amgi/eurasap workshop air quality management, monitoring, modeling, and effects zagreb, may 24-26,...
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AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
Zvjezdana Bencetić Klaić [email protected]
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
MAJOR AIR QUALITY CONCERNS IN CROATIA
• Pollutants?• Sources?• Incidents!
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Main pollutantsMain pollutants(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
SOx (SO2 and SO3)
NOx (NO2 and NO)
NH3
NMVOC
CO
Gaseous:Gaseous:
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Main pollutantsMain pollutants(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
TSP
(PM10)
(PM2.5)
Particulates:Particulates:
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Main pollutantsMain pollutants(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Arsenic (As)
Cadmium (Cd)
Chromium (Cr)
Copper (Cu)
Heavy metals:Heavy metals:
Mercury (Hg)
Nickel (Ni)
Lead (Pb)
Selenium (Se)
Zinc (Zn)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Main pollutantsMain pollutants(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Persistent Persistent organic organic pollutantspollutants::
Lindane (HCH)
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
Dioxins and Furans (DIOX)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Main pollutantsMain pollutants(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Persistent Persistent organic organic pollutantspollutants::
Short Chained Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCP)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Aldrin
Chlordane
Chlordecone
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Main pollutantsMain pollutants(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Persistent Persistent organic organic pollutantspollutants::
Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT)
Dieldrin
Heptachlor
Hexabromobiphenyl
Mirex
Toxaphene
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, gaseous (2002)gaseous (2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
(103 kg/year)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Intercomparison (2000)Intercomparison (2000)(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Austria
Austria
Germany
France
France
Croatia (2000)
Croatia (2000)
Italy
Italy
EU
EU
UK
UK
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Slovakia
Croatia (1990)
Croatia (1990)
Poland
Poland
Slovenia Slovenia
Germany
USA
USABulgaria
Bulgaria
kg SO2 / inhabitant kg NOx / inhabitant
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
(103 kg/year)
Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, gaseous (2002)gaseous (2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, particulates (2002)particulates (2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
(103 kg/year)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, heavy metals (2002)heavy metals (2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
(kg/year)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, heavy metals (2002)heavy metals (2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
(kg/year)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Croatian anthropogenic emissions, Croatian anthropogenic emissions, persistent organic pollutants (2002)persistent organic pollutants (2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
(kg/year)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Sources of Sources of acidifying acidifying gasesgases(SO(SO22, NO, NOxx,,NHNH33) (2002)) (2002)
Agriculture42 %
Burning -energy production16 %
Burning – non-industrial 4 %
Burning – industrial 13 %
Road traffic 12 %
Other mobile sources and machines 7 %
Production processes 6 %
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
SOSO22 (2002)(2002)
Burning – industrial
34 %
Road traffic 8 %
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Other mobile sources and machines 4 %
Burning -energy
production35 %
Production processes
9 %
Burning – non-industrial 10 %
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
NONOxx (2002)(2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Other mobile sources and
machines 23 %
Burning - energy production19 %
Burning – non-industrial 5 %
Burning – industrial 10 %
Production processes2 %Road traffic
41 %
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
CO CO (2002)(2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Other mobile sources and machines 9 %
Burning – non-industrial 32 %
Burning – industrial 9 %
Road traffic 49 %
Production processes 1 %
Other sources 1 %
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
NHNH33 (2002)(2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Agriculture94 %
Production processes 5 % Road traffic
1 %
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Particles Particles (2002)(2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
TSP PM10
PM2.5
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Pb Pb (2002)(2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Production processes 4 %
Road traffic 93 %
Burning – industrial 1 %Burning - energy
production1 %
Other sources 1 %
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Hg Hg (2002)(2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Burning – non-industrial 28 %
Burning – energy production36 %
Waste treatment and deposition 2 %
Burning – industrial 30 %
Fossil fuel and geothermal energy
distribution 1 %Production processes
3 %
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Main sources %
Cd Industrial burning 59
As Burning – energy production 50
Cu Road traffic 80
Cr Burning – energy production 40
Ni Industrial burning 67
Se Production processes 78
Zn Road traffic 83
Other heavy Other heavy metals metals (2002)(2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Main sources %
PAHs Non-industrial burning 98
DIOX Non-industrial burning 96
HCH Agriculture 100
Persistent Persistent organic organic pollutantspollutants (2002)(2002)
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Main Main individual individual SOSO22 sources sources (2002)(2002)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Main Main individual individual NONOxx sources sources (2002)(2002)
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
(source: Ministry of Environmental Protection, Physical. Planning and Construction of the Republic of Croatia, http://www.mzopu.hr/ )
Main Main individual CO individual CO sourcessources (2002)(2002)
0,2%
0,0%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
0,1%
8,7%
0,3%
90,5%
Oil rafinery Rijeka - 730 t Oil rafinery Sisak - 124 tNašicecement - 308 t TE Plomin - 280 tCement production Korpmačno - 181 t TE-TO Zagreb - 160 tPetrokemija Kutina - 26863 t Dalmacijacement Split - 782 tOther Croatian sources - 279080 t
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Some hot spots Some hot spots 1. Rijeka 20% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from oil refinery and TE
1
2
2. Zagreb 4% of Croatian NOx (2002) from TE-TO and EL-TO
3
3. Sisak 15% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from oil refinery and TE
4
4. Kutina 9% of Croatian SO2 (2002) from
Petrokemija
5
5. Plomin 6% of Croatian SO2
and 5% NO2 (2002) from TE
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Current state Current state network network
1
2
34
5
http://zrak.mzopu.hr/glavni.asp
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Recent serious Recent serious incidents - 1incidents - 1
1 6
2
34
5Karlovac, 23 February 2007
Beer factory – unlawful CO2 emission 1 died
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Recent serious Recent serious incidents - 2incidents - 2
1
2
34
5Sisak, January 2007
Oil refinery – H2S pollution
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Recent Recent serious serious incidents - 2incidents - 26. Sisak, January 2007
Oil refinery – H2S pollution 1, 13 and 16 January
http://zrak.mzopu.hr/
H2S (µg m-3) – daily
C6H6 (µg m-3) – daily
PM10 (µg m-3) – daily
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Recent Recent serious serious incidents - 2incidents - 2Sisak, 1 January 2007
http://zrak.mzopu.hr/
CO (µg m-3) – hourly
H2S (µg m-3) – hourly
C6H6 (µg m-3) – hourly
PM10 (µg m-3) – hourly
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Recent Recent serious serious incidents - 2incidents - 2Sisak13 – 16 January 2007
http://zrak.mzopu.hr/
CO (µg m-3) – hourly values
H2S (µg m-3) – hourly values
C6H6 (µg m-3) – hourly values
PM10 (µg m-3) – daily values
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Recent serious incidents – 3Recent serious incidents – 3Sisak20 February 2007; 15:15Crude oil spill 100 m high jet
NO2
CO
H2S
SO2
C6H6
PM10
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
More about SisakMore about Sisak
H2S (µg m-3) – daily1 - 12 April 2007
SO2 (µg m-3) – daily
PM10 (µg m-3) – daily
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Recent serious Recent serious incidents – 4incidents – 4Rijeka, 3 - 5 February 2002
1
2
34
5SO2
RijekaFebruary, 2002
0
100
200
300
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15days
co
nc
en
tra
tio
ns
(µg
m-3
)
Jeričević et al., 2004
On 4 February a warning was sent out to the public not to expose outdoors!
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
Other sitesOther sites Kutina, PM10
Rijeka2, O3
Zagreb1, NO2
Zagreb1, PM10
Zagreb3, O3
Osijek, PM10
AMGI/EURASAP WorkshopAir Quality Management, Monitoring, Modeling, and Effects
Zagreb, May 24-26, 2007
Andrija Mohorovičić Geophysical InstituteDepartment of Geophysics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia
The European Association for the Science of Air Pollution
ConclusionConclusion
• Old technologiesOld technologies
• Unlawful emissions Unlawful emissions
• Answers?Answers?