amnuayporn apiraksakorn 1 , md jamaree teeratakulpisarn 1 , md jiraporn srinakarin 2 , md
DESCRIPTION
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN CHILDREN IN SRINAGARIND HOSPITAL: A 5 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. Amnuayporn Apiraksakorn 1 , MD Jamaree Teeratakulpisarn 1 , MD Jiraporn Srinakarin 2 , MD - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME IN CHILDREN IN SRINAGARIND HOSPITAL:
A 5 YEAR RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Amnuayporn Apiraksakorn1, MD Jamaree Teeratakulpisarn1, MD
Jiraporn Srinakarin2, MD
Department of Pediatrics1 and Radiology2,Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
A severe form of acute respiratory failure associated with a high mortality rate in
children
Pathophysiology of ARDSProtein rich edema fluid
Diagnostic criteria The 1994 American European Concensus
Conference (AECC) criteria1. Acute onset
2. PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 200
3. Bilateral, infiltrates on chest radiograph
4. Pulmonary-artery wedge pressure ≤ 18 mmHg or absent of clinical evidence of left atrial hypertension
The AECC on ARDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 818-24.
Literature review
Erickson S et al. Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand.Pediatr Crit Care Med 2007; 8: 317-23.
Descriptions Goh et al. (1998)
Costil et al. (1995)
Dahlem et al. (2003)
Flori et al. (2005)
ANZICS PSG (2007)
Incidence (% admissions)
4.2 % 2 % 4 % NA 2.2 %
Etiology Sepsis 43%Pneumonia 33%
Pneumonia 65%Sepsis 16%
Sepsis 34%RSV 16%
Pneumonia 35%Aspiration 15%Sepsis 13%
Bacterial LRTI 27%Viral LRTI 27%Sepsis 19%
Mortality 62 % 60 % 31 % 29 % 39 %
Objectives
• incidence• predisposing factors• mechanical ventilatory settings• outcomes• complications• mortality
To assess
MethodsRetrospective descriptive study Approved by The Khon Kaen University
Ethics Committee For Human ResearchAll charts of ARDS admitted to Pediatric
Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Srinagarind Hospital, Thailand, from 2004 to 2008 were reviewed
Inclusion criteria1. All pediatric patients age 1 month to
16 years admitted to PICU in Srinagarind Hospital during 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2008
2. Diagnosed with ARDS according to AECC criteria (reviewed CXR by radiologist)
Exclusion criteria1. cyanotic congenital heart
diseases2. chronic hypoxemic lung
diseases3. unavailable or incomplete
medical records
ResultsJ80: ARDS
34 cases
Unavailablemedical record 1 case
No CXR 1 case
Not admitted in PICU 2 cases
No bilateral infiltrates on CXR 7 cases
Total ARDS 23 cases
ARDS in PICU
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Alive
Dead
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Alive
Dead
cases
Year
Results23 cases met AECC criteria for ARDS
Male : female = 1 : 1.6
average age 7.4 years (0.9 - 15.8 years)
The incidence 2.2% of PICU admissions
The incidence 0.2% of all hospitalized children
The major predisposing factors: pneumonia, sepsis
Most cases (22/23) on PCV, one case on HFOV,
maximum settings: PIP 24 - 50 cmH2O, PEEP 6 - 14 cmH2O, FiO2 0.8 - 1.0The mortality rate: 82.6% 8.0% PICU mortality 7.1% all hospitalized
pediatric mortalityCauses of death: sepsis (52%)
severe pneumonia(42%)
Underlying diseases in ARDS
Underlying diseases N (%)Hemato-oncologic diseases 7 (30.4%)
Neuromuscular diseases 5 (21.7%)
Systemic lupus erythematosus 3 (13.0%)
End stage renal diseases 2 (8.7%)
Immunodeficiency 2 (8.7%)
Obstructive sleep apnea 1 (4.3%)
None 3 (13.0%)
Maximum ventilatory settings of non-survived patients
NoAge (yr) Sex
Predisposing factors
Duration(days) FiO2
PEEP(cmH2O)
PIP(cmH2O)
cause ofdeath
1 7.8 M Pneumonia 16 0.8 10 50 Pneumonia2 3.2 M Pneumonia 3 1 12 34 Pneumonia3 2.7 F Pneumonia 13 1 12 47 PCP4 13.1 M Sepsis 1 1 8 32 Sepsis5 5.8 F Sepsis 29 1 14 47 Sepsis6 12.5 M Pneumonia 14 1 5 40 Pneumonia 7 3 F Sepsis 2 0.95 10 24 Sepsis8 10.1 F Sepsis 1 1 6 28 Sepsis9 1.9 M Sepsis 12 0.8 12 34 Sepsis
10 3.4 F Pneumonia 8 1 12 32 Pneumonia
No Age (yr)
Sex Predisposingfactors
Duration(days)
FiO2 PEEP(cmH2O)
PIP(cmH2O)
cause ofdeath
11 13 F Sepsis 5 0.85 10 28 Sepsis
12 9.8 F Pneumonia 32 1 14 36 Pneumonia
13 0.9 M Pneumonia 3 1 9 36 Sepsis
14 6.8 F Pneumonia 4 1 10 24 Sepsis
15 1.5 M Sepsis 2 1 10 32 Sepsis
16 2.1 F Aspiration 18 0.6 MAP25 dP 60 Pneumonia
17 8.5 F Pneumonia 25 1 8 32 Staph IE
18 12.8 F Sepsis 3 1 10 24 Sepsis
19 15.8 F Pneumonia 11 1 12 35 Pneumonia
Non-survived patients(cont.)
Survived patients
No Age (yr)
Sex Predisposingfactors
Duration(days)
FiO2 PEEP(cmH2O)
PIP(cmH2O)
1 9.8 M Pneumonia 5 1 10 28
2 2.1 F Aspiration 38 1 9 44
3 15 F Pneumonia 4 1 10 26
4 9 F Aspiration 22 1 8 36
Complications in ARDSComplications NAir leak 7Organ failure NHypotension 6Acute renal failure 4DIC 4Seizure 3Hepatitis 1
Factors associated with mortality in ARDS
Total organ failure 4 Survived Patients (%)
19 Non-survived patients (%)
None 4 (100%) 2 (10.5%)
1 organ failure 0 11 (58.0%)
2 organ failure 0 4 (21.0%)≥ 3 organ failure (Multi-organ failure) 0 2 (10.5%)
ARDS PICU Total admission
Number (cases) 23 1,050 13,333
Deaths (cases) 19 235 267
Mean LOS (days) 23 NA 8.1
Median LOS (days) 18 NA NA
Mean cost (Bahts) 96,374 NA 23,981
Median cost (Bahts) 77,400 NA NA
ARDS: Prolonged hospital stay was 2.8 folds of average LOS
High hospital cost was 4 folds of average hospital cost
DiscussionThis study Thailand1,2 Erickson et al3
Incidence 2.2% 3.3 - 3.6% 2.2 - 4.2%
Predisposing factors
Pneumonia 52%Sepsis 35%
Submersion 26.7%Sepsis 13.3%
Pneumonia 33 - 65%Sepsis 13 - 43%
Air leak 30% 23.3 - 37.5% 8 - 42%
Mortality rate 82.6% 75 - 83% 29 - 62%
1T. Prasanphanich et al. ARDS in children at Prapokklao Hospital. J Prapokklao Hosp Clin Med Educat Center 2005; 22: 113-20.2Ekasilp C et al. Acute severe hypoxemic respiratory failure in pediatric patients. J Ped Crit Care Med 2000: 1(suppl): 144.3Erickson S et al. Acute lung injury in pediatric intensive care in Australia and New Zealand.Pediatr
Crit Care Med 2007; 8: 317-23.
Conclusions• ARDS is a severe form of respiratory
failure in children• The mortality rate in children with
ARDS was very high especially in those with complications or organ failure
• Reducing the mortality rate is very challenging in pediatric critical care
Limitations
Retrospective study • undiagnosed cases• incomplete information • unavailable medical records
Acknowledgement• The Head of Department of Pediatrics,
Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University
• Staff in Medical Record and Biostatistic Unit, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen
• The Head and Secretary of PICU, Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen
Thank you for your attention