42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit5 - 8 January 2004, Reno, Nevada

AIAA 2004-636

Copyright © 2004 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.

cooling air

air-cooled combustion chamber

combustion air

4 loudspeakers (upstream)

4 loudspeakers (downstream)

glass tubes

water-cooledsensor holders

(upstream)

water-cooledsensor holders(downstream)

adjustable end

swirl stabilizedburner

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

OH Detector Signal Microphone Signal

OH

det

ecto

r sig

nal (

V)

normalized pressure pulsations

normalized frequency St

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Baseline, No Nozzle#6, Crown Nozzle#5, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.7#4, Orifice Exit Nozzle#3, L/D=0.34, Straight Exit Nozzle#2, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.57#1, L/D=0.34, D/Dex=0.7

norm

aliz

ed p

ress

ure

fluct

uatio

ns

Normalized air excess ratio (λ)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Baseline, No Nozzle#6, Crown Nozzle#5, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.7#4, Orifice Exit Nozzle#3, L/D=0.34, Straight Exit Nozzle#2, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.57#1, L/D=0.34, D/Dex=0.7

norm

aliz

ed p

ress

ure

fluct

uatio

ns

Normalized air excess ratio (λ)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Baseline, No Nozzle#6, Crown Nozzle#5, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.7#4, Orifice Exit Nozzle#3, L/D=0.34, Straight Exit Nozzle#2, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.57#1, L/D=0.34, D/Dex=0.7

norm

aliz

ed N

Ox

emiss

ions

Normalized air excess ratio (λ)

0.1

1

10

100

0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Baseline, No Nozzle#6, Crown Nozzle#5, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.7#4, Orifice Exit Nozzle#3, L/D=0.34, Straight Exit Nozzle#2, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.57#1, L/D=0.34, D/Dex=0.7

norm

aliz

ed C

O e

mis

sions

Normalized air excess ratio (λ)

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3

Baseline, No Nozzle#6, Crown Nozzle#5, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.7#4, Orifice Exit Nozzle#3, L/D=0.34, Straight Exit Nozzle#2, L/D=0.17, D/Dex=0.57#1, L/D=0.34, D/Dex=0.7

Nor

mal

ized

Unb

urnt

Hyd

roca

rbon

Em

issio

nNormalized air excess ratio (λ)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Baseline#6, Crown Nozzle

norm

aliz

ed p

ress

ure

fluct

uatio

ns

normalized power

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Baseline#6, Crown Nozzle

norm

aliz

ed O

H

normalized power

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

BaselineCrown Nozzleno

rmal

ized

OH

Flu

ctua

tion

Alo

ng C

entr

e L

ine

normalized power

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

BaselineCrown Nozzle

norm

aliz

ed C

O e

miss

ions

normalized power

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

BaselineCrown Nozzle

norm

aliz

ed U

nbur

nt H

ydro

carb

on E

miss

ion

normalized power

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

OH Detector no. 1OH Detector no. 2

Microphone Signal

OH

Det

ecto

r Sig

nal (

V) normalized pressure

normalized frequency

• EV 17 (GT 11 N1) counter c lockwis e with Crown Nozzle• 100% premix flame at 444 kW and λ=2.0• phas e locked with filtered microphone s ignal at approx. 104 Hz• Images averaged over 64 s hots in the range o f UV to infrared• 30µs expos ure time , corres ponding to 1.12° at 104 Hz

flow direc tion

∆Φ=0° ∆Φ=45° ∆Φ=90° ∆Φ=135° ∆Φ=180°

∆Φ=225° ∆Φ=270° ∆Φ=315° ∆Φ=360° not phase locke d

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

Phase Angle Φ (°)

Arb

itrar

y G

rey

Sca

le V

alue

s

Intensity of Upper Half

Intensity of Lower Half

Total Intensity

2

0

-2

1

-1

∆Φ = 0° ∆Φ = 180°∆Φ = 135°∆Φ = 90°∆Φ = 45°

∆Φ = 225° ∆Φ = 270° ∆Φ = 315° ∆Φ = 360° no locking0 32 64 96 128 160 192 224

flo w d ire c tio n

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

OH Detector Signal no. 1OH Detector Signal no. 2

Microphone Signal

OH

Det

ecto

r Sig

nal (

V) normalized pressure

normalized frequency0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

OH Detector Signal no. 1OH Detector Signal no. 2

Microphone Signal

OH

Det

ecto

r Sig

nal (

V) normalized pressure

normalized frequency

Burner: EV 17 (GT 11 N1) counter c loc kwis e with plane Nozzle• 100% premix flame• phas e locked with filtered microphone s ignal at approx. 106 Hz• Image s ave raged over 64 s hots in the range o f 200 - 850 nm• 20µs expos ure time , corres ponding to 0.76° at 106 Hz

flow direction

P = 444 kWλ = 2.0Tad = 1738 K

∆Φ=0° ∆Φ=45° ∆Φ=90° ∆Φ=135° ∆Φ=180°

∆Φ=225° ∆Φ=270° ∆Φ=315° ∆Φ=360° not phase locked, not forced

Burner: EV 17 (GT 11 N1) counter c loc kwis e with plane Nozzle• 100% premix flame• phas e locked with filtered microphone s ignal at approx. 256 Hz• Image s ave raged over 64 s hots in the range o f 290 - 390 nm• 20µs expos ure time , corres ponding to 1.84° at 256 Hz

flow direction

P = 504.6 kWλ = 1.8Tad = 1834 K

∆Φ=0° ∆Φ=45° ∆Φ=90° ∆Φ=135° ∆Φ=180°

∆Φ=225° ∆Φ=270° ∆Φ=315° ∆Φ=360° not phase locked, not forced

Burner: EV 17 (GT 11 N1) counter c loc kwis e with plane Nozzle• 100% premix flame• phas e locked with filtered OH s ignal at approx. 270 Hz• Image s ave raged over 64 s hots in the range o f 290 - 390 nm• 20µs expos ure time , corres ponding to 1.94° at 270 Hz

flow direction

P = 504.3 kWλ = 1.8Tad = 1834 K

∆Φ=0° ∆Φ=45° ∆Φ=90° ∆Φ=135° ∆Φ=180°

∆Φ=225° ∆Φ=270° ∆Φ=315° ∆Φ=360° not phase locked, not forced

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

OH Detector Signal Microphone Signal

OH

Det

ecto

r Sig

nal norm

alized pressure

normalized frequency

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

4500000

5000000

5500000

6000000

6500000

7000000

7500000

8000000

8500000

9000000

9500000

10000000

0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360phase angle Φ of OH signal [°]

inte

grat

ed li

ght i

nten

sity

of a

vera

ged

sequ

ence

s [g

rey

scal

e va

lues

]

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

10 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9

time [ms]

filte

red

and

norm

aliz

ed O

H-s

enso

r am

plitu

de [c

os Φ

]

light intensityReference intensityOH-signal

EV 17 (GT 11 N1)+Nozzle• Lambda = 2.0• Spectrum 290 - 390 nm• OH-signal triggered• Instability 106 Hz

Averaged light intensity of a premix flame between two OH signals of 106 Hz

01

-1

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

OH Detector Signal

Microphone SignalO

H D

etec

tor S

igna

l (V) norm

alized pressure

normalized frequency

1.9

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

Phase Angle Φ (°)

Arbi

trary

Gre

y Sc

ale

Valu

es fo

r Tot

al Im

age

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

Arbi

trary

Gre

y Sc

ale

Valu

es fo

r Hal

f Im

ages

Total IntensityIntensity of Upper HalfIntensity of Lower Half

-0.3

0.3

0

0.15

-0.15

0

4.9

5.1

5.3

5.5

5.7

5.9

6.1

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

Phase Angle Φ (°)

Arb

itrar

y G

rey

Scal

e Va

lues

Upper Half IntensityLower Half Intensity

1

0

-1