ammonia as a marine fuel: marine engineering, safety and
TRANSCRIPT
DNV GL © 14 April 2019 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENERDNV GL ©
14 April 2019
George Dimopoulos PhD, DNV GL Maritime R&D and Advisory
MARITIME
Ammonia as a marine fuel: marine engineering, safety and regulatory considerations
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Ammonia for Fueling Future Energy workshop, Lisbon 13 – 14 April 2019
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Outline
Ships and marine applications01
Ammonia as a marine fuel02
Regulatory perspective03
Technical & Safety considerations04
Way forward – maritime 06
Shipping & trade05
NH3 ?
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Ships and Marine applications
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Ships and the maritime operating environment
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Isolated System Safety &
Reliability
Emissions Regulations
Marine environment
Operations Crew
Energy Efficiency
Space & Weight
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Ships and the maritime operating environment
▪
▪ Regulatory & Compliance requirements
▪ Multi-fuel arrangements / multi-product energy systems
▪ Fuel vs. Cargo carrying capacity Energy density of fuel
▪ Space and weight constraints Decisive
▪ Cost of fuel storage
▪ Crew competence
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Regulatory framework - Emission to Air
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2015
SECA0.1%S
SOxNOx1st January 2015. SOx Emission Controal Areas (SECA)
introduced in North America and Europe
2020
IMO0.5%S
SCR
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Regulatory framework - Emission to Air
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2050
50%
GHG
GHG /
CO2
IMO Goals: A 50% reduction of all GHG emissions from
maritime compared to 2008 levels.
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Ammonia as a marine fuel
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Ammonia as a marine fuel – Context for introduction
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Benefit case – Why?
Technical feasibility
Safety case
Regulatory regime
Operational considerations
Bunkering availability
Legal / commercial
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Ammonia as a marine fuel
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Is it allowed for marine use? NO
YES
MAY
BE
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Ammonia as fuel – A kind product?
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Environmental
hazard (GHS09)ToxicCorrosive
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Ammonia properties
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Specific Energy (mass basis)
Ammonia 18.6 MJ/kg
LPG 49.6 MJ/kg
Methanol 19.7 MJ/kg
Methane 55.6 MJ/kg
Ethane 51.8 MJ/kg
MDO 48.0 MJ/kg
Hydrogen 141.8 MJ/kg
Specific Energy (volume basis)
▪ Storage thermodynamic conditions
▪ Tanks type, properties & materials
▪ Ammonia:
– Better liquid density than LNG & LPG
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Marine experience with Ammonia
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Ammonia carrier vessels, (> 200 ships)
Ammonia refrigeration plants on board ship
Ammonia carrier
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Regulatory perspective
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Environmental & Compliance benefits from Ammonia as marine fuel
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Sulphur CAP 2020 – No SOx emissions
IMO GHG 2050 targets – No CO2 emissions
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Regulatory framework for ammonia – does it exist?
▪ Ships with low flashpoint fuels IGF
▪ Ships carrying liquefied gasses and use
them as fuel IGC
▪ IGF vs. IGC code
▪ Stakeholders:
– IMO: International Maritime Organisation,
– Flag Administrations,
– Port States,
– Classification societies
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Fuelling Carrying as cargo
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Both codes
▪ Explicit prescriptive rules only for LNG as a fuel!!!
▪ All other fuels:
▪ Proving same level of safety: Risk-based approach + Studies
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Principle of equivalence:
If acceptable to the Administration, other cargo gases may be used as fuel,
providing that the same level of safety as natural gas (IGC) / oil-fueled (IGF)
is ensured.
Leakage Accumulation Dispersion ExplosionRisk
assessment(s)
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IGF code
▪ Ammonia is permitted
▪ Equivalent level of safety to be proved
▪ Fuel storage, handling and distribution systems as per IGC code
– Located in cargo area NOT in engine room
▪ IGC does NOT permit Ammonia as a fuel
▪ Interpretation required! (but easy to convince Flag Administration)
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16.9.2 The use of cargoes (as fuel) identified as toxic products shall not be permitted.
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IGC code
▪ Ammonia is NOT permitted
▪ IGC code amendment is required to allow for Ammonia as a fuel
▪ Hence:
– Ammonia may be permitted for ships not carrying Ammonia
– Ammonia is NOT permitted for ships carrying Ammonia
▪ Proposal to Amend the above needs to be initiated immediately
▪ Ammonia carriers will be the first adopters, if any
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16.9.2 The use of cargoes (as fuel) identified as toxic products shall not be permitted.
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Which requirements are covered in the code
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Cargo Tank
Cargo Area
Hold SpaceCE
Covered by cargo requirements in the IGC
Code
IGC Code Ch.16
Cargo as fuel
OR
IGF Code (if approved)
IGC Code
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Technical & safety considerations
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Technology for Ammonia as a marine fuel
▪ Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (marine)
– Two-stroke, slow speed is (almost) available, dual-fuel
Diesel pilot – liquid gas injection
▪ Fuel valve trains for ICE available
▪ Fuel gas handling system concept available
▪ Storage concept available
▪ Fuel cells (marine): pilot / demonstration initiatives
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Technical considerations
▪ Knock-out drums & vent masts,
pressure relieve system
▪ Fuel delivery / return valve-trains
and lines
▪ Engine control – gas stop
▪ Automatic purging & inerting of
system lines
▪ Nitrogen generation /use on board
▪ Ammonia / gas detection
▪ Ventilation
▪ Ammonia oil-contamination
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Shipping & Trade
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Ammonia shipborne trade
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Ammonia shipborne trade
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Ammonia shipborne trade
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Ammonia port (potential) bunkering infrastructure
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Way forward – maritime
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Next steps
▪ Test and qualify the technology for Ammonia as marine fuel
▪ Perform Risk assessment and detailed studies
▪ Formulate a case for IMO amendment
▪ Class rules (consolidation)
▪ Crew competence requirements
▪ Competitive asset case ?
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George Dimopoulos Ph.D.
Principal Specialist
Head of R&D and Advisory, Piraeus
E-mail [email protected]
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