South Dakota State University

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Ammonia and greenhouse gas surface concentration measurements from beef

bedded manure packsFerouz Ayadi1, Mindy Spiehs2, Erin Cortus3, Daniel Miller4

1 GRA, M.S., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 2 Ph. D., USDA ARS MARC, Clay Center, NE‐

3 Ph. D., South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD4 Ph. D., USDA-ARS AMRU, Lincoln, NE

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Introduction – Purpose of research

• Beef producers can apply a deep-bedded pack (bedpack) for confined systems

• We want to understand the mechanisms of why there are variations in gas concentrations relating to Temperature Bedding material Age of bedpack

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Introduction – Purpose of research

• Objective:

Determine differences in ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) concentrations from bedded beef cattle manure related to manure pack age, bedding material, and temperature.

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What we did – Materials and Methods

• Simulation of bedpacks in a small-scale (buckets) and environmentally controlled setting: Temperature: 10°C (50°F)

40°C (104°F) Bedding material: Corn stubble (CS)

Soybean stover (SB) Bedpack ages: 0 - 3 weeks

3 - 6 weeks 3 week monitoring period

6 - 9 weeks• 2x2x3 Factorial design (12 treatments) with 2 replicates

5

Define Bedpack age

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

50

100

150

200

250

300

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What we did: GHG and NH3 measurements

• Gas sampling from headspace of bedded packswith dynamic flux chambers at different times after weeklymanure and bedding addition

Age is starting age of bedpack (baby, junior, senior) Hour relates to gas concentrations based on time of

application Week is week 1, 2 or 3 complete week(s) of the overall

monitoring period of 3 weeks

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000NH3 (ppm) - 10°C Corn Stover

Time (hours)0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000NH3 - Soybean Stubble 10°C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

NH3 - Corn Stover 40°C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

NH3 - Soybean Stubble 40°C

Higher temperatures increased NH3 concentrations.

CS increased NH3 concentrations at 40°C.

Baby pack had higher NH3 concentrations than senior at 40°C.

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Results – NH3

• Higher temperatures increased NH3 at 40°C»SB by more than twofold»CS by more than threefold

• Corn stover increased NH3 concentrations at 40°C CS had higher MC and higher water holding capacity than

SB» urea hydrolysis requires water

• No differences related to age except between baby and senior at 40°C»Baby pack had higher NH3 concentrations at 40°C than

senior pack

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5N2O (ppm) - Corn Stover 10°C

Time (hours) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5N2O - Soybean Stubble 10°C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4N2O - Soybean Stubble 40°C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5N2O - Corn Stover 40°C

Higher temperatures increased N2O concentrations only for SB.

Other differences only at time of measurements (Hour).N2O close to ambient air except at manure addition.

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Results – N2O

•Significant N2O increases with higher temperatures only for SB by approximately twofold

• Significant differences only within hour of measurements»Peaks occurred at times of manure addition»N2O mostly near ambient air concentration

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000CO2 (ppm) - Corn Stover 10°C

Time (hours)

CO2

(ppm

)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000CO2 - Soybean Stubble 10°C

Time (hours)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000CO2 - Corn Stover 40°C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000CO2 - Soybean Stubble 40°C

Higher temperatures increased CO2 concentrations.

CO2 concentrations increased by age at 10°C.

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Results – Carbon dioxide (CO2)

• Higher temperature increased CO2

concentrations by approximately twofold

• Differences related to age only at 10°C»CO2 concentrations increased by age

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

50

100

150

200

250

300 CH4 - Corn Stover 10°C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

50

100

150

200

250

300CH4 - Soybean Stover 10°C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5 CH4 - Corn Stover 40°C

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5 CH4 - Soybean Stover 40°C

Higher temperatures increased CH4 concentrations.Significantly increased CH4 with CS as bedding for senior.Significantly increased CH4 from baby/junior to senior.

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Results – Methane (CH4)

• Higher temperature increased CH4 concentrations by approximately twofold

• Bedding affected only senior bedpacks Increased CH4 concentrations with CS as bedding

• Increased CH4 concentrations with increased age: Cold: increases from junior to senior bedpack Hot: increases from baby to senior

CO2 peaked when NH3 and pH were lowest

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10CO2 - Corn Stover 10°C pH

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 14000

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000Ammonia 10°C Corn Stover

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What we learned - Conclusions

• Temperature: All gas concentrations increased by approximately twofold with higher temperature (N2O only for SB)

• Bedding affected NH3 and CO2 at 40°C and for CH4 only senior bedpack» Corn stover increased concentrations

• CH4 increased with age, CO2 increased with age at 10°C

• NH3 decreased for senior compared to baby at 40°C

• CO2 peaked when NH3 and pH were lowest

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Future Work

• Develop a model for bedded manure from confined beef cattle systems to predict: NH3 emission Greenhouse gas emission (CO2, N2O, and CH4) N-P-K value

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the following institutions for funding, facilities, equipment, and supplies:

• Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program, which is funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture- National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA)

• USDA-ARS, Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE

The cooperation and assistance of Alan Kruger, Carrie Mesiar, Sue Wise, Dale Janssen, Jeff Waechter is gratefully appreciated.

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Questions?Questions?

?