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FULLSCREENCLICK ABOVEMAY 19, 2010

THE LEGEND OFBETSY ROSS

JOHNMARSHALLFATHER OF THESUPREME COURT

RACING’S TRIPLECROWN TRADITION

AMERICANPATRIOT

JOHN MARSHALLFATHER OF THE SUPREME COURT

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RACING’S TRIPLECROWN TRADITION

8THE LEGEND OF

BETSY ROSS

THIS WEEKIN AMERICANHISTORY

QUOTE OFTHE WEEK

14 15

GROVER CLEVELANDOUR NON-CONSECUTIVEPRESIDENT

1012

AMERICA’S FUN FOODSLOLLIPOPS

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4 AMERICAN PATRIOT

JOHN MARSHALLFATHER OF THESUPREME COURT

AMERICAN PATRIOT 5

As the Founding Fathers struggled to structurea new government, Article III of the U.S. Consti-tution was written to create a judicial system butit did not spell out the Supreme Court’s role. Itmerely stated: “[t]he judicial Power of the UnitedStates, shall be vested in one Supreme Court,and in such inferior Courts as the Congress mayfrom time to time ordain and establish.” Thevery first bill introduced in the U.S. Senate wasthe Judiciary Act of 1789, which simply dividedthe country into judicial districts and creating acourt consisting of a Chief Justice and five Asso-ciate Justices. It was left to Congress and the firstset of justices to work out all the other details.

The first Supreme Court assembled in NewYork City, then the nation’s capital, with JohnJay as the Chief Justice. Lacking any specificdirection, the new system was at first the weak-est of the three branches of government. Earlyfederal courts failed to issue strong opinions andavoided hearing controversial cases. The entiretone changed drastically in 1801 when PresidentJohn Adams appointed John Marshall of Virginiaas Chief Justice. Marshall, frustrated with theconfusion and timidity, wanted to define therole of the Supreme Court as an active andpowerful national institution that would helpbind together a great new empire.

Marshall’s opportunity came with the 1803 caseof Marbury v. Madison. The facts of the now-landmark case were fairly trivial; the contro-versy dealt with a justice of the peace appointedof President Adams, who newly elected PresidentThomas Jefferson refused to commission. Inthe course of deciding the case, Chief JusticeMarshall ruled that a particular section of theJudiciary Act was unconstitutional because itgave the federal courts authority over judicialcommissions, something not actually in theConstitution. Accordingly, Marshall argued, thatsection of the law was invalid and did not haveto be followed. With this single historic decision,the Chief Justice established the Supreme Court’spower to interpret the Constitution, and to reviewthe constitutional validity of laws passed byCongress and state legislatures. That changedeverything in its relationship with the legislativeand executive branches.

Marshall continued to serve as Chief Justice formore than three decades. During this prolongedperiod he took every opportunity to shape thefederal judicial system and enshrine the conceptof judicial review of the validity of legislation.He put the Court on a trajectory to becomewhat many consider the most powerful of thethree branches of government.

CLICK HERE TO WATCH A VIDEO OF JOHN MARSHALL’S LIFE

TheU.S. SupremeCourt is again the focus of political controversy because thoseappointed to the Court wield so much power. But it is interesting to rememberthat this august body began its life with unclear duties and vague powers. Ittook JohnMarshall, whowas not appointed to the court until a decade after it wascreated, to define the Supreme Court’s role and change the course of history.

6 AMERICAN PATRIOT

RACING’S TRIPLECROWN TRADITION

The notion of a “Triple Crown” in U.S. racing

goes back as far as 1923, though a racing

reporter and legend Charles Hatton is often

credited with having coined the term in

1930. Since 1931, the order of Triple Crown

races has been fixed: the Kentucky Derby

first in early May, followed by the Preakness

Stakes in mid-May, and then the Belmont

Stakes in early June.

The three tracks which host the races are

places of great character and tradition.

Churchill Downs, home of the Kentucky

Derby, reportedly dates back to 1783. Nearly

a century later, Col. M. Lewis Clark began

developing America's most famous track on

80 acres of land just south of downtown

Louisville. The track formally opened in

1875. The twin spires atop the homestretch

grandstands were added in 1895 and re-

main one of the most recognized structures

in all of sports.

Pimlico Race Course, where the Preakness

Stakes is held, hosted its first race in 1870.

The Maryland track is the second oldest

active one in the country (Saratoga in up-

state New York is the oldest). The original

Victorian clubhouse burned in the 1960s,

leaving only the iron horse-and-jockey

weather vane that sat on the roof. After every

Preakness, the weather vane is repainted

with the winner's colors.

Last but not least, Belmont Park, where the

Belmont States are held, is on a spot in

Long Island NY that was the birthplace of

horse racing in North America in 1665. Con-

structed from 1903-05 million, the current

track is named after August Belmont, the

late financier father of the tracks founder.

Winning the “Triple Crown” races is very

difficult: only eleven horses have ever won

the Triple Crown and none since 1978. They

are Sir Barton (1919), Gallant Fox (1930),

Omaha (1935), War Admiral (1937), Whirl-

away (1941), Count Fleet (1943), Assault

(1946), Citation (1948), Secretariat (1973),

Seattle Slew (1977), and Affirmed (1978).

To give a further sense of the challenge of

winning one leg — much less all three — of

these classic races: nearly 4,000 horses

have entered these races. Only 278 have

won a single race of the Triple Crown, 50

horses have won two legs and, of course,

only the magical 11 horses have won all

three races.

AMERICAN PATRIOT 7

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8 AMERICAN PATRIOT

THE LEGEND OFBETSY ROSS

AMERICAN PATRIOT 9

Born Elizabeth Griscom in Philadelphia,

Betsy attended Quaker schools and learned

needlework there and at home. She married

John Ross in 1773 and eventually joined

the Free Quakers or “Fighting Quakers” who

did not adhere strictly to pacifism. John

and Betsy began an upholstery business

together, drawing on her needlework skills

and, after John was killed, Betsy kept the

business and began to make flags for Penn-

sylvania. Records show that she remarried

several times and lived on until 1836.

It was Betsy’s grandson, in 1873, who first

told the story of her flagmaking. The story

quickly became the stuff of legend, was

published in the popular Harper’s maga-

zine, and by the next decade had become

part of school textbooks and curriculums.

Since it is uncertain whether the story is

true, strictly speaking, why did it catch on

so fast and burrow so deep? Experts sug-

gest that her tale resonated for several

reasons. Among them: the discovery of a

“founding mother” to stand alongside

“founding fathers” became attractive at a

time when the role of women in American

society had started to change. The story

also hit at a moment of growing patriotic

fervor over the flag as a symbol of America.

Betsy Ross’ story felt true, whether it was

literally true or not.

Today, a tour of Betsy Ross' home in

Philadelphia is a “must-see” when visiting

historical sites. The home, established with

the aid of contributions by American school-

children, is an interesting and informative

look at the lives of women who helped

make the American Revolution a success.

Betsy Ross made the first American flag. Maybe. The story told isthat she sewed the flag after a visit to her shop in June 1776 by GeorgeWashington, Robert Morris, and a relative, George Ross. According tolore, she demonstrated how to cut the five pointed stars. Today, it isgenerally believed that she was one of the early flagmakers— thoughnot necessarily the first — and records show that she made flags forPennsylvania during the Revolutionary War era.

A POPULAR NEW HISTORY BOOKBETSY ROSS AND THE MAKING OFAMERICA, BY MARLA R. MILLER

WATCH A SLIDE SHOW OFTHE BETSY ROSS HOUSE

10 AMERICAN PATRIOT

GROVER CLEVELANDOUR NON-CONSECUTIVE PRESIDENT

AMERICAN PATRIOT 11

Grover Cleveland was elected to two terms as President of theUnited States, but was the only man not elected twice in a row.Cleveland served from 1884-1888, then was defeated in 1888, andcame back to win the White House from 1892-1896.

Cleveland spent most of his life in upstate

New York. His father, a Presbyterian min-

ister, died young. Cleveland became a

lawyer in Buffalo, joined the Democratic

Party, andmoved quickly up the ranks while

continuing to practice law. Appointed

Sheriff in 1870, he became known for hon-

esty and efficiency at a time of widespread

urban graft and corruption, was elected

as a reform Mayor, and then elected New

York Governor as his reputation as a clean

government-type grew.

The national Democratic Party tapped him

as presidential nominee in 1884 and he

defeated Republican James G. Blaine, even

winning over reform-minded Republicans.

By all accounts, Cleveland ran an upright

administration, and made progress toward

reforms of the civil service, the executive

departments, and Civil War pensions.

Renominated by his party in 1888 with-

out challenge, Cleveland was defeated by

a business-friendly and well-organized

opponent, Republican Benjamin Harrison

of Indiana. The race was close: Cleveland

won a plurality of the popular vote but lost

the Electoral College.

Intending to practice law and enjoy his

family as a private citizen, Cleveland found

it difficult to retire. Nominated again in

1892, Cleveland led the Democrats to a

smashing victory over Harrison, as well as

helping to win control of both the House

and Senate. The second term was not a

happy one, though. Cleveland was almost

immediately undone by a financial panic

that deepened into an economic depres-

sion, one of the most severe and bitter the

country has ever seen. His support of the

gold standard, when many Democrats from

farm states were in favor of a silver mone-

tary system, split the party and left Cleve-

land deeply unpopular. His use of force to

end a Pullman railway strike alienated the

labor wing of his party.

That was the end. In 1896, Cleveland again

sought the nomination, but was soundly

rejected. Populist spellbinder William Jen-

nings Bryan represented the Democrats

on a platform demanding free and unlim-

ited coinage of both silver and gold. After

Bryan was defeated, Cleveland retired to

Princeton NJ and lived on until 1908, by

which time his reputation had recovered

and his death was mourned nationwide.

AMERICA’S FUN FOODS

LOLLIPOPS12 AMERICAN PATRIOT

The invention of the lollipop, says the National

Confectionary Association, goes back to the

cavemen, who maintained beehives and col-

lected honey by stick. The theory is that they

licked the utensil and the first unintentional

lollipop, or, candy on a stick, was born. The

ancient Arabs, Chinese and Egyptians pro-

duced fruit and nut treats, “candied” in honey

as a preservative, often eaten on sticks.

The European Middle Ages added the notion

of boiling sugar into blocks, to make the ex-

pensive delicacy last longer. Sometimes the

blocks of sugar were formed with sticks and

even ornamental handles. As sugar became

more plentiful, the treat reached the streets

and, to make it easier to eat, a stick was

inserted. Some linguists believe the word

“lollipop” made its appearance among the

street vendors in London during this period.

American know-how and expertise in mass-

production led to the birth of the lollipop as

we know it. As early as 1905, the McAviney

Candy Company, now defunct, may have stum-

bled upon the machine made lollipop by de-

fault. The owner created boiled hard candies

stirred by a stick. Within a couple of years, the

company began to market these “candy sticks.”

In 1908 in Racine WI, the first truly auto-

mated lollipop production was invented by

the Racine Confectionary Machine Company.

The company invented a machine whose sole

purpose was to find a way to put hard candy

on the end of a stick. The machine produced

2400 lollipops per hour, then thought to meet

the needs of the country for an entire year.

Then, in 1912, Samuel Born, a Russian im-

migrant, developed a machine whose sole

purpose was to automatically insert sticks into

candy. Considered a hero in his hometown of

San Francisco, Born is also credited with in-

venting sprinkles; these were originally the

by-product of lollipop manufacture.

Today, hundreds of modern candy companies

produce up to three million pops per day, which

barely satisfies the national craving. They

come in all shapes and sizes, with or without

fillings, and even the local candy stores may

offer at least three dozen varieties.

LEARN TO MAKELOLLIPOPS AT HOME

As is so often the case with fun foods, American’s may not haveinvented the lollipop but they made it bigger, sweeter and faster tomarket. Today, U.S. candy makers produce millions of lollipops aday in all shapes, sizes and flavors.

AMERICAN PATRIOT 13

QUOTE OFTHE WEEK

“In war there is no secondprize for the runner-up.”– GENERAL OMAR N. BRADLEY

A LEADING FIELD COMMANDER DURING WWII IN EUROPE,HEAD OF THE VETERANS ADMINISTRATION, ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF,CHAIRMAN OF JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF, FIFTH AND FINAL PERSONEVER TO ACHIEVE RANK OF GENERAL OF THE ARMY.

14 AMERICAN PATRIOT

THIS WEEK INAMERICAN HISTORY

AMERICAN PATRIOT 15

1929.TheAcademy ofMotion Picture Arts and Sciences has a dinner party for 250

people and hands out the first Oscars. A silent film, Wings, wins because

the first “talkie,” The Jazz Singer, was disqualified for having an unfair

advantage. A special lifetime achievement award was presented to Charlie

Chaplin. The idea for the event is credited to Louis B. Mayer, head of MGM.

US01-1452_8.5x11_Layout 1 11/30/09 10:28 AM Page 2

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