Americanization

The main goal of the ___________________ was to ________________ people of various cultures in to the _____________________

What types of things must people do, say, eat, etc. to be “American”?

What were the pros and cons of the Americanization movement?

Political Machines

Political Machines: organized group that controlled ________________________ Usually political machines belonged to the

_____________ Political machines were found in __________ during the

late 1800s (New York, Boston, San Francisco, Chicago, etc.)

A city’s political machine would help _______________ in exchange for ____________

For example, a political machine would help an immigrant obtain his ___________________, and in exchange, the immigrant would pledge _________ to the political machine

The Structure of a Political Machine

City made up of _______ and precincts made up precincts (___________)

___________ (typically the mayor of a city; head of the ____________)___________ (tried to get the electoral

vote in his ward) ____________________________(tried to get voters’ support in a precinct or neighborhood)

City Boss

Usually the ___________ of the cityControlled who received city jobs and

servicesTried to solve urban problems to bet

voters’ supportHelped immigrants with naturalization

and finding jobs in exchange for votesOften associated with corrupt practices

Voter Fraud

Instructing people to use of ________ or the names of people who _____ to placed votes; or instructing one person to __________________________

Could also involve other forms of corruption such ______ (shot of whisky or $1 in exchange for a vote)

Political machines were notorious for voter fraud in order _________________________

_______________________: rumors involving Democratic Machine in Chicago winning election for JFK

Graft

Graft: illegal use of _______________ for personal gain

For example, _____ (city political machine could help a business in exchange for cash)

__________: another example of graft; city boss gives a business a city contract and allows the business to overcharge for services, the business then sends (or kickbacks) a portion of the overcharge back to the city boss

Tammany Hall

It was a powerful ___________________ which ran New York City from late 1700s to early 1900s

William M. Tweed was its boss (_____________)____________________: construction contractor

charged taxpayers $13 million, but it only cost $3 million to build; difference went to Tweed’s pockets Tweed caught and goes to prison, but escapes to

_______ Caught in Spain thanks to a unflattering

______________!

Patronage and Civil Service

_________: giving government jobs to people who helped get you elected Some called it the “___________________”

Review: President Jackson’s “_____________”What are the pros and cons of patronage?___________: jobs in government

administration (city, state or federal level) Reformers wanted to eliminate patronage and replace

it with a ________________________________

Rutherford B. Hayes and others

Hayes: U.S. president from _____________ (Compromise of

1877?) Could not convince Congress to adopt ______________ However, he did clean up corruption in

________________James A. Garfield: __________ by an insane

man who did not get a government job (___________); assassin believed that __________________ Shot in back and dies ______________________

_______________: Garfield’s VP, becomes president and passes reform on patronage

Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

Passed in reaction to _________________ and to limit patronage

Imposed a _____________ (People who wanted a federal job needed to pass an examination)

By 1901, ________________ were civil service positions requiring the passing of an examination

Today, police, fire, mail, etc. must pass testWhat type of questions do you believe are

these examinations?