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Representative Plays by American Dramatists: 1856-1911:Francesca da Rimini

George Henry Boker

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Representative Plays by AmericanDramatists: !"#$%: &rancesca 'a Rimini( by George )enry Boker

This eBook is for the use of anyone any*here at no cost an' *ithalmost no restrictions *hatsoever+ ,ou may copy it( give it a*ay orre$use it un'er the terms of the Project Gutenberg -icense inclu'e'*ith this eBook or online at ***+gutenberg+net

Title: Representative Plays by American Dramatists: !"#$%: &rancesca 'a Rimini

Author: George )enry Boker

Release Date: .uly /0( /112 3EBook 4011"5

-anguage: English

6haracter set enco'ing: A7688

999 7TART & T)87 PR.E6T G;TE


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!/0$!%1C

The name of George )enry Boker suggests a coterie of frien'ships$$agroup of men ple'ge' to the pursuit of letters( an' *orshippers at theshrine of poetry+ These men( in the pages of *hose publishe' letters

an' impressions are embe''e' many pleasing aspects of Bokerstemperament an' character( *ere Bayar' Taylor( Richar' )enry 7to''ar'(an' 6harles Go'frey -elan'( the latter kno*n familiarly in Americanliterature as )ans Breitmann+ These four( in 'ifferent perio's oftheir lives( might have been calle' the inseparables$$so closely 'i'they *atch each others 'evelopment( so intently 'i' they a*ait eachothers literary output( an' *rite poetry to each other( an' meetat Bokers( no* an' again( for gol'en talks on 7un'ays+ Poetry *asa passion *ith them( an' even *hen t*o$$Boker an' Taylor$$*ere sentabroa' on 'iplomatic missions( they coul' never have been sai' to'esert the >use$$their literary activity *as merely arreste'+ ne ofthe four$$7to''ar'$$often felt( in the presence of Boker( a certain

reticence 'ue to lack of e'ucational a'vantagesF but in the face ofBokers graciousness$$a uality *hich comes *ith culture in its truestsense($$he soon foun' himself *riting Boker on matters of style( onualities of English 'iction( an' on the status of American letters$$astock topic of conversation those 'ays+

Boker *as a Phila'elphian( born there on ctober #( !/0($$the sonof 6harles 7+ Boker( a *ealthy banker( *hose financial epertness*eathere' the Girar'


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)e *as uite the poet of Princeton in his 'ay( uite the gentlemanBohemian+ )e *as( *rites -elan'( uite familiar( in a refine' an'gentlemanly *ay( *ith all the 'issipations of Phila'elphia an' iss .ulia Riggs(of >arylan'( follo*e' shortly after his gra'uation( in fact( *hile he*as stu'ying la*( a profession *hich *as to serve him in goo' stea''uring his 'iplomatic years( but *hich he thre* over for the strongerpull of poetry( *hose >use he coul' court *ithout the necessity of'riving it har' for support+ ,et he *as concerne' about literatureas a paying profession for others+ n April /#( !"( he *rote to7to''ar': AlasK alasK Dick( is it not sa' that an American authorcannot live by magaIine *ritingL An' this is *holly o*ing to the

*ant of our international copyright la*+ f course it is little to me*hether magaIine *riters get pai' or notF but it is so much to you(an' to a thousan' others+ The time( until !2@( *as spent in foreigntravel( but it is interesting to note( as in'ication of no meanliterary attainment in the interim( that Princeton( 'uring thisperio'( besto*e' on him the 'egree of >+A+( for merit in letters+

!2! *as a re'$letter year for Boker+ 8t *itnesse' the publication ofhis first volume of verse( The -essons of -ife( an' other Poems(an' it intro'uce' him to Bayar' Taylor an' to R+)+ 7to''ar'+ f theoccasion( Taylor *rites on ctober 0( to >ary Agne*:

,oung Boker( author of the trage'y( 6alaynos( a most remarkable *ork( is here on a visit( an' spent several hours to$night *ith me+ )e is another hero($$a most notable( glorious mortalK )e is one of our ban'( an' is( 8 think( 'estine' to high reno*n as an author+ )e is nearly my o*n age( perhaps a year or t*o ol'er( an' he has live' through the same sensations( fought the same fight( an' no* stan's up *ith the same 'efiant spirit+

This frien'ship *as one of ecellent spiritual sympathy an' remarkableeternal similarities an' contrasts+ ne authority has *ritten oftheir late years:

8n certain *ays( he an' his frien'( Bayar' Taylor( ma'e an interesting contrast *ith each other+ )ere *as Boker 3circa !@!5 *ho ha' just come back from 'iplomatic service abroa'F an' here( too( *as Taylor( *ho *as just going abroa' as minister to Berlin+ Both *ere poetsF they *ere fello*$Pennsylvanians an' frien'sF an' they *ere men of large moul' physically( an' of impressive presenceF yet they *ere very 'issimilar types+ Boker( though massive an' *ith a trace of the phlegmatic in his manner perhaps 'erive' from his )ollan' ancestors( the Bochers( *ho ha' come thither from &rance( an' ha' then sent a branch into Englan'( from *hich

the American family sprangC( *as courtly( polishe'( slightly reserve'+ )is English forefathers ha' belonge' to the 7ociety of &rien's( as ha' also Taylors family in Pennsylvania($$another point in common+ But Taylors


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appearance( as his frien's *ill remember( *as some*hat bluff an' rugge'F his manner *as hearty an' open+

-aunche' in the literary life( therefore( Boker began to *riteassi'uously+ 6alaynos( the trage'y referre' to by Taylor( *ent intot*o e'itions 'uring !2!( an' the follo*ing year *as playe' by 7amuelPhelps at 7a'lers Jells Theatre( -on'on( >ay 1+ &rom the ay /%( !2%( Taylor *rote:

,our *elcome letter came this morning( an' from the bottom of my heart *as 8 rejoice' by it+ 8 can *ell imagine your feeling of triumph at this earnest of fame++++ 8 instantly hunte' up the -on'on Times an' foun' 6alaynos a'vertise' for performance($$secon' night+ 8 sho*e' it to Gris*ol'( *ho *as nearly as much surprise' an' 'elighte' as myself+ f course he *ill make goo' mention of it in his book+ 8t *ill ?sell? immensely for you( an' especially just no*( *hen you are coming out *ith Anne Bullen 3sic+5+ 8 shall not fail to have a notice of it in to$morro* mornings Tribune+

7ome authorities state that it *as given by Phelps *ithout Bokersconsent+ Another( *ho eamine' Bokers manuscripts( in possession ofthe poets 'aughter$in$la*( >rs+ George Boker( recor's that Barrettma'e cuts in the play( preparatory to giving it( Boker( even( revisingit in part+ The American premiere *as reserve' for .ames E+ >ur'och(at the Phila'elphia Jalnut 7treet Theater( .anuary /1( !"( an' it*as revive' at the same playhouse in April( !""( by E+-+ Davenport+As 7to''ar' says of it( one shoul' kno* something$$the more thebetter$$about the plays that Dr+ Bir' an' .u'ge 6onra' *rote for&orrest an' his successors( about Poes Politian( 7argentsMelasco( -ongfello*s 7panish 7tu'ent+

)is choice of subject( in this( his first 'rama( in'icate' theromantic aloofness of Bokers min'( for he *as al*ays anious toescape *hat -elan' 'escribes him as saying *as a practical( soulless(Gra'grin' age+ 8n fact( Boker ha' not as yet foun' himselfF he *asmore the book$lover than the stu'ent of men he after*ar's became+

Rea' 6haucer for strength( he a'vises 7to''ar' on .anuary @( !"1( rea' 7penser for ease an' s*eetness( rea' >ilton for sublimity an' thought( rea' 7hakespeare for all these things( an' for something else *hich is his alone+ Get out of your age as far as you can+

These young men *ere not uickly receive'( an' they regar'e' theutilitarian spirit of the time as against them+ To 7to''ar' Boker onceconfesse': Jere poetry forge' upon the anvil( cut out *ith the ae(or spun in the mill( my heaven( ho* men *oul' *on'er at the processKJhat po*er( *hat toil( *hat ingenuityK

Bokers correspon'ence *ith 7to''ar' began in a letter( 'ate'7eptember "( !2%( announcing overtures ma'e by the -on'on )aymarketTheatre for his ne* trage'y( Anne Boleyn( *hich he *as contemplatingsen'ing them in sheets+ 8 have also the assurance( he announces(that >iss 6ushman *ill bring it out in this country( provi'e' she

thinks her po*ers a'apte' to it+

Bokers pen *as energetic( an' it move' at a gait *hich sho*s ho*fertile *as his imagination+ The inseparables cheere' the *ay for


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each other in the face of official journalistic criticism+ Taylor'eclare' Anne Boleyn far in a'vance of 6alaynos( prophesying thatit *oul' last+ Go ahea'( my 'ear poet( he a'monishes( it *ill soonbe your turn to 'amn those *ho *oul' *illingly 'amn you+ Togetherthese frien's *ere al*ays planning to storm the cita'el of publicfavour *ith poetry( but Boker seems to have been the only one to *homthe theatre hel' out attraction+ By August /( !"1( he *as sen'ing

ne*s to 7to''ar' that The Betrothal *oul' be stage' the follo*ingmonth+ 8n goo' spirits( he *rites:

The manager is getting it up *ith unusual care an' splen'our+ 7pangles an' re' flannels flame through it from en' to en'+ 8 even think of appearing before the curtain on horseback( nay( of making the *hole performance euestrian( an' of intro'ucing a hippopotamus in the fifth act+ Jhat think youL )ave you an' your miserable lyrics ever kno*n such gloryL 8f the play shoul' take ?here?( you benighte' arshall( manager of the Jalnut( an' is note' by Boker( ina letter to 7to''ar'( ctober /( !"/( the chief han'icap confrontinghim being the inability to fin' someone suite' to take the lea'ingrole+ 7to''ar's o*n comment *as:

Jhether 3it5 *as ever pro'uce' 8 kno* not( but 8 shoul' say not( for the part of the principal character( ?-a'y Gol'stra*?( is one *hich no actress *hom 8 remember coul' have fille' to the satisfaction of her creator+ The fault of this character me ju'iceC is that it is too goo' to be playe' on a mo'ern stage+ 8t ought to have been *ritten for antiuity t*o hun're' years ago+

Boker *as right *hen he referre' to himself as prolific at thistime+ )e alrea'y ha' pro'uce'( in !"( accor'ing to markings on themanuscript( a piece calle' All the Jorl' a >ask( an' he ha'


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*ritten The Po'estas Daughter( a 'ramatic sketch( issue'( *ith>iscellaneous Poems( in !"/+ To*ar' the en' of this year( hecomplete' -eonor 'e GuIman+

)er history( he *rites to 7to''ar'( on


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concocte' from like materials+

Jhether or not the play( The Bankrupt( prece'e' or follo*e'the *riting of &rancesca 'a Rimini in !"0( *e have no *ay of'eterminingF but it *oul' seem that it progresse' no further in itsstage career than in manuscript form( it being the only play on amo'ern theme attempte' by Boker+ Then( it seems( he *as hot on the

trail of the &rancesca love story tol' in Dante( an' use' by so many*riters in 'rama an' poetry+ 8t is this play( conce'e' to be hisbest( *hich is inclu'e' in the present collection( an' *hich calls foranalysis an' history by itself+

Taylors collection of Poems at )ome an' Abroa'( 'e'icate' to Bokerin !""( suggests that the t*o must have continually talke' over thepossibilities of gathering their best effusions in book form+ Di' notTaylor *rite( as early as .une 01( !"1( ,ou must come out in the&all *ith a volume of poems+ 7to''ar' *ill( an' so( 8 think( *ill 8+,ou can get a capital volume( *ith your 7ong( 7ir .ohn( Goblet(an' other things++++ The publishing sho*men *oul' of course para'e our

*on'erful ualities( an' the snarling critics in the cro*' *oul' sho*their teethF but *e *oul' be as unmove' as the *a statues of Parkmanan' Jebster( ecept that there might no* an' then be a sly *inkat each other( *hen nobo'y *as looking+ The t*o frien's ha' beenseparate' for some time( *hile Taylor *an'ere' over the face ofthe globe( *riting from 6airo( in the sha'o* of the pyrami's( an'eclaiming( in 6onstantinople .uly !( !"/C( There is a touch ofthe East in your nature( George+

8n !"#( Boker prepare' his t*o volumes of Plays an' Poems for thepress+ )e ha' *on consi'erable reputation as a sonneteer( an' this *asfurther increase' by the tra'ition that Daniel Jebster ha' uote' him

at a state 'inner in Jashington+ As yet he *as merely a literarypoet( an' a literary 'ramatist *hose name is usually linke' *ith thatPhila'elphia group 'iscusse' in Mol+ 88 of this collection+3A5

Jriting of the Phila'elphia of !#!( -elan' says:

38t *as5 the Phila'elphia *hen Emily 7chaumbeg *as the belle an'Peningtons store *as the haunt of the booklover( *hen sno* fell*ith ol' fashione' violence( an' Thir' 7treet *as convulse' byol'$fashione' panics( *hen everybo'y *ent ma' over ffenbach( *hen onestarte' for


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-ookout >ountain+

About this time( there *as foun'e' the ;nion -eague 6lub( *ith Bokeras the lea'ing spiritF through his efforts the *ar earnestness of thecity *as concentrate' hereF from !#0$@ he serve' as its secretaryFfrom !@%$!2 as its Presi'entF an' his official attitu'e may bemeasure' in the various annual reports of the organiIation+ But even

in those strenuous 'ays$$at the perio' *hen the inister hisappointment 'ate' +=+ 3>eister =arl5 ha' something to 'o *ith my acceptance of the Turkish >issionF an' if you have been lying( 8 shall fin' you out( ol' boy+

Bokers enthusiasm for Turkish scenery *as unboun'e'( but his'ifficulties as a 'iplomat *ere 'ue to his ignorance of the tongue(an' his 'istrust of interpreters+ But by the time his Government *asrea'y to transfer him to another post$$that of >inister to Russia


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.anuary 0( !@"C$$he *as heartily sick of his *rangling *ith the6rescent( an' gla'( as he *rote -elan'( to shake the 'ust of this'ismal ol' city from my shoes( an' prepare my toes for a freeIing at7t+ Petersburg+ )e echoe' his 'istaste in later years by *riting: 8hate the East so profoun'ly that 8 shoul' not return to it if there*ere no other lan' in *hich 8 coul' live+ This promotion to theRussian court$$it *as a Russian( 8gnatieff( *ho characteriIe' him as

of true 'iplomatic stuff$$*as ma'e in !@"( an' he remaine' theret*o years+

Jhile in Russia( *e learn( he *as the only one of our >inisters at foreign courts *ho *as able to checkmate 7pain in her controversy *ith us about the ?Mirginius?+ )e baffle' the 7panish Ambassa'or at 7t+ Petersburg( an' influence' Gortschakoff to sen' a 'espatch to >a'ri'( *hich cause' 7pain to apologiIe to the ;nite' 7tatesF thus averting serious complications+

Diplomatic life *as not *holly 'istasteful to himF he possesse' social

'istinction *hich ma'e him popular at both courts( so much so( in'ee'(that the 6Iar cable' to Jashington( *hen a change of a'ministrationbrought Bokers tenure of office to a close( asking if it *ere notpossible to have him retaine'+ )e ha' ha' his 'ifficulties at thePorte( as -o*ell ha' ha' at >a'ri'+ But his artistic nature respon'e'uickly to the picturesueness of his surroun'ings+ Jithin a mile ofme( he *rites -elan' from Turkey($$for 8 am no* living at Therapiaupon the Bosphorus$$there is a 'elicious encampment of the black tentsof a tribe of Gypsies+ Jhile he *as in Russia he *as continuallysupplying -elan' *ith information about gypsies+

)e *ent to Egypt( at the invitation of the 7ultan( an'$$as though

recalling Taylors longing( in !"/( *hen he *as in 6airo( to haveBoker *ith him$$took a trip up the israim( he ha' hisfirst meeting *ith Emerson+ The varie' foreign travel ha' broa'ene'his taste( an' he *as uickly responsive to *hat he sa*+ Jrites-elan':

8 have been *ith him many times in the -ouvre( the great galleries of -on'on an' 7t+ Petersburg( an' stu'ie' *ith him the stupen'ous an' strange remains of Egyptian art in the Boulak >useum an' the


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fabrics++++ As early as !""( he ha' *ritten for the ?;+7+ GaIettean' otley on our roll of *ell$kno*nauthors( George Parsons -athrop has *ritten( an' it is even moreremarkable that he shoul' have cultivate' poetry in Phila'elphia(*here the con'itions *ere unfavourable( than that >otley shoul'have taken up history in Boston( *here the con'itions *ere *hollypropitious+

8t is by &rancesca 'a Rimini that Boker is best remembere'+ 8n aletter to 7to''ar'( >arch 0( !"0( he *rites:

,ou *ill laugh at this( but the thing is so+ &rancesca 'a Rimini is the title+ f course you kno* the story($$everyone 'oesF but you nor any one else( 'o not kno* it as 8 have treate' it+ 8 have great faith in the successful issue of this ne* attempt+ 8 think all 'ay( an' *rite all night+ This is one of my peculiarities( by the bye: a subject seiIes me soul an' bo'y( *hich accounts for the rapi'ity of my eecution+ >y muse resembles a *hirl*in': she catches me up( hurries me along(

an' 'rops me all breathless at the en' of her career+

An' soon this *as follo*e' by the letter so often uote'( sho*ing the*hite$heat of his enthusiasm:

y spee' frightens me( an'

makes me fearful of the merits of my *ork+ ,et( on coolly going over my *ork( 8 fin' little to object to( either as to the main 'esign or its 'etails+ 8 touch up( here an' there( but 8 'o little more+ The reason for my rapi' *riting is


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that 8 never attempt putting pen to paper before my 'esign is perfectly mature+ 8 never start *ith one i'ea( trusting to the glo* of poetical composition for the remain'er+ That *ill 'o in lyrical poetry( but it *oul' be 'eath an' 'amnation to 'ramatic+ But just think of itK$$t*enty$eight hun're' lines in about three *eeksK To look back upon such labour is appallingK -et me give you the *hole history of my manner of composition

in a fe* *or's+ 8f it be not interesting to you( you 'iffer from me( an' 8 mistake the kin' of matters that interest you+ Jhile 8 am *riting 8 eat little( 8 'rink nothing( 8 me'itate my *ork( literally( all 'ay+ By the time night arrives 8 am in a highly nervous an' ecite' state+ About nine oclock 8 begin *riting an' smoking( an' 8 continue the t*o eercises( ?pari passu?( until about four oclock in the morning+ Then 8 reel to be'( half craIy *ith cigar$smoke an' poesy( sleep five hours( an' begin the net 'ay as the former+ r'inarily( 8 sleep from seven to eight hoursF but *hen 8 am *riting( but five($$simply because 8 cannot sleep any longer at such times+ The conseuence of this mo'e of life is that at the en' of

a long *ork 8 sink at once like a spent horse( an' have not energy enough to perform the or'inary 'uties of life+ 8 ?feel? my health giving *ay un'er it( but really 8 'o not care+ 8 am ambitious to be remembere' among the martyrs+

This letter is not only significant of Bokers metho' of *orkmanshipFit is( as *ell( measure of his charm as a letter *riter+ &or( incorrespon'ence *ith his close frien's( he *as as natural *ith them(as full of force an' brightness( as he *as in conversation+ Je fin'Taylor thanking him at one time( *hen in 'istress over family illnessan' 'eath( for his sustaining *or's of comfortF *e fin' -elan' baskingin the *armth of his sheer animal spirits+ To the latter( Boker once

*rote:

Dear ol' 6harley( you are the only man living *ith *hom 8 can play the fool through a long letter an' be sure that 8 shall be clearly un'erstoo' at the en'+ To say that this privilege is cheerful is to say little( for it is the breath of life to a man of a certain humour+

The &rancesca note( therefore( is typical of Bokers enthusiasm+Jhen 7to''ar' rea' the play( *e *on'er *hether he sa* in it anysimilarities to -eigh )unts poem on the same subjectL &or once he ha''etecte' in Bokers verses the influence of )unt+ There are critics

*ho claim Boker ha' rea' closely )ugos -e Roi sAmuse+ But there isonly one real comparison to make$$*ith 7hakespeare( to the 'etrimentof Boker+ )is memory beat in EliIabethan rhythm( an' beat haltingly+The present E'itor began noting on the margin of his copy parallelismsof thought an' epression in this &rancesca an' in the plays of7hakespeareF these similarities became so many( *ere so apparent( thatit is thought best to omit them+ The tet use' is not base' on themanuscripts left by Boker( nor has it been compare' *ith the actingcopy ma'e( in !""( for E+-+ Davenport( as has alrea'y been 'oneelse*here in print+ 8 have preferre' to use the tet finally prepare'by Boker for his publishe' plays( this being the one *hich met *ithhis approval+ 8n !!/( -a*rence Barrett( *ith the ai' of Jilliam

Jinter( prepare' an acting version of &rancesca( an' it *as this*hich >r+ tis 7kinner use'( *hen he revive' the piece in %1+

A notice in The


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Davenport first essaye' &rancesca 'a Rimini( in !""( it *as inone$act+ 8 can fin' no corroboration of this statement+ The play$billhere repro'uce' specifically announces a ?five? act trage'y( an' itis to be inferre' that the form of the play( as given at the Broa'*ayTheatre( rs+ >o*att in her career asplay*right( an'( 'uring his full life( his name *as i'entifie' *ithBokers 6alaynos( George )+ >iless trage'y( De 7oto( the )eroof the >ississippi( an' 6onra's .ack 6a'e+ But the concensus ofopinion is that Bokers &rancesca 'a Rimini( as given by Davenport(*as a failure+

An eamination of the cast in the Davenport program *ith the cast asit *as *hen Boker issue' the play( in'icates that the tet must have

been consi'erably change'( an' certain characters omitte'( *hen(at the suggestion of Jinter( -a*rence Barrett promise' to revive it'uring the summer of !!/+ The scholarly turn of Barretts min' musthave ma'e him pon'er it *ell 'uring a trip he ma'e abroa' at the time(an' Boker( mean*hile( must have been cutting the cloth to suit theactors i'eas+ Barron( one of Barretts biographers( claims that >r+Barrett sa* great possibilities in the *ork( an' *ith his practicalassistance the play *as suitably change'( ne* situations *ereeffecte'( a more picturesue colouring *as given the scenes an' story(an' all that *as repellant in the too close follo*ing of Dante 3K5*as remove'+ The play *as given by Barrett( at )averlys Theatre(6hicago( on 7eptember 2( !!/( tis 7kinner playing ?Paolo?( an'

>arie Jain*right appearing as ?&rancesca?+ 8n Jinters estimate of theperformance( *e fin' the 'ominant characteristics being mo'erationan' balance' gro*th+ )e says of ?-anciotto?: Alertness of the brainsustaine' it( at every point( in brilliant vigour( an' it rose inpo*er( an' epan'e' in terrible beauty( accor'ingly as it *as *roughtupon by the pressure of circumstances an' the conflict of passions+

The memory of this must have affecte' the interpretation of >r+7kinner( *hen( as ?-anciotto?( in his revival of the piece at the6hicago Gran' pera )ouse( August //( %1( *ith Aubrey Boucicaultas ?Paolo?( >arcia Man Dresser as ?&rancesca?( an' Jilliam o'ern


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-anguage Association of America?( for statements as to Bokersprofits from the stage+

After tis 7kinners revival of &rancesca 'a Rimini( it *as playe'for a *hile by &re'erick Jar' an' -ouis .ames in association !%0Can' by &rank 6+ Bangs in !%/+

)osts of 'ramas have been *ritten on &rancesca 'a Rimini( an'every poet has essaye' at one time or another to surpass Dantesincomparable lines+ >usic scores have glorifie' this passionate lovestory( *hile marble an' canvas have caught the eternal epression ofit+ 8n its portrayal( actual history has taken on legen'ary character(an' so &rancesca 'a Rimini no* ranks as a theme *ith the historyof -ancelot an' Guinevere( of Tristan an' 8sol'e+ 8t has become theinspiration for >aeterlinck in Pelleas an' >elisan'e( *ho has vie*e'the 8talian passion through a mirage of mysticism+

8nto The Divine 6ome'y( the account of &rancesca an' Paolo is'roppe'( keen( sensitive an' 'elicate( as though the poet( a frien' of

those concerne'( *ishe' to cover the har' fact of illicit love in anecstacy of human feeling+ Dante( the supreme master of his age( theincomparable lover of Beatrice( 'ifferentiate' this trage'y fromcountless inci'ents of like character *hich marke' his age+ )a' thestory been preserve' only in the form recor'e' by Boccaccio( it *oul'have been lost in its minor 'etails of historyF *hereas Dante hasglorifie' it+

By the very fact that Dante places the t*o lovers in the circle of the-ustful( it is clear that he realiIe' the enormity of their sin+The theory that his frien'ship *ith Gui'o arion 6ra*for' fell on thisrock of accuracy( *hen he *rote his &rancesca play for >me+ 7arahBernhar't+

7ilvio Pellico( *ho *rote the first 'rama on &rancesca 'a Riminikno*n to mo'ern playgoers( live' his early life in an intenselyreligious atmosphere( an' suffere' imprisonment later because of hispatriotic ten'enciesF it is not surprising( therefore( to fin' in his


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play$$first a national appeal that *as to *in it applause from all8taly( an' then( more important still( a purity of tone that struggle'most nobly against an inevitable( passionate en'+ ?Paolo? is theone *ho( after some scruples( succumbsF ?&rancesca? is infinitelyconscious that she is a *ifeF ?Giovanni? is suspicious+ 8t *oul'seem that Pellicos play is the first that realiIe' the theatricalpossibilities of the storyF research has brought to light no play

manuscript previous to his+

8n the han'ling of his 'etails( Pellicos incongruities an'artificialities are many+ ?Paolo? returns from knightly 'ee's in Asia(to fin' his father 'ea'$$the ?>alatesta Merucchio? *ho 'ie' in 0/(t*enty$seven years after ?Giovanni? committe' the mur'erF thereforePellico gives to the 'eforme' brother the po*er that history 'oes not*holly accor'+ The 'ramatist *oul' avoi' the in'elicacy he fin's inthe rea'ing inci'ent( recounting it only in a situation 'uring*hich ?&rancesca? hol's aloof in a *il' effort to stifle her love+Throughout the play( there is this ruthless t*isting( in a 'esire toconceal *rong an' unpar'onable sin+

Turning to ;hlan's fragmentary i'eas( *hich even he himself *as'oubtful *hether he coul' han'le( an atmosphere confronts us asme'iaevally German as the Der arme )einrich of )artmann von Aue(*hich *as the inspirational source for -ongfello*s The Gol'en-egen'+ ;hlan' sho*s heaviness in conception( an' a conventionality(thoroughly at variance *ith the trage'ys original passion+ Romanticas he is( he has robbe' the story of its *arm southern nature( an' hasthro*n his Dante asi'e to 'eal *ith false situation+ )e seems *illingto let fact an' spirit go+ ?Paolo? is a knight *ho tilts an' *orshipsa glove+ ;hlan' thinks( an' he is not alone in his belief( that?&rancesca? ha' been promise' to ?Paolo? before ?Giovanni? *as *e''e'

to herF yet if ?Paolos? marriage *ith ?rabile?( in /#%( is to berecogniIe' as correct( historically( logical 'e'uctions from 'ates*oul' 'iscountenance the statement+ aeterlincks Pelleas

an' >elisan'e bet*een father an' little son+ &urther( in ;hlan'(a 'istorte' glimpse of a colourless reportorial figure of Dante(gathering material for his poem( is as meaningless as it isunnecessary for atmosphere+

7tephen Phillips( in his &rancesca 'rama( ignores altogether 8taliantemperamentF save for the fact that he occasionally mentions theTyrant of Rimini( Pesaro an' &lorence( an' that he a'heres to historicnames( there is more of the English hamlet romance in the piece( than8talian passion+ An' that cannot be sai' of 7hakespeares Romeo an'.uliet+ Perhaps one may claim for Phillips some of the simplicity ofDante( but there is not the humanity+ ;n'eniably( the English poet is

happy in phrase an' imagery( but his genius is not so 'ramatic as itis poeticF he has some of the great lyrical feeling of Tennyson( an'he has that *hich 'istinguishes the poet from the 'ramatist$$thepo*er to ?'escribe? situation+ ne cannot 'eny the appeal of his


15/109


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But the revitaliIing po*er that *as given 7hakespeare( has beenbeueathe' to none *ho have follo*e' Dante+ The one beauty of the&rancesca story is the simple element that permeates the 'arkmotive+ The genius reuire' to 'eal *ith it lies in this: to make oneconscious of the trage'y in a touch that recalls the beauty of spring+

8t is strange that no other poet than Dante has succee'e' in catching

this beauty+


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9 9 9 9 9

&8R7T T8>E < Ar+ Jhiting-Ar+ E+-+ DAMEr+ -anerganPepe( the .esterC >r+ 6+ &laherRosalvi Q >r+ Jalters>alvechi Q,oung r+ )arcourt

6ivanti Q >r+ 6utterRene( a Trouba'ourC >r+ Mincentr+ 6anollThe 6ar'inal Meechino >r+ )o'ges&lorensi Qalatestos 6ourt >r+ JilletBeppo Q .oraike)enrico( 6aptain of the Guar'C >r+ &or'yckAntonio( A lea'er of the &orcesC >r+ Jright


18/109

Ritta( her atten'entC >iss .+ >anners

9 9 9 9 9

T$>RRJ EMEr+ B+G+ Rogers+G;8D DA P-Er+ Percy Jinter+&RA8iss >arie Jain*right+R8TTA( ?)er mai'? >iss Rosie Batchel'er+

?-or's( -a'ies( =nights( Priests( 7ol'iers( Pages( Atten'ants( etc+?

Gran' pera )ouse( 6hicago( August /#( %1+

>A-ATE7TA( ?-or' of Rimini? >r+ J+.+ 6onstantine+G;8D DA P-E


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PEPE( ?>alatestas jester? >r+ Jilliam r+ &letcher arcia Man Dresser+R8TTA( ?)er mai'? >iss Gertru'e


20/109

7E6


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PEPE+ )e has a match afoot+$$

A--+ A matchK

PEPE+ A marriage+

A--+ JhoL$$*hoL

PEPE+ A marriage in his family+

A--+ But( *hoL

PEPE+ AhK theres the point+

A--+ PaoloL

PEPE+


22/109

Till -anciotto fill the vacant roomf these mean knaves( *hose frien'ship is but breath+ 3?Eit+?

76EA-ATE7TA ?an'? -AA-ATE7TA+ Gui'o( ay( Gui'o of Ravenna( son$$Do*n on his knees( as full of abject prayers&or peace an' mercy as a penitent+

-AA-ATE7TA+ others that shriek( as the last stragglers flingTheir feverish bo'ies by the fountain$si'e(Dumb *ith mere thirst( an' faintly point to him(Ans*ering the 'ames uick uestions+ 8 have seen;nburie' bones( an' skulls$$that seeme' to ask(&rom their blank eye$holes( vengeance at my han'$$

7hine in the moonlight on ol' battle$fiel'sFAn' even these$$the happy 'ea'( my lor'$$8 pity more than Gui'o of RavennaK

>A-ATE7TA+ Jhat *oul' you haveL

-AA-ATE7TA+ ,ou are cruel+


23/109

-Ay 'istracte' nurse7toope' 'o*n( an' pa''le' in the running goreJith her poor fingersF then a prophetess(Pale *ith the inspiration of the go'(7he to*ere' aloft( an' *ith her 'ripping han'Three times she signe' me *ith the holy cross+Tis all as plain as noon$'ay+ Thus she spake($$>ay this spot stan' till Gui'os 'earest bloo'Be mingle' *ith thy o*nK The sol'iers say(8n the close battle( *hen my *rath is up(

The 'ea' mans bloo' flames on my vengeful bro*-ike a re' planetF an' *hen *ar is oer(8t shrinks into my brain( 'efiling all>y better nature *ith its slaughterous lusts+)o*eer it be( it shape' my earliest thought(An' it *ill shape my last+

>A-ATE7TA+ ,ou moo'y churlK,ou 'ismal knot of superstitious 'reamsKDo you not blush to empty such a hea'Before a sober manL Jhy( son( the *orl')as not given oer its laughing humour yet(

That you shoul' try it *ith such vagaries+$$PohK8ll get a *ife to teach you common sense+

-AA-ATE7TA+ Ay( sir( a *ife for you+,ou shall be marrie'( to insure your *its+

-AA-ATE7TA+ )o* no*( sonK8 am not given to jesting+ 8 have chosen

The fairest *ife in 8taly for you+,ou *on her bravely( as a sol'ier shoul':An' *hen you' *oo her( stretch your gauntlet out(An' crush her fingers in its steely grip+8f you *ill plea'( 8 *een( she 'are not say$$A-ATE7TA+ Done( out of han'F an' no*8 *ait a formal ans*er( nothing more+Gui'o 'are not 'ecline+


24/109

)e' sen' Ravennas virgins here in 'roves(To buy a ten 'ays truce+

-AA-ATE7TA+ &rancesca( Gui'os 'aughter+$$A-ATE7TA+ -anciotto( look yeK ,ou brave gentlemen(7o fon' of knocking out poor peoples brains(

8n time must come to have your o*n knocke' out:Jhat( then( if you beueath us no ne* han's(To carry on your business( an' our houseDie out for lack of princesL

-AA-ATE7TA+ Psha*K son(>y faith is boun' to Gui'oF an' if youDo not thro* off your 'uty( an' 'efy(Through sickly scruples( my epress comman's(,oull yiel' at once+


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The spur of panic( an' the butt of scorn$$be a bri'egroomK )eaven( *as 8 not curse'>ore than enough( *hen thou 'i'st fashion meTo be a type of ugliness($$a thingBy *hose comparison all Rimini)ol's itself beautifulL -oK here 8 stan'(A gnarle'( blighte' trunkK Theres not a knave

7o spin'le$shanke'( so *ry$face'( so infirm(Jho looks at me( an' smiles not on himself+An' 8 have frien's to pity me$$great )eavenKne has a favourite leg that he be*ails($$Another sees my hip *ith 'oleful plaints($$A thir' is sorry oer my huge s*art arms($$A fourth aspires to mount my very hump(An' thence harangue his *eeping brotherhoo'KPahK it is nauseousK >ust 8 further bearThe si'elong shu''ering glances of a *ifeLThe 'egra'ation of a sho*y love(That over$acts( an' proves the mummers craft

;ntouche' by natureL An' a fair *ife( tooK$$&rancesca( *hom the minstrels sing aboutKThough( by my si'e( *hat *oman *ere not fairL6irce looke' *ell among her s*ine( no 'oubtF


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-Aalatesta sent me to the to*er(To have the bells rung for your marriage$ne*s+)o*( he sai' notF so 8( as 8 thought fit(Tol' the 'eaf seton to ring out a knell+ 3?Bells toll+?5

)o* 'o you like itL

-A


27/109

An' *hat a figure is poor chivalryKThanks for your lesson( Pepe+ 3?Eit+?

PEPE+ Ere 8m 'one(,oull curse as heartily( you limping beastK)aK so *e go$$-or' -anciotto( lookK

3?Jalks about( mimicking him+?5)ere is a leg an' camel$back( forsooth(To match your honour an' nobilityK,ou miscreate' scarecro*( 'are you shake(r strike in jest( a natural man like meL$$,ou curse' lump( you chaos of a man(To buffet one *hom )eaven pronounces goo'K 3?Bells ring+?5There go the bells rejoicing over you:8ll change them back to the ol' knell again+,ou marry( faughK Beget a race of elvesF

Je' a she$croco'ile( an' keep *ithinThe limits of your natureK )ere *e go(Tripping along to meet our promise' bri'e(-ike a rheumatic elephantK$$ha( haK 3?-aughing+?

3?Eit( mimicking? -A


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A most conspicuous monsterK 6ro*n my hea'(Pile 6aesars purple on me$$an' *hat thenL>y hump shall shorten the imperial robe(>y leg peep out beneath the scanty hem(>y broken hip shall t*ist the go*n a*ryFAn' pomp( instea' of 'ignifying me(7hall be by me ma'e uite ri'iculous+

The faintest co*ar' *oul' not bear all this:Pro'igious courage must be mine( to liveFTo 'ie asks nothing but *eak *ill( an' 8&eel like a craven+ -et me skulk a*ayEre life oertask me+ 3?ffers to stab himself+?

?Enter? PA-+

PA-+ 3?7eiIing his han'+?5 BrotherK *hat is thisL-anciotto( are you ma'L =in' )eavenK look here$$7traight in my eyes+


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PA-+ 7ay tis trueFJhat 'o you 'rive atL

-Aen call me gentle( courteous( brave+$$They lieK8m harsh( ru'e( an' a co*ar'+ )a' 8 nerve

To cast my 'evils out upon the earth(8' sho* this laughing planet *hat a hellf envy( malice( cruelty( an' scorn(8t has force' back to canker in the heartf one poor crippleK

PA-+ )aK

-A


31/109

-Aore on my level( an'$$

PA-+ An empress( brother(Jere honoure' by your han'+ ,ou are by muchToo humble in your reckoning of yourself+8 can count virtues in you( to supply)alf 8taly( if they *ere parcelle' out+-ook upK

-A


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Blushing beneath Dianas earliest kiss(n grassy -atmosF an' may every goo'(Beyon' mans sight( though in the ken of heaven(Roun' his fair fortune to a perfect en'K( you have 'rie' the sorro* of my eyesF>y heart is beating *ith a lighter pulseFThe air is musicalF the total earth

Puts on ne* beauty( an' *ithin the armsf gir'ing ocean 'reams her time a*ay(An' visions bright to$morro*sK

?Enter? >A-ATE7TA ?an'? PEPE+

>A-ATE7TA+ >ount( to horseK

PEPE+ 3?Asi'e+?5 Goo' -or'K hes smilingK Jhats the matter no*L)as anybo'y broken a leg or backL)as a more monstrous monster come to lifeL8s hell burst openL$$heaven burnt upL Jhat( *hat

6an make yon eyesore grinL$$8 say( my lor'(Jhat co* has calve'L

PA-+ ,our mother( by the bleat+

PEPE+ Right fairly ans*ere'$$for a gentlemanKJhen 'i' you take my tra'e upL

PA-+ Jhen your *itJent begging( sirrah+

PEPE+ Jell againK >y lor'(

8 think hell 'o+

>A-ATE7TA+ &or *hatL

PEPE+ To take my place+nce fools *ere rare( an' then my office spe'FBut no* the *orl' is overrun *ith them:ne gets ones fool in ones o*n family(Jithout much searching+

>A-ATE7TA+ Pepe( gently no*+

-anciotto( you are *aite' for+ The train)as passe' the gate( an' halte' there for you+

-AA-ATE7TA+ )eyK *hy notL

PA-+ &or *eighty reasons( father+ Jill you trust,our greatest captain( hope of all the Guelfs(Jith crafty Gui'oL 7houl' the GhibelinsBreak faith( an' shut -anciotto in their *alls$$7ure the temptation *oul' be great enough$$

Jhat *oul' you 'oL

>A-ATE7TA+ 8' eat Ravenna upK


33/109

PEPE+ -or'K *hat an appetiteK

PA-+ But -anciottoJoul' be a precious hostage+

>A-ATE7TA+ TrueF youre *iseFGui'os a fo+ Jell( have it your o*n *ay+

Jhat is your planL

PA-+ 8 go there in his place+

>A-ATE7TA+ Goo'K 8 *ill sen' a letter *ith the ne*s+

-AA-ATE7TA+ Pepe( *hat no*L

PEPE+ K lor'( K$$hoK hoK hoK 3?-aughing+?

PA-+ Jell( gigglerL

PEPE+ )ear my fable( uncle+

>A-ATE7TA+ Ay+

PEPE+ nce on a time( Mulcan sent >ercuryTo fetch 'ame Menus from a romp in heaven+Jell( they *ere long in coming( as he thoughtFAn' so the go' of spits an' gri'irons

Raile' like himself$$the 'evil+ But$$no* mark$$)ere comes the moral+ 8n a little *hile(Mulcan gre* prou'( because he sa* plain signsThat he shoul' be a fatherF an' so he7trutte' through hell( an' pushe' the 'evils by(-ike a magnifico of Menice+ Ere long()is heir *as bornF but then$$hoK hoK$$the brat)a' *ings upon his heels( an' thievish *ays(An' a vile suint( like errant >ercurys(Jhich honest Mulcan coul' not un'erstan'F$$6an youL

PA-+ 7'eathK fool( 8ll have you in the stocks+&ather( your fool ecee's his privilege+

PEPE+ 3?Apart to? PA-+5 =eep your o*n boun's( Paolo+ 8n the stocks8' tell more fables than you' *ish to hear+An' so ri'e forth+ But( cousin( 'ont forgetTo take -anciottos picture to the bri'e+Ask her to choose bet*een it an' yourself+8ll count the moments( *hile she hesitates(An' not gro* gray at it+

PA-+ Peace( varlet( peaceK

PEPE+ 3?Apart to him+?5 Ah( no* 8 have it+ Theres an elephant;pon the scutcheonF sho* her that( an' say$$)eres -anciotto in our heral'ryK


34/109

PA-+ )eres for your counselK 3?7trikes? PEPE( ?*ho runs behin' >A-ATE7TA+?

>A-ATE7TA+ 7on( son( have a careKJe *ho keep pets must bear their pecks sometimes+Poor knaveK )aK haK thourt gro*ing villainousK

3?-aughs an' pats PEPE+?

PEPE+ Another blo*K another life for thatK 3?Asi'e+?

PA-+ &are*ell( -anciotto+ ,ou are 'ull again+

-A


35/109

6ARD8y lor'( *e *aste our breath+-et us look fortune in the face( an' 'ra*

7uch comfort from the *anton as *e may+

6ARD8ore than a son$in$la*+

6ARD8


36/109

?Enter? &RA


37/109

G;8D+ 8 boile' her in a pot+

R8TTA+ Goo' heavenK my lor'+

G;8D+ 7he 'i' not like it+ 8 shall keep that potRea'y for the net boiling+

3?Jalks back to the others+?

R8TTA+ 7aints aboveK8 *on'er if he ate herK Boil me$$meK8ll roast or ste* *ith pleasureF but to boil8mplies a *ant of ten'erness($$or ratherA 'o*nright toughness$$in the matter boile'(Thats slan'erous to a mai'en+ Jhat( boil me$$Boil meK K mercy( ho* ri'iculousK

3?Retires( laughing+?

?Enter a? >E77EE77EalatestaKGreeting( no 'oubt( his little cousin Gui'o+Jell( *ell( just so *e see$sa* up an' 'o*n+ 3?Rea's+?5?&earing our treachery(?$$by heaven( thats blunt(An' >alatesta$likeK$$?he *ill not sen'

)is son( -anciotto( to Ravenna( but?$$But *hatL$$a groom( a porterL or *ill he)ave his prey sent him in an iron cageLBy .ove( he shall not have herK K no( noF?)e sen's his younger son( the 6ount Paolo(To fetch &rancesca back to Rimini+?Thats *ell( if he ha' left his reasons out+An'( in a postscript$$by the saints( tis 'rollK$$?T*oul' not be *orth your lor'ships *hile to shutPaolo in a prisonF for( my lor'(8ll only pay his ransom in plain steel:Besi'es( hes not *orth having+? 8s there one(

7ave this ignoble offshoot of the Goths(Jho' *rite such garbage to a gentlemanLTake that( an' rea' it+ 3?Gives letter to? 6ARD8


38/109

6lose to Ravenna+ Jhats the time of 'ayL

&RAy lor'( my heart betrays meF but you kno*)o* true tis to my la'y+ 3?Eit+?

&RA


39/109

G;8D+ The *orl' reports it+$$6ount my sol'iers scars(An' you may sum -anciottos glories up+

&RAy part has been obe'ienceF an' no*8 play it over to complete my taskFAn' it shall be *ith smiles upon my lips($$)eaven only kno*s *ith *hat a sinking heartK 3?Eeunt+?

76Eusic( bells( shouts(an' other soun's of rejoicing( are occasionally hear'+ Enter? G;8D(?the? 6ARD8


40/109

6ARD8


41/109

To feel uite happy+ 8 *ill *e' the 6ount(Be he *hateer he may+ 8 'o not speak8n gi''y recklessness+ 8ve *eighe' it all($$T*it hope an' fear( kno*le'ge an' ignorance($$An' reasone' out my 'uty to your *ish+8 have no yearnings to*ar's another love:7o( if 8 sho* my husban' a 'esire

To fill the place *ith *hich he honours me(Accor'ing to its 'uties( even he$$Jere he less noble than 6ount -anciotto$$>ust smile upon my efforts( an' re*ar'Goo' *ill *ith *illing grace+ ne pang remains+Parting from home an' kin're' is a thingusicK thats *ellF a *elcome forerunner+


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The soul that fee's itself on poesy(8s of a uality more fine an' rareThan )eaven allo*s the ru'er multitu'e+8 tell you( Ritta( *hen you see a manBelove' by poets( ma'e the theme of song(An' chaunte' 'o*n to ages( as a gift&it for the rich embalmment of their verse(

Theres more about him than the patrons gol'+8f thats the gentleman my father chose()e must have picke' him out from all the *orl'+The 6ount alights+ Jhy( *hat a noble graceRuns through his slightest actionK Are you sa'L,ou( too( my fatherL )ave 8 given you causeL8 am content+ 8f -anciottos min'Bear any impress of his fair outsi'e(Je shall not uarrel ere our marriage$'ay+6an 8 say moreL >y blushes speak for me:8nterpret them as mo'estys ecuse&or the short$comings of a mai'ens speech+

R8TTA+ AlasK 'ear la'yK 3?Asi'e+?

G;8D+ 3?Asi'e+?5 7'eathK my plot has faile'(By over*orking its 'esign+ 6ome( comeFGet to your places+ 7ee( the 6ount 'ra*s nigh+

G;8D ?an'? &RA


43/109

G;8D+ 7ir 6ount( you please to lavish on my chil'The high$straine' courtesy of chivalryF,et she has homely virtues that( 8 hope(>ay take a 'eeper hol' in Rimini(After the fleeting beauty of her face8s spoile' by time( or fa'e' to the eyeBy its familiar usage+

PA-+ As a manJho ever sees )eavens purpose in its *orks(8 must suppose so rare a tabernacleJas frame' for rarest virtues+ Par'on me>y public a'miration+ 8f my praise6lash *ith propriety( an' bare my *or'sTo cooler ju'gment( tis not that 8 *ishTo *in a flatterers gru'ge' recompense(An' gain by falsehoo' *hat 8' *in through love+Jhen 8 have brushe' my travel from my garb(8ll pay my court in more befitting style+

?>usic+ Eit *ith his train+?

G;8D+ 3?A'vancing+?5


44/109

)e is so use' to playing 'ouble games(That even you must come in for your share+Plague on his boilingK 8 *ill out *ith it+ 3?Asi'e+?5-a'y( the gentleman *ho passe' the gates$$

&RAethinks 8' listen through a summers 'ay(To hear him *oo+$$An' he must *oo to me$$8ll have our privilege$$he must *oo a space(Ere 8ll be *on( 8 promise+

R8TTA+ But( my la'y()ell *oo you for another+

&RA


45/109

&RA


46/109

That 8 shoul' take to lying( *ith the rest+)aK haK it makes me merry( *hen 8 think)o* safe 8 kept this little heart of mineK 3?-aughing+? 3?Eit( *ith? ATTE


47/109

&ather nor mother( kith nor kin( have 8(To say( Poor RittaK oer my lifeless clay+They all have gone before me( an' t*ere *ell8f 8 coul' hurry after them+

G;8D+ Poor chil'+ 3?Asi'e+?5But( baggage( sai' you aught of -anciottoL

R8TTA+ alatesta is a 'rea'ful man$$&ar *orse than 8$$he bakes his people( RittaF-ar's them( like geese( an' bakes them in an oven+

R8TTA+ &ire is my fate( 8 see that+

G;8D+ )ave a care8t 'o not follo* you beyon' this *orl'+Jhere is your mistressL

R8TTA+ 8n her room( my lor'+After 8 tol' her of the 6ount Paolo(7he fle* to have an intervie* *ith youFBut on the *ay$$8 kno* not *hy it *as$$7he 'arte' to her chamber( an' there staysJeeping in silence+ 8t *oul' 'o you goo'$$>ore than a hun're' sermons$$just to seeA single tear( in'ee' it *oul'( my lor'+

G;8D+ )aK you are saucy+ 8 have honoure' youPast pru'ence( malpertK Get you to your roomK

3?Eit? R8TTA+5>ore of my bloo' runs in yon 'amsels veinsThan the *orl' kno*s+ )er mother to a sha'eFThe same high spirit( an' strange martyr$*ishTo sacrifice herself( bo'y an' soul(&or some love' en'+ All that she 'i' for meFAn' yet 8 love' her not+ K memoryKThe 'arkest future has a ray of hope(But thou art blacker than the sepulchreKThy horri' shapes lie roun'( like scattere' bones()opeless foreverK 8 am sick at heart+The past cro*'s on the present: as 8 so*e'(

7o am 8 reaping+ 7ha'o*s from myself&all on the picture( as 8 trace ane*These rising spectres of my early life(An' a'' their gloom to *hat *as 'ark before+


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K memory( memoryK )o* my temples throbK 3?7its+?

?Enter? &RA


49/109

&RA


50/109

Tis not because 8 suffer from the jest(But that your lips shoul' 'eal it+

&RA


51/109

Behin' the out*orks of my etiuette+8 neither o*n nor feel the *ant of heartJith *hich you charge me+ ,ou are more than cruelF,ou rouse my nerves until they ache *ith life(An' then pour fire upon them+ &or myself8 *oul' not speak( unless you ha' compelle'+>y task is o'ious to me+ 7ince 8 came(

)eaven bear me *itness ho* my traitor heart)as fought against my 'utyF an' ho* oft8 *ishe' myself in -anciottos place+r him in mine+

&RA


52/109

PA-+ )e is shorter( 8 believe(But broa'er( stronger( more compactly knit+

&RAay rise in passing through anothers lips+

-anciotto is perfection( thenL

PA-+ To me:thers may think my brother over$nice;pon the point of honourF over$keenTo take offence *here no offence is meantFA thought too pro'igal of human life()ol'ing it naught *hen *eighe' against a *rongF7uspicious of the motives of his frien'sFDistrustful of his o*n high ecellenceFAn' *ith a certain gloom of temperament(Jhen thus 'isturbe'( that makes him terrible

An' rash in action+ 8 have hear' of thisF8 never felt it+ 8 'istress you( la'yLPerhaps 8 thro* these points too much in sha'e(By catching at an enemys report+But( then( -anciotto sai'( ,oull speak of me(


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7tops at your brothers name( an' *ith a sigh7ettles herself to 'ismal silence+ 6ount(These things have trouble' me+ &rom you 8 look&or perfect frankness+ 8s there naught *ithhel'L

PA-+ 3?Asi'e+?5 base temptationK Jhat if 8 betray)is cripple' person$$imitate his limp$$

-augh at his hip( his back( his sullen moo'sf chil'ish superstitionL$$trea' his heart;n'er my feet( to climb into his placeL$$;sehis o*n *arrant gainst himselfF an' say(Because 8 love' her( an' misju'ge' your jest(Therefore 8 stole herL Jhy( a common thiefJoul' hang for just such thinkingK )aK haK haK 3?-aughing+?58 reckon on her love( as if 8 hel'The counsels of her bosom+


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Go fly your fancies at some freer game+ 3?Eit+?

PA-+ ( )eaven( if 8 have faltere' an' am *eak(Tis from my natureK &ancies( more accurse'Than haunt a mur'erers be'si'e( throng my brain$$Temptations( such as mortal never bore7ince 7atan *hispere' in the ear of Eve(

7ing in my ear$$an' all( all are accurse'KAt heart 8 have betraye' my brothers trust(&rancescas openly+ Turn *here 8 *ill(As if enclose' *ithin a mirrore' hall(8 see a traitor+


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8n every gaping cranny of the *orl'FJhile habit shapes us to our o*n 'ull *ork(An' reason no's above his proper task+.ust so philosophy *oul' rectifyAll things abroa'( an' be a ja'e at home+Pepe( *hat think you of the Emperors aimTo*ar's )ungaryL

PEPE+ A most un*ise 'esignF&or mark( my lor'$$

-Aere habit brings the fool back to his art+This jester is a rare philosopher+

Teach me philosophy( goo' fool+

PEPE+ arrie'K )ave 8 the scars upon meL


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An' far enough for a mere fool to go+>arrie'K *hy( marriage is loves purgatory(Jithout a heaven beyon'+

-A


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An' foster cree's an' churches to their tastes:At each a'vance( *e cry( Behol'( the en'KTill some fresh *on'er breaks upon the age+But man( the moral creature( mi'st it all7tan's still unchange'F nor moves to*ar's virtue more(


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The sole sa' face in Rimini+ 7ince morn(A uiet man coul' har'ly *alk the streets(&or flo*ers an' streamers+ All the to*n is gay+Perhaps tis merry oer your misery+

-A


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?The 7ame+ The Gran' 7uare before the 6astle+ 7-D8ER7 on guar'( *ithbanners( etc+? 68T8Eake all things look brightFAs if *e stoo' in eager rea'iness(An' high con'ition( to begin a *ar+

6APTA8A-ATE7TA+ Jho is it asksL

PEPE+ Pepe of Pa'ua(A learne' 'octor of uncivil la*+

>A-ATE7TA+ But ho* a funeralL

PEPE+ ,ou are *eak of *it+&rancesca of Ravennas borne to church(An' never issues thence+

>A-ATE7TA+ )o*( 'octor( prayL

PEPE+


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To see me break a stra*( because the bitsJere of uneual lengths+ >y character6arries more 'ulness( in the guise of *it(Than *oul' suffice to break an asss back+

3?Distant shouts( music( c+?5

)arkK here comes .epthas 'aughter( jogging onJith timbrels an' *ith 'ances+

>A-ATE7TA+ .epthas 'aughterK)o* soL

PEPE+ )er fathers sacrifice+

>A-ATE7TA+ 3?-aughing+?5 )oK hoK,oull burst my beltK K you outrageous *retch(To jest at 7criptureK

PEPE+ ,ou outlan'ish heathen(Tis not in 7criptureK

>A-ATE7TA+ 8s it notL

PEPE+ ere )ebre* history+7he *ent up to the mountains( to be*ailThe too$long keeping of her honesty+Theres *oman for youK theres a characterKJhat man *oul' ever think of such a thingLAhK *e of Rimini have little cause

&or such a sorro*+ Joul' she' been my *ifeK8ll marry any *oman in her case+

>A-ATE7TA+ Jhy( PepeL

PEPE+ JhyL because( in t*o months time(Along comes father .eptha *ith his knife(An' theres an en'+ Jhere is your sacrificeLJheres 8saac( AbrahamL Buil' your altar up:ne pile *ill 'o for both+

>A-ATE7TA+ Thats 7cripture( sure+

PEPE+ Then 8m a ram( an' you may slaughter me8n 8saacs stea'+

>A-ATE7TA+ )ere comes the vanguar'+ Jhere(Jhere is that laggar'L

PEPE+ At the mirror( uncle(>aking himself look beautiful+ )e comes( 3?-ooking out+?5&resh as a bri'egroomK >ark his 'oublets fitAcross the shoul'ers( an' his hoseK$$

By .ove( he nearly looks like any other manK

>A-ATE7TA+ ,ou' best not let him hear you+ 7irrah( knave(8 have a min' to s*inge youK 3?7eiIes his ear+?


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PEPE+ -oose my earK,ouve got the *rong so*( s*ineher'K ,oure unjust+Being his father( 8 *as fool sufficientTo think you fashione' him to suit yourself(By *ay of a variety+ The thoughtJas goo' enough( the practice 'amnable+

>A-ATE7TA+ )ushK or 8ll clap you in the pillory+

?Enter? -AA-ATE7TA+ Theres matter in his croak+

PEPE+ There al*ays isFBut men lack ears+

>A-ATE7TA+ Then eyes must 'o our *ork+l' Gui'o shall be looke' to+ 8f his forceAppear too great( 8ll camp him out of to*n+

-AA-ATE7TA+ Jell( *ell(8m a goo' lan'lor'( though+ 8 'o not likeThis flight of eagles more than Pepe+ 7'eathKGui'o *as ever treacherous+

-Ay lor'(,ou mar my holi'ay by such a thought+>y holi'ayK Dear saintsK it seems to meThat all of you are mocking me+

PEPE+ 7o$$so$$Gui'o *as ever treacherousL$$so$$soK

>A-ATE7TA+ 7o$$soK )o* soL

PEPE+ Jhat if this treachery


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Run in the bloo'L Jell tap a vein then$$soK

>A-ATE7TA+ 7e* up your mouth( an' min' your fooling foolK

PEPE+ Am 8 not foolingL Jhy( my lor'( 8 thoughtThe fooling euisite+

-Aarriage for meK 8 cannot comprehen'(8 cannot take it to my heartF the thing7eems gross( absur'( ri'iculous+ AhK *ell(>y father bears the folly of it allF8m but an actor in his come'y+>y part is ba'( but 8 must through *ith it+ 3?Retires+?

?7houts( music( c+( *ithin+?

PEPE+ -ookK heres the *hole para'eK >ark yon'er knave$$The hea' one *ith the stan'ar'+ A-ATE7TA+ 3?-aughing+?5 )aK haK haK

PEPE+ AhK no* the bri'eK$$thats something$$she is tooth$some+-ook you( my lor'$$no*( *hile the progress halts$$

6ousin Paolo( has he got the 'umpsL>ercyK to see him( one might almost thinkT *as his o*n marriage+ Jhat a 'oleful faceKThe boy is ill+ )e caught a fever( uncle(Travelling across the marshes+ PhysicK physicK8f he be really 'ying( get a 'octor(An' cut the matter short+ T*ere merciful+

>A-ATE7TA+ &or heavens sake( cease your clamourK 8 shall haveE7( ?*ith


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banners( c?+( G;8D( 6ARD8y son( PaoloK -et me bless you( son+

3PA- ?approaches+?5)o* many spears are in ol' Gui'os trainL

3?Apart to? PA-+

PA-+ 7ome ten$score+

>A-ATE7TA+ &ootmenL

PA-+ Double that+

>A-ATE7TA+ Tis *ell+Again 8 bi' you *elcomeK >ake no sho*f useless ceremony *ith us+ &rien's)ave closer titles than the empty name+Je have provi'e' entertainment( 6ount(&or all your follo*ers( in the mi'st of us+Je trust the veterans of Rimini>ay prove your sol'iers that our courtesyDoes not lag far behin' their *arlike Ieal+-et us 'rop Guelf an' Ghibelin henceforth(6oupling the names of Rimini an' Ravenna

As bri'egrooms to his bri'es+

G;8D+ 6ount >alatesta(8 am no rhetorician( or my *or's>ight keep more even *ith the love 8 feel:7imply( 8 thank you+ Jith an honest han'8 take the han' *hich you eten' to me(An' hope our grasp may never lose its *armth+$$,ou marke' the bastion by the *ater$si'eLJeak as a bulrush+ 3?Apart to a? =A-ATE7TA+ -anciottoK

-A


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)e is$$3?Apart to ?PA-+

PA- >y brother+

-Ay la'y$$

-A


65/109

-eave this to me+ 3PA- ?retires+?

&RA


66/109

That you have seen me( an' converse' *ith me(8f you object to anything in me($$Go( 8 release you+

&RA


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Think of the glory of thy loveF an' kno*)o* har' it is( for such a one as 8(To gaIe unshaken on 'ivinityKTheres no such love as mine alive in man+&rom every corner of the fro*ning earth(8t has been cro*'e' back into my heart+


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A6T 8M

76E


69/109

PEPE+ Goo'$morning( cousinK

-Ay father ha' a blue$black hea'( >y uncles hea' *as re''ish$$maybe(

>y mothers hair *as no*ays re'( 7ing high hoK the pretty babyK

>ark the simplicity of thatK Tis calle'The Babes 6onfession( spoken just before)is father strangle' him+

-Aost marvellousK,ou struggle *ith a legen' *orth your art+

PEPE+


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>y mother combe' my hea'( an' sai'( 7ing high hoK my re'$haire' baby+

-Ay uncle tore my fathers$$maybe( >y mother tore both till they ble'$$ 7ing high hoK your brothers babyK

-A


71/109

PEPE+ Jell( cry uits( cry uitsK8ll stretch your heart( an' you my neck$$uits( uitsK

-Auch to my liking+ Jhen 8 hang( my frien'(,oull be chief mourner( 8 can promise you+)ang meK 8ve uite a notion to be hung:8ll 'o my utmost to 'eserve it+ )angK 3?Eit+?

-Ay sa' state)as given the license' an' unlicense' fool6harter to challenge me at every turn+The jesters laughing bauble blunts my s*or'()is gibes cut 'eeper than its fearful e'geF

An' 8( a man( a sol'ier( an' a prince(Before this motley patch*ork of a man(7tan' all appalle'( as if he *ere a glassJherein 8 sa* my o*n 'eformity+ )eavenK a tear$$one little tear$$to *ashThis aching 'ryness of the heart a*ayK

?Enter? PA-+

PA-+ Jhat ails the foolL )e passe' me( mutteringThe strangest garbage in the fiercest tone+)aK haK crie' he( they ma'e a fool of me$$

motley man( a slaveF as if 8 felty *orl' as *ell as theirs+$$Go's *orl'( 8 tro*K8 *ill get even *ith them yet$$haK haK8n the 'emocracy of 'eath *ell suare+8ll cra*l an' lie besi'e a kings o*n sonF=iss a young princess( 'ea' lip to 'ea' lipFPull the Popes noseF an' kick 'o*n 6harlemagne(Throne( cro*n( an' all( *here the ol' i'iot spra*ls(7afe as he thinks( rotting in royal stateK

An' then he laughe' an' gibbere'( as if 'runkJith some infernal ecstasy+

-A


72/109

An' *oke not on the morro*L .oys an' griefs()untsmen an' houn's( ye follo* us as game(Poor panting outcasts of your forest$la*KEach cheers the others($$one *ith *il' halloos(An' one *ith *hines an' ho*ls+$$A 'rea'ful chase(That only closes *hen horns soun' ?a mortK?

PA-+ Thus ever up an' 'o*nK Arouse yourself(Balance your min' more evenly( an' hunt&or honey in the *orm*oo'+

-A


73/109

-A


74/109

?The 7ame+ A 6hamber in the 7ame+? &RAy fingers acheK

&RAinute by minute+ ,ou shall see them fall(Black *ith 'ecay( before the rites are oer+

R8TTA+ )o* beautiful you areK

&RA


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8 marke' it ever since you sa* the 6ount+8 fear the splen'our of his victories(An' his s*eet grace of manner$$for( in faith()is is the gentlest( gran'est character(Despite his$$

&RAy silly 'ream up+ 8n the street( it chance'(


76/109

Dora an' he *ent by me( an' he laughe'$$A bol'( ba' laugh$$right in my poor pale face(An' turne' an' *hispere' Dora( an' she laughe'+AhK then 8 sa* it all+ 8ve been a*ake(Ever since then( 8 *arrant you+ An' no*8 only pray for him sometimes( *hen frien'sTell his base actions to*ar's his hapless *ife+$$

K 8 am lying$$8 pray every nightK 3?Jeeps+?

&RA


77/109

PA-+ The bri'egroom *aits+

&RAy brothers bri'e to him+ Jhen net youre calle'(8ll sen' a lackey+

&RA


78/109

PA-+ -a'y( 8ll not be catechiIe'+

&RA


79/109

76EA-ATE7TA+ Jhy( bri'egroom( *ill you never kiss the bri'eLJe all are ma' to follo* you+

PEPE+ ,es( yesF)ere *as Paolo *etting his re' lips&or the last minute+ =iss( an' give him room+

>A-ATE7TA+ ,ou heaven$forsaken imp( be uiet no*K

PEPE+ Then there' be naught *orth hearing+

>A-ATE7TA+ Bri'egroom( comeK

PEPE+ -or'K he 'ont like itK )eyK$$8 tol' you so$$)e backs at the first step+ Does he not kno*)is troubles just begunL

-A


80/109

PA-+


81/109

-Ay *ife *ill ask it shortly+


82/109

r has repose so *eakene' your big hearts(That you can 'ream *ith trumpets at your earsLut *ith your steelK 8t shames me to behol'7uch tar'y *elcome to my *ar$*orn bla'eK 3?Dra*s+?5 3?The? =


83/109

&RAy la'y+

&RA


84/109

R8TTA+ Do you *ish it( thenL

&RAore than brother shoul'+

&RA


85/109

8ve sai' itK &ling me to the carrion cro*s(=ill me by inches( boil me in the pot6ount Gui'o promise' me($$but( ( be*areKBack( *hile you may+ >ake me the sufferer(But save yourselfK

&RA


86/109

&RA


87/109

7o met their faces+ Do*n the forest *alk 7ir -ancelot looke'$$he looke'( east( *est( north( south$$


88/109

PA-+ Thy lips have notA sorcery to rouse me as this spell+ 3?=isses her+?

&RA


89/109

PEPE ?steals from behin' the bushes+?

PEPE+ ( brother -anciottoK$$( my starsK$$8f this thing lasts( 8 simply shall go ma'K 3?-aughs( an' rolls on the groun'+?5 -or'K to think my pretty la'y puss

)a' tricks like this( an' *e neer kno* of itK8 tell you( -anciotto( you an' 8>ust have a patent for our fooleryK7he smile'F he kisse' her full upon the mouthK$$Theres the beginningF *heres the en' of itL poesyK 'ebauch thee only once(An' thourt the greatest *anton in the *orl'K cousin -anciotto$$ho( ho( hoK 3?-aughing+?56an a man 'ie of laughterL )ere *e satF>istress &rancesca so 'emure an' calmFPaolo gran'( poetical( sublimeK$$EhK *hat is thisL Paolos 'aggerL Goo'K

)ere is more proof( s*eet cousin Broken$back+8n thoughts of love( *ell lay our *eapons byK 3?>imicking? PA-+5Thats very prettyK )eres its counterpart:8n thoughts of hate( *ell pick them up againK 3?Takes the 'agger+?5arsKEre long all Rimini *ill be ablaIe+)ell kill meL ,es: *hat thenL Thats nothing ne*(Ecept to meF 8ll bear for customs sake+>ore bloo' *ill follo*F like the royal sun(8 shall go 'o*n in purple+ &ools for luckF

The proverb hol's like iron+ 8 must run(Ere laughter smother me+$$( ho( ho( hoK 3?Eit( laughing+?

76E


90/109

8s yon'er sho* of heavenly pageantryK)o* mean an' narro* is the earthly stan'&rom *hich *e gaIe on itK >agnificent( Go'( art thou ami' the sunsetsK AhKJhat heart in Rimini is softene' no*(To*ar's my 'efects( by this gran' spectacleLPerchance( Paolo no* forgives the *rong

f my hot spleen+ Perchance( &rancesca no*Jishes me back( an' turns a ten'erer eyen my poor person an' ill$mannere' *aysF&ashions ecuses for me( schools her heartThrough 'uty into love( an' pon'ers oerThe sacre' meaning in the name of *ife+Dreams( 'reamsK Poor fools( *e suan'er love a*ayn thankless borro*ersF *hen bankrupt uite(Je sit an' *on'er of their honesty+-ove( take a lesson from the usurer(An' never len' but on security+6aptainK

?Enter a? 6APTA8


91/109

To strike them *ith a panic( an' they turn8n too great numbers on your small comman'(7catter your sol'iers through the *oo':-et each seek safety for himself+

6APTA8


92/109

PEPE+ A la'y$$A la'y( 8 suppose( like all the rest+8 am not in their secrets+ 7uch a fello*As 6ount Paolo is your man for that+8ll tell you something( if youll s*ear a bit+

-A


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PEPE+ Then take a fast hol' on your t*o great oaths(To stea'y tottering manhoo'( an' atten'+-ast eve( about this hour( 8 took a stroll8nto the gar'en+$$Are you listening( cousinL

-Aore sentiment then follo*e'$$buckets full

f *ashy *or's( not *orth my memory+But all the *hile she *oun' his 6ountship up(6loser an' closerF till at last$$tuK$$*itK$$7he scoops him up( an' off she carries him(


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&ish for her tableK &ollo*( if you canF>y fancy fails me+ All this time you smileK

-A


95/109

-A


96/109

Jhat slaughter is thenK

6APTA8


97/109

?Rimini+ The Gar'en of the 6astle+ Enter? PA- ?an'? &RAy brother in the faceL take his frank han'LReturn his ten'er glancesL 8 shoul' blaIeJith guilty blushes+

&RA


98/109

&RA


99/109

long( gay( ringing laugh$$if thou *ilt 'ra*Thy pitying s*or'( an' stab me to the heartK

3?Enter? -A


100/109

Jill neither of you ans*er no to meLA no'( a hint( a sign( for your escape+Bethink you( life is centre' in this thing+7peakK 8 *ill cre'it either+ alatestas bloo'Run in thy puny veinsL Take thatK 3?7trikes him+?

PA-+ An' more:

Thou canst not offer more than 8 *ill bear+

-A


101/109

Jhen thou'st have struck at heaven for such a thingKArt thou afrai'L

PA-+ 8 am+

-A


102/109

PA-+ A-ATE7TA+ Jhat hast thou 'oneL

G;8D+ &rancescaK$$K my chil'K

-A


103/109

Jhile they are hi'ing from this ugly earth+Be satisfie' *ith *hat you see+ ,ou t*oBegan this trage'y( 8 finishe' it+)ere( by these bo'ies( let us reckon upur crimes together+ Jhy( ho* still they lieKA moment since( they *alke'( an' talke'( an' kisse'KDefie' me to my face( 'ishonoure' meK

They ha' the po*er to 'o it thenF but no*(Poor souls( *holl shiel' them in eternityL&ather( the honour of our house is safe:8 have the secret+ 8 *ill to the *ars(An' 'o more mur'ers( to eclipse this one+Back to the battlesF there 8 breathe in peaceFAn' 8 *ill take a sol'iers honour back+$$)onourK *hats that to me no*L )aK haK haK 3?-aughing+?5A great thing( fatherK 8 am very ill+8 kille' thy son for honour: thou mayst chi'e+ Go'K 8 cannot cheat myself *ith *or'sK8 love' him more than honour$$more than life$$

This man( Paolo$$this stark( blee'ing corpseK)ere let me rest( till Go' a*ake us allK 3?&alls on PA-7 bo'y+?

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