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AMERICA’S TOPCHRISTMAS SONGS

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AMERICA’S TOPCHRISTMAS SONGS

46WEST POINTDUTY, HONOR, COUNTRY

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HENRY FORD’SMODEL T

THIS WEEKIN AMERICANHISTORY

QUOTE OFTHE WEEK

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THE BEAUTIFULBRANDYWINEVALLEY

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From the earliest days, music has been an integral part of Christmas. As far backas the second century AD, chants, litanies and hymns in Latin were used by thechurch to evoke the life and death of Christ. It took until the 13th century, however,for Christmasmusic to be written for the commonman. These so-called “carols” —first initiated by Francis of Assisi — were initially a combination of traditional circledances and singing. But they soon came to encompass any song in which a religioustopic was treated in a style that is familiar or festive. From Italy, it passed to Franceand Germany, and later to England, everywhere retaining its simplicity, fervor, andmirthfulness. Music in itself has become one of the greatest tributes to Christmas,and includes some of the noblest compositions of the great musicians.

AMERICA’S TOPCHRISTMAS SONGS

For Americans, the English tradition of caroling was

influential. The English perfected and popularized

the public singing of Christmas carols as part of

Christmas customs, and Christmas eve caroling

became a tradition in churches around the world.

The status of Christmas as an important feast within

the church year also means there is a long tradition of

music specially composed for celebrating the season.

In America, Christmas music became closely asso-

ciated with the Christmas spirit — not to mention

holiday shopping. For Americans of so many diverse

cultures and traditions, Christmas slowly became a

unifying national holiday during the first half of the

19th century. By mid-century, Christian groups began

to ignore their religious differences over the meaning

of Christmas and honored the day with common

traditions focused on the Christmas tree and the

giving of gifts. This was also true of music. Americans

already knew old Christmas songs that came from

England and other areas of Europe. But many new

American Christmas songs started to become popular.

For example, in 1849, a religious leader from Mas-

sachusetts wrote the words to “It Came Upon a

Midnight Clear.” The song “Jingle Bells” appeared

seven years later.

On the other hand, much of what we think of as

Christmas music today was adopted from music

initially created for other purposes. Many secular

songs are regarded as “Christmas” songs due to the

time of year they are most often heard or sung.

These include favorites such as Winter Wonderland,

Let It Snow and even Jingle Bells. Similarly, clas-

sical music, too, has been adopted for Christmas.

Examples include The Nutcracker Ballet often per-

formed at Christmastime as well as Handel’s Messiah,

actually written for Easter.

THE TOP TRADITIONAL CHRISTMAS SONGSRECORDED BY AMERICAN PERFORMERS,AS REPORTED BY WCBS RADIO, ARE:

1. White Christmas, Bing Crosby

2. The Christmas Song, Nat King Cole

3. Rudolph The Red Nose Reindeer, Gene Autry

4. Sleigh Ride, Leroy Anderson

5. A Holly Jolly Christmas, Burl Ives

6. Little Drummer Boy, Harry Simeone Chorale

7. Do You Hear What I Hear, Bing Crosby

8. There’s No Place Like Home For The Holidays,

Perry Como

9. Frosty The Snowman, Gene Autry

10. Mistletoe and Holly, Frank Sinatra

11. It’s The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year,

Andy Williams

12. Santa Baby, Eartha Kitt

Honorable mentions include Let It Show by MonroeVaughn and It’s Beginning To Look Alot Like Christ-mas by Johnny Mathis.

IN A MORE CONTEMPORARY VEIN,WCBS RANKS THESE AS THE TOP 10 . . .

1. White Christmas, The Drifters

2. Rockin’ Around The Christmas Tree,

Brenda Lee

3. Christmas (Baby Come Home), Darlene Love

4. Santa Claus Is Coming To Town,

Bruce Springsteen

5. Do They Know It’s Christmas?, Band Aid

6. Happy Xmas (War Is Over), John Lennon

and Yoko Ono

7. Jingle Bell Rock, Bobby Helms

8. Run Rudolph Run, Chuck Berry

9. Blue Christmas, Elvis Presley

10. Little Saint Nick, Beach Boys

Others include Jose Feliciano’s Feliz Navidadand the Jackson 5’s Santa Claus is Coming To Town.

BING CROSBY’S RENDITION OFWHITE CHRISTMAS

AMERICAN PATRIOT 5

THE DRIFTERS’ RENDITION OFWHITE CHRISTMAS

6 AMERICAN PATRIOT

WEST POINTDUTY HONOR COUNTRY

AMERICAN PATRIOT 7

After the Revolutionary War was won, the newleadership — Washington, Hamilton, Adamsamong them — recommended that West Pointbe the location for an American institution de-voted to building a homegrown military. It tookuntil 1802 for the idea to become reality, whenPresident Thomas Jefferson signed legislationestablishing the United States Military Academy.

The real foundation for the West Point we knowtoday emerged when Colonel Sylvanus Thayer,known as the “father of the Military Academy,”served as Superintendent from l8l7-l833. Heestablished strict academic standards, instilledmilitary discipline and emphasized honorableconduct. Aware of the need for engineers in theraw and growing country, Thayer made civil en-gineering the foundation of the curriculum.And Academy graduates played a large role inconstruction of the nation’s infrastructure.

After gaining experience and recognition duringthe Mexican and Indian wars, West Point grad-uates filled the highest ranks on both sidesduring the Civil War. Academy graduates, headedby generals such as Grant, Lee, Sherman andJackson, provided leadership in both the Northand South. In the post-Civil War period, West

Point broadened its curriculum beyond civil en-gineering to include all military arts and sciences.In World War I, Academy graduates again dis-tinguished themselves on the battlefield.

Eisenhower, MacArthur, Bradley, Arnold, Clark,Patton were among the array of Academy grad-uates who stepped up to leadership posts inthe World War II. In 1964, President Johnsonincreased the size of the Corps of Cadets; todayit stands at 4,000. In addition, minorities andthe first women were brought into the Academyreflecting a more diverse and multicultural soci-ety. In recent decades, the curriculum permitscadets to major in any one of more than a dozenfields, including a wide range of subjects fromthe sciences to the humanities.

The history of West Point is integral to the historyof the U.S. A favorite expression at West Point isthat “much of the history we teach was made bypeople we taught.” Guided by the motto, “Duty,Honor, Country,” West Point continues to prepareits graduates to serve as commissioned leadersof character in America's 21st Century Army.

From the very beginning of the United States, West Point has played a vital rolein our nation's history. As early as theRevolutionaryWar, it becameclear that thiscommanding plateau on the west bank of the Hudson River was critical. GeorgeWashington considered West Point the most important strategic position inAmerica, he had fortifications built there, and transferred his headquarters inl779. Soldiers built forts, batteries and redoubts and extended a l50-ton ironchain across the Hudson to control river traffic. Never captured by the British,West Point has been the oldest continuous military post in America.

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The most dangerous animals in the forestdon’t live there.The most dangerous animals in the forestdon’t live there.

8 AMERICAN PATRIOT

HENRY FORD’S MODEL THenry Ford did not invent the automobile. He did notinvent the assembly line. His insight was to put the twotogether. In so doing, he changed the face of America.

AMERICAN PATRIOT 9

Ford was a born tinkerer, coming into the world

on his father’s family farm in 1863. At sixteen,

against the wishes of his family, he left the farm

for Detroit, where he became a mechanic's ap-

prentice. He advanced steadily and worked his

way up to chief engineer at the Edison Illumi-

nating Company. Overseeing the steam engines

and turbines that produced electricity, Ford

began to envision adapting an engine to a small

passenger vehicle. At twenty-four, Ford married

Clara Bryant, whom he called “The Believer”

because she encouraged his dream of building

a “horseless carriage.” As early as 1891, he

showed Clara a design for an internal combus-

tion engine; by 1896, Ford had constructed and

sold his first automobile so as to raise funds

for a more sophisticated model.

After two brief failures, he managed to get the

Ford Motor Company up and running in 1903.

The small firm produced only a few cars a day;

groups of two or three men worked on each car

from components made to order by other com-

panies. His first car, the Model A, was out by

1903 and the Model N by1906. But Ford was

frustrated because he had not reached his goal

of producing a simple, affordable vehicle for

everyday people. The third time was a charm, as

the Model T turned out to be the answer. This

simple but powerful car could reach 45 mph

and had a 25 mpg. It made its debut in 1908

with a purchase price of $825, and ten thousand

were sold in its first year.

To meet the growing demand for the Model T, the

company opened a large factory at Highland Park,

Michigan, in 1910. Here, Ford had his next great

breakthrough. He combined precision manufac-

turing, standardized and interchangeable parts,

a division of labor, and a continuous moving

assembly line. Workers remained in place, adding

the same component to each automobile as it

moved past them on the line. Delivery of parts

by conveyor belt to the workers was carefully

orchestrated to keep the assembly line moving.

The introduction of the moving assembly line

significantly reduced assembly time per vehicle,

thus lowering costs.

In the 1920s, the Ford Motor Company contin-

ued to grow. In 1925, it was producing 10,000

cars every 24 hours. On May 26, 1927, accom-

panied by his son Edsel, he watched the fifteen

millionth Model T Ford roll off the assembly line.

By that time, Ford’s ingenuity had made his com-

pany the largest automobile manufacturer in the

world, provided average Americans with a car they

could afford, revolutionized American society,

and helped shape the world we live in today.

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10 AMERICAN PATRIOT

The Brandywine River winds from SoutheasternPennsylvania into Delaware carving out thebeautiful rolling hills and valleys that charac-terize of the Brandywine Valley. The Valley iswhere the Du Pont's made their fortunes andbuilt their lives, where early American industrythrived, where great artists like Howard Pyle andthree generations of Wyeths worked, and wherea pivotal Revolutionary War battle was fought.

The original inhabitants of the Brandywine Valleywere an Algonquin Indian tribe who called them-selves Lenape. The Lenape were eventually dis-placed by early Swedish, Finnish and Dutchsettlers. One of the Valley's most famous figureswas William Penn, who had made Pennsylvaniainto a bastion of religious and political tolerance.He encouraged his fellow Quaker members ofthe Society of Friends to settle throughout theValley, where their quiet commitment to com-munity is still a major influence.

Under Penn and his successors, a large numbersof English settlers arrived. Water-powered millson the swiftly falling river made the Brandywinethe most important milling center in the countryfrom the last half of the 18th century, and wellinto the first half of the 19th. The area becamethe largest supplier of quality flour in the world.

By the early 18th century, the Brandywine Valleywas also the America's paper milling center. In1776, the mills supplied the paper to print cur-rency for the colonies and the Continental Con-gress and the Declaration of Independence.

The peaceful nature of the valley was shattered,when British and Hessian forces fought Ameri-can Continentals and local militia under GeorgeWashington and Marquis de Lafayette in thelargest land battle of the Revolutionary War. TheBrandywine River lay between the advancingBritish troops under General Howe and the Amer-ican capital at Philadelphia. The battle was foughton September 11, 1777, and the Americanswere defeated. The British drove the Americansnorth into Pennsylvania, and then marched onto take Philadelphia.

The Brandywine River watershed today is still aland of green and gently rolling hills. It looks asit does, in large part due to the protection andconservation work of the Brandywine Conser-vancy founded in 1967. Concerned residentstook quick action at a time when the Valley wasthreatened by massive industrial development.They permanently protected and preserved morethan 32,000 acres of land that is literally theheart and soul of the Brandywine.

THE BEAUTIFULBRANDYWINE VALLEY

AMERICAN PATRIOT 11

SITES TO SEELongwood GardensThousands of acres of garden, fountains andwoodlands, and a former duPont estatewww.longwoodgardens.org >

Winterthur Museum & GardensA former duPont estate and home to a world-class collection of American furniture anddecorative arts.www.winterthur.org >

Nemours Mansion & GardensThis beautifully preserved French villa,surrounded by acres of landscapedgardens, was given by a duPont heir.www.nemoursmansion.org >

Hagley Museum & GardensThe original duPont gunpowder mills,estates and gardens.www.hagley.lib.de.us >

Delaware Art MuseumKnown for its collection of the works ofHoward Pyle, and other English and Ameri-can art.www.delart.org >

Colonial Pennsylvania PlantationA working farm from the 18th Century, withspecial events and living history weekends.www.colonialplantation.org >

Brandywine Battlefield ParkAuthentic displays of the Revolutionary

War and era amid rolling hills, including the

Washington and Lafayette headquarters.

www.brandywinebattlefield.org >

Brandywine River MuseumA grist mill converted into a collection ofartwork by the Wyeth family.

www.brandywinemuseum.org >

12 AMERICAN PATRIOT

‘NATIONAL TREASURE’KEPT FOLK ART ALIVE

AMERICAN PATRIOT 13

Potters in this area were turning out fine workbefore the American Revolution and as early asthe 1740s. Because the clay and talent wereexceptional, the area became a major producerof utilitarian and decorative pottery and table-ware. With the advent of modern manufacturingtechniques, the potteries fell onto hard timesin the mid-1800s, and by the early 20th centurywere nearly gone.

Enter Julia Royster Busbee, a predecessor toSweezy. In 1917, Busbee is said to have fallenin love with a striking orange plate she saw at acounty fair in North Carolina. She and her hus-band, Jacques, a painter, scouted the area, founda few potters dabbling in the old traditions bymaking plates and pickle jars to satisfy local de-mand. The Busbees moved into a log cabin in asettlement they named Jugtown — the genericname for rural potteries that supplied earthenvessels to moonshiners. There, they nurtured theresurrection of old ways, sometimes in newstyles. They introduced the pottery to New York-ers (including Eleanor Roosevelt) who took to it,and the area also became a tourist attraction forwealthy Northerners visiting nearby Pinehurst.

Another decline came from the 1950s through1970s, and once again a savior stepped in. WhenSweezy and her daughter Lybess came shop-ping in March 1968, they learned Jugtown wasin danger of closing. “Mother and I looked atthe log cabin house and the kilns which werefalling apart,” Lybess Sweezy is quoted as saying."And we made up our minds to buy it in an hour."Sweezy begged and borrowed the money to buythe financially staggering Jugtown in 1968. Shecame up with new glazes to replace ones thatused lead, and gave them appealing names likeBlueridge Blue and Dogwood White. She re-cruited talented apprentices; leaned on influ-ential acquaintances, including the Rockefellers,for support; developed marketing strategies; andgot Jugtown pottery into upscale Northern stores.

The pottery area around Seagrove is thrivingtoday. Sweezy's effect on North Carolina is"profound and very much felt to this day," saidGeorge Holt, director of the N.C. Museum ofArt's performing arts and film programs. Holthelped organize an exhibition in 2005, "ThePotter's Eye," of which Sweezy was the co-curator.She also wrote two books on pottery and folk arts.

WATCH A VIDEO OF NANCY SWEEZY ON JUGTOWN POTTERY

Nancy Sweezy, who died last month, rode a surge of interest in American folkarts, to save Jugtown pottery, a famous and traditional North Carolina craftthat was on the verge of disappearing. For her efforts, the National Endowmentfor the Arts designated Sweezy “a national treasure,” saying that her efforts had“helped inspire a revival of the traditional pottery community.” The declarationnoted that the number of potteries in an area east of Charlotte, centered aroundSeagrove in the Piedmont Hills, increased from seven in 1968 to nearly 120 today.

14 AMERICAN PATRIOT

QUOTE OFTHE WEEK

“Oh, for the good old days when peoplewould stop Christmas shopping whenthey ran out of money.”

— AUTHOR UNKNOWN

AMERICAN PATRIOT 15

2002.President George W. Bush signed the Department of HomelandSecurity into law, a bureaucracy tasked with fighting terrorism.This came as a reaction to perceived weaknesses in U.S. anti-terrorism efforts, as exemplified by the 9/11 attacks in 2001.Former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge was placed in chargeof the new Department.

THIS WEEK INAMERICAN HISTORY

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