dominating a people who had much less sophisticated weapons

IMPACT ON NATIVE AMERICANS The Caribbean natives, though, didn’t

give in without a fight. They shot poisoned arrows at the Spanish in one battle at St. Croix.

The Native Americans, Taino, and Caribbean natives would give in for a few years, then rise up and revolt, then be quieted again, and the cycle continued.

It proved to Columbus and the Spaniards that they were not going to be dominated easily.

IMPACT ON NATIVE AMERICANS Disease!

The Europeans brought measles, mumps, chicken pox, smallpox, and typhus with them

The Native Americans had not developed any kind of immunities to any of these diseases, so their population was crushed by them.

70 years later, only 2 villages remained in Hispaniola

Disease was a more effective conqueror than any army was at this time

SLAVE TRADE Because disease was causing the work force

(Native Americans) to die out, the Europeans had to turn to the Africans for forced labor.

They realized that “the labor of one African is more valuable than that of four Indians.”

The price of Africans went up as they Europeans needed more and more of them, and African slavery was quickly becoming a vital part of the emerging economic system.

The slave trade caused Africa to lose it’s fittest, strongest, and most valuable members. At least 12 million African people were lost to the slave trade by the time it ended in the 1800s.

IMPACT ON EUROPEANS Merchants and monarchs in Europe saw

an opportunity to increase their wealth and influence in the New World.

Within 100 years, thousands of Europeans began coming over here in the biggest voluntary migration history has ever seen.

The Columbian Exchange- the global transfer of living things, began with Columbus’s first voyage and still continues today

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

NATIONAL RIVALRIES Portugal (who was the leader in

navigation and exploration) was jealous of Spain, who had actually conquered many new lands.

The Pope stepped in to avoid war between the two nations with the Treaty of Tordesillas (Tor-duh-see-yuss)Spain and Portugal divided the Western

Hemisphere between the two of them with an imaginary vertical line West of the line belonged to Spain (Americas!) East of the line belonged to Portugal (Brazil-

which was mostly Spanish anyways)

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS Very ineffective treaty! Impossible to enforce The agreement had virtually NO effect

on the English, Dutch, or French, who all started colonizing America during the 1600s.

NEW SOCIETY Columbus lived on Hispaniola until 1500, when

the king and queen of Spain (Ferdinand and Isabella) forced him to leave. They were angry that he couldn’t maintain order on the island.

Columbus returned to Spain in 1504, and died shortly after. He was disappointed that he never made it to China.

This set in motion a chain of events that would forever change history. A new nation was emerging, based on representative government and religious tolerance.

The mixture of European, Native American, and African cultures, beliefs, and practices would become one of the greatest challenges AND assets the new country would face.

CRITICAL THINKING What were three of the most important

long term consequences of Columbus’s encounters in the Americas?Conquering and claiming landForced labor of Native Americans and

AfricansThe Columbian Exchange

TONIGHT’S HOMEWORK Study guide pages 13-16

Section 1.5 AND the chapter review! Study!!! Review tomorrow, test on

THURSDAY Review chapter objectives and key

vocabulary You will get a printout of this powerpoint

tomorrow to help you study. Reread!!! Study the study guide!