American Indians American Indians InuitInuit

KwakiutlKwakiutl

PuebloPueblo

LakotaLakota

IroquoisIroquois

First Americans Arrive on the First Americans Arrive on the ContinentContinent

Many Many archaeologists archaeologists believed that the believed that the first Americans first Americans came from Asia came from Asia over a strip of land over a strip of land called Beringia that called Beringia that once connected once connected Asia and North Asia and North America. America.

Cactus HillCactus Hill

Archaeologists have recently found Archaeologists have recently found artifacts at Cactus Hill, a site which is artifacts at Cactus Hill, a site which is about 45 miles south of Richmond, about 45 miles south of Richmond, Virginia. These artifacts are 18,000 Virginia. These artifacts are 18,000 years old. Now some scientists believe years old. Now some scientists believe that the first people who reached North that the first people who reached North America came by boat from Europe, America came by boat from Europe, perhaps following a route from Iceland perhaps following a route from Iceland to Greenland to Canada. to Greenland to Canada.

Many Native American Many Native American NationsNations Many Native American cultures grew, Many Native American cultures grew,

developed and even disappeared in developed and even disappeared in the 12,000 years from the last Ice Age the 12,000 years from the last Ice Age until the present. By the year 1400 until the present. By the year 1400 AD more than 300 different nations AD more than 300 different nations were living in North America. They were living in North America. They spoke different languages, lived in spoke different languages, lived in different types of homes and had different types of homes and had different cultures. different cultures.

This year we will study 5 groups of This year we will study 5 groups of Native Americans. Native Americans.

InuitInuit

Inhabited present-Inhabited present-day Alaska and day Alaska and northern Canadanorthern Canada

They lived in Arctic They lived in Arctic areas where the areas where the temperature is temperature is below freezing below freezing most of the timemost of the time

Inuit FoodInuit Food

FishFish SealSeal WhaleWhale Polar BearPolar Bear CaribouCaribou WalrusWalrus Musk OxMusk Ox Small Game (Arctic Small Game (Arctic

Hare)Hare)

Inuit ClothingInuit Clothing

Seal, polar bear, caribou skin and furSeal, polar bear, caribou skin and fur Inner and outer clothingInner and outer clothing Jackets, mittens, trousers, bootsJackets, mittens, trousers, boots

Inuit Shelter (Housing)Inuit Shelter (Housing) IglooIgloo Skin TentsSkin Tents Sod Houses with Sod Houses with

underground underground roomsrooms

Inuit TransportationInuit TransportationSled dogsSled dogsKayakKayakUmiakUmiakFootFoot

Traditional Umiaks were paddle craft. The open umiak is significantly larger than the enclosed kayak which was built to carry one or two men while hunting. A large umiak is 6 to 10 meters long and can hold more than 20 people. About seven skins are needed for the cover on a boat of 30 foot (9.1 meter). It has traditionally been used in summer to move people and possessions to seasonal hunting grounds and for hunting whales and walrus.

Men race in a umiak in Nome, Men race in a umiak in Nome, Alaska. Alaska.

Role of Man and WomanRole of Man and Woman

Men hunted, Men hunted, fished, made tools, fished, made tools, and housesand houses

Women cooked, Women cooked, prepared food, and prepared food, and raised childrenraised children

Art and MusicArt and MusicCarved Ivory, Carved Ivory,

Soapstone Soapstone and Boneand Bone

ScrimshawScrimshaw

KwakiutlKwakiutl Homeland includes the Homeland includes the

Pacific Northwest coast Pacific Northwest coast in Washington (USA) in Washington (USA) and British Columbia and British Columbia (Canada)(Canada)

Rainy, mild climateRainy, mild climate

Kwakiutl FoodKwakiutl Food

SalmonSalmonElkElkDeerDeerBearBearNutsNutsBerriesBerriesRootsRootsTradeTrade

Kwakiutl ClothingKwakiutl Clothing

Woven Cedar BarkWoven Cedar Bark Animal SkinsAnimal Skins

Kwakiutl Shelter (Housing)Kwakiutl Shelter (Housing)

Plank Houses Plank Houses made of made of cedar cedar

Totem Poles were often in front of homes

Kwakiutl TransportationKwakiutl Transportation

Dugout Canoes Dugout Canoes made of Cedarmade of Cedar

Kwakiutl Role of Man and Kwakiutl Role of Man and WomanWoman

Men hunted, fished, traded, built Men hunted, fished, traded, built houses and canoeshouses and canoes

Women gathered food, wove cedar, Women gathered food, wove cedar, and raised childrenand raised children

Kwakiutl ArtKwakiutl Art

MasksMasks Totem PolesTotem Poles CarvingsCarvings

PuebloPueblo Pueblo tribes Pueblo tribes

inhabited the inhabited the Southwest in Southwest in present-day New present-day New Mexico, Utah and Mexico, Utah and ArizonaArizona

Lived in desert Lived in desert areas and areas areas and areas bordering cliffs and bordering cliffs and mountainsmountains

Pueblo FoodPueblo Food

Grew corn, beans, Grew corn, beans, squashsquash

Irrigated crops Irrigated crops during droughtduring drought

Hunted rabbit and Hunted rabbit and made stewmade stew

Hunted antelopeHunted antelope

Pueblo ClothingPueblo Clothing Grew cotton for Grew cotton for

clothcloth Men wove cotton Men wove cotton Used some animal Used some animal

skins (rabbit)skins (rabbit)

Pueblo ShelterPueblo Shelter

Pueblo made of Pueblo made of stone and adobestone and adobe

(mud/clay bricks)(mud/clay bricks) Many levelsMany levels Cliff DwellersCliff Dwellers

Pueblo TransportationPueblo Transportation

Foot (walk and run)Foot (walk and run) Homes in Pueblos were all near one Homes in Pueblos were all near one

another another

..

Pueblo Art and MusicPueblo Art and Music

PotteryPottery BasketsBaskets KachinasKachinas

Pueblo Role of Man and Pueblo Role of Man and WomanWoman

Men farmed, made tools, gathered Men farmed, made tools, gathered cotton and wove it into clothing.cotton and wove it into clothing.

Men also built the pueblos, hunted Men also built the pueblos, hunted and were warriors when neeededand were warriors when neeeded

Women ground corn, prepared food Women ground corn, prepared food and taught children.and taught children.

Women wove baskets and made Women wove baskets and made pottery.pottery.

Pueblo is a Spanish word that means Pueblo is a Spanish word that means “village”“village”

The Pueblo nation includes the Tewa, The Pueblo nation includes the Tewa, Hopi and Zuni tribes. They are the Hopi and Zuni tribes. They are the descendents of the Anasazi – the descendents of the Anasazi – the Ancient Ones – who built the great Ancient Ones – who built the great adobe cities in the Southwest. Around adobe cities in the Southwest. Around 750 a huge city was built by the Anasazi 750 a huge city was built by the Anasazi in what is now New Mexico. What in what is now New Mexico. What happened to that city? It was happened to that city? It was abandoned. Perhaps climate changes in abandoned. Perhaps climate changes in the 1300’s and long periods without the 1300’s and long periods without rain forced the people to move away. rain forced the people to move away.

Some Pueblo people still live Some Pueblo people still live traditional lives in the American traditional lives in the American Southwest. Many of them still farm, Southwest. Many of them still farm, weave baskets , make beautiful rugs, weave baskets , make beautiful rugs, silver jewelry and fine pottery. Some silver jewelry and fine pottery. Some of their homes, like the Taos Pueblo in of their homes, like the Taos Pueblo in New Mexico, were built about 1,000 New Mexico, were built about 1,000 years ago.years ago.

The Pueblo live along side the Navajo in The Pueblo live along side the Navajo in Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. The Arizona, Utah and New Mexico. The Navajo and the Pueblo are alike in Navajo and the Pueblo are alike in many ways. many ways.

LakotaLakota Lakota people inhabited the Great Plains, an Lakota people inhabited the Great Plains, an

area with limited rain, grasslands and rolling area with limited rain, grasslands and rolling hills. It was the perfect environment for the hills. It was the perfect environment for the buffalo. buffalo.

What is the difference between What is the difference between the Lakota, the Dakota and the the Lakota, the Dakota and the

Sioux? Sioux? There is no real difference. "Lakota" and There is no real difference. "Lakota" and

"Dakota" are different pronunciations of "Dakota" are different pronunciations of the same tribal name, which means "the the same tribal name, which means "the allies.“ allies.“ "Sioux," on the other hand, is not a "Sioux," on the other hand, is not a Lakota name. It comes from the Lakota name. It comes from the OjibwayOjibway name for the tribe, which means "little name for the tribe, which means "little snakes." Many Lakotas use the word snakes." Many Lakotas use the word Sioux to refer to themselves when they're Sioux to refer to themselves when they're speaking English, however. Most prefer speaking English, however. Most prefer the name Lakota. the name Lakota.

Lakota FoodLakota Food Hunted and ate Hunted and ate

bison, which are bison, which are buffalobuffalo

Also hunted elk, Also hunted elk, antelope and other antelope and other animals.animals.

Lakota ClothingLakota Clothing

Buffalo hides, Buffalo hides, very decorated very decorated and sewn with and sewn with sinew (animal sinew (animal tendon)tendon)

Lakota ShelterLakota Shelter Tepees of buffalo Tepees of buffalo

hideshides Tepees can be Tepees can be

taken down taken down quickly and move quickly and move with the tribe. with the tribe. This was This was important to the important to the Lakota, who Lakota, who were nomads were nomads following buffalo following buffalo herds. herds.

Lakota TransportationLakota Transportation

Horses (after Horses (after 1730’s)1730’s)

Dogs and horses Dogs and horses pulled a travois pulled a travois (type of sled)(type of sled)

The Lakota Indians of the northern plains have been called a “horse nation” because they have strong ties, culturally and historically, with horses.

The Lakota originally lived by the Great Lakes. When European-American settlers came it forced many tribes to move westward, often into neighboring tribal land. The Lakota migrated west from the Great Lakes region to the Great Plains. They were introduced to horse culture by the Cheyenne about 1730.

After their adoption of the horse their society centered on the buffalo hunt with the horse.

Lakota Role of Man and Lakota Role of Man and WomanWoman

Women made Women made tepees and tepees and butchered butchered buffalobuffalo

Women cooked Women cooked and cared for and cared for childrenchildren

Men hunted and Men hunted and protected the protected the tribetribe

Lakota Art and MusicLakota Art and Music Very decorated Very decorated

clothing and clothing and headdressesheaddresses

Drums and pipesDrums and pipes

The Lakota weren’t the only people living in The Lakota weren’t the only people living in the Great Plains. There were Cheyenne, the Great Plains. There were Cheyenne, Arapaho, Blackfeet, Comanche and Pawnee. Arapaho, Blackfeet, Comanche and Pawnee. All had many things in common, but one of All had many things in common, but one of the biggest was the importance of the the biggest was the importance of the buffalo. buffalo.

The Plains Indians depended on the bison for The Plains Indians depended on the bison for almost everything. These huge shaggy almost everything. These huge shaggy beasts provided meat, leather, sinew for beasts provided meat, leather, sinew for bows, grease, dried dung for fires, and even bows, grease, dried dung for fires, and even the hooves could be boiled for glue. When the hooves could be boiled for glue. When times were bad, bison were consumed down times were bad, bison were consumed down to the last bit of marrow.to the last bit of marrow.

IroquoisIroquoisTheir homeland is in northeast North America, Their homeland is in northeast North America,

the Eastern Woodland. This region is heavily the Eastern Woodland. This region is heavily forested and gets plenty of rain and snow. forested and gets plenty of rain and snow.

The Iroquois nation was in the area that is now New York.

Iroquios Iroquios The Iroquois Indians originally lived near The Iroquois Indians originally lived near

Lake Ontario and along the Mohawk River in Lake Ontario and along the Mohawk River in New York State. Five tribes, the Mohawks, New York State. Five tribes, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas, banded together to form a and the Senecas, banded together to form a confederacy, the Iroquios Nation. Later a confederacy, the Iroquios Nation. Later a sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined. sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined.

This confederacy created the Great Law of This confederacy created the Great Law of Peace which explained how to settle Peace which explained how to settle diputes. It brought peace and prosperity to diputes. It brought peace and prosperity to the Iroquois for hundreds of years. the Iroquois for hundreds of years.

That peace was shattered when settlers That peace was shattered when settlers came from Europe. came from Europe.

Iroquois FoodIroquois Food

Grew corn, squash, beansGrew corn, squash, beans FishFish DeerDeer BearBear Small Game (rabbits, squirrels, Small Game (rabbits, squirrels,

turkeys)turkeys) PumpkinsPumpkins Nuts, berriesNuts, berries

..

Iroquois ClothingIroquois Clothing Deerskin Deerskin

clothingclothing Long fringed Long fringed

skirts, breech skirts, breech cloths, cloths, moccasins, moccasins, leggingsleggings

Iroquois ShelterIroquois Shelter

Longhouses made of wood, bark, Longhouses made of wood, bark, animal skinsanimal skins

Up to 100 feet long—4 or 5 families Up to 100 feet long—4 or 5 families shared one longhouseshared one longhouse

Hole in ceiling for cookingHole in ceiling for cooking

Iroquois TransportationIroquois Transportation

Canoes made of Canoes made of elm or birch barkelm or birch bark

Role of Man and Role of Man and Woman Woman

Women were the head of the family Women were the head of the family and owned land. Women held a and owned land. Women held a powerful position in the Iroquois tribe. powerful position in the Iroquois tribe. They owned longhouses, controlled the They owned longhouses, controlled the land, and chose the chief and the land, and chose the chief and the ruling group. ruling group.

Children belonged to their mother's Children belonged to their mother's clan. When a man married, he lived clan. When a man married, he lived with his wife's clan.with his wife's clan.

Men were hunters and fishers and built Men were hunters and fishers and built the longhouses. They also made the longhouses. They also made canoes and tools.canoes and tools.

Iroquois Art and MusicIroquois Art and Music

BasketsBaskets PotteryPottery