AMOLED

AMOLED used in Samsung Galaxy Note

Magnified image of the AMOLED screen on the Nexus Onesmartphone using the RGBG system of the PenTile matrix family

AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emittingdiode) is a display technology for use in mobile devicesand television. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display technology in which organic compoundsform the electroluminescent material, and active matrixrefers to the technology behind the addressing of pixels.As of 2010, AMOLED technology is used in mobilephones, media players and digital cameras,[1] and con-tinues to make progress toward low-power, low-cost andlarge-size (for example, 40-inch) applications.[2][3][4]

1 Design

An AMOLED display consists of an active matrix ofOLED pixels that generate light (luminescence) upon

Substrate

TFT array

Organic ActiveLayers

CathodeLayer

Schematic of an active-matrix OLED display

electrical activation that have been deposited or inte-grated onto a thin-film-transistor (TFT) array, whichfunctions as a series of switches to control the currentflowing to each individual pixel.[5]

Typically, this continuous current flow is controlled by atleast two TFTs at each pixel (to trigger the luminescence),with one TFT to start and stop the charging of a storagecapacitor and the second to provide a voltage source atthe level needed to create a constant current to the pixel,thereby eliminating the need for the very high currentsrequired for passive-matrix OLED operation.[6]

TFT backplane technology is crucial in the fabricationof AMOLED displays. The two primary TFT backplanetechnologies, namely polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) andamorphous silicon (a-Si), are used today in AMOLEDs.These technologies offer the potential for fabricating theactive-matrix backplanes at low temperatures (below 150°C) directly onto flexible plastic substrates for producingflexible AMOLED displays.[7]

2 Future development

Manufacturers have developed in-cell touch panels, in-tegrating the production of capacitive sensor arrays inthe AMOLED module fabrication process. In-cell sen-sor AMOLED fabricators include AU Optronics andSamsung. Samsung has marketed their version ofthis technology as “Super AMOLED”. Researchers atDuPont used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) soft-ware to optimize coating processes for a new solution-coated AMOLED display technology that is cost and per-formance competitive with existing chemical vapor depo-sition (CVD) technology. Using custom modeling andanalytical approaches, they developed short- and long-range film-thickness control and uniformity that is com-mercially viable at large glass sizes.[8]

1

2 4 MARKETING TERMS

3 Comparison to other technolo-gies

AMOLED displays provide higher refresh rates than theirpassive-matrix OLED counterparts, improving responsetime often to under a millisecond, and they consumesignificantly less power.[9] This advantage makes active-matrix OLEDs well suited for portable electronics, wherepower consumption is critical to battery life.The amount of power the display consumes varies sig-nificantly depending on the colour and brightness shown.As an example, one commercial QVGA OLED displayconsumes 0.3 watts while showing white text on a blackbackground, but more than 0.7 watts showing black texton a white background, while an LCDmay consume onlya constant 0.35 watts regardless of what is being shownon screen.[10] Because the black pixels actually turn off,AMOLED also has contrast ratios that are significantlybetter than LCD.AMOLED displays may be difficult to view in direct sun-light compared with LCDs because of their reducedmax-imum brightness.[11] Samsung’s Super AMOLED technol-ogy addresses this issue by reducing the size of gaps be-tween layers of the screen.[12][13] Additionally, PenTiletechnology is often used to allow for a higher resolutiondisplay while requiring fewer subpixels than would other-wise be needed, often resulting in a display less sharp andmore grainy compared with a non-pentile display with thesame resolution.The organic materials used in AMOLED displays arevery prone to degradation over a relatively short periodof time, resulting in color shifts as one color fades fasterthan another, image persistence, or burn-in.[14][15]

Current demand for AMOLED screens is high, and, dueto supply shortages of the Samsung-produced displays,certain models of HTC smartphones have been changedto use next-generation LCD displays from the Samsungand Sony joint-venture SLCD in the future.[16]

Flagship smartphones sold as of 2011–12 use eitherSuper AMOLED or IPS panel premium LCD. SuperAMOLED displays, such as the one on the Galaxy Nexusand Samsung Galaxy S III have often been comparedto IPS panel premium LCDs, found in the iPhone 4S,HTC One X, and Nexus 4.[17][18][19] For example, ac-cording to ABI Research the AMOLED display foundin the Motorola Moto X draws just 92mA during brightconditions and 68mA while dim.[20]On the other hand,compare with the IPS, the yield rate of Amoled is low,the cost is also higher.

4 Marketing terms

4.1 Super AMOLED

Super AMOLED is Samsung’s term for an AMOLEDdisplay with an integrated digitizer, meaning that the layerthat detects touch is integrated into the screen, ratherthan overlaid on top of it. According to Samsung, SuperAMOLED reflects one-fifth as much sunlight comparedto the first generation AMOLED.[21][22] The display tech-nology itself is not changed. Super AMOLED is part ofthe Pentile matrix family. It is sometimes abbreviatedSAMOLED.For the Samsung Galaxy S III, which reverted to Su-per AMOLED instead of the pixelation-free conventionalRGB (non-PenTile) Super AMOLED Plus of its prede-cessor Samsung Galaxy S II, the S III’s larger screen sizeencourages users to hold the phone further from their faceto obscure the PenTile effect.[23]

4.2 Super AMOLED Advanced

Super AMOLED advanced is a term marketed byMotorola to describe a brighter display than SuperAMOLED screens, but also a higher resolution – qHD or960 × 540 for Super AMOLED Advanced compared toWVGA or 800 × 480 for Super AMOLED. It also is 25%more energy efficient. Super AMOLED Advanced fea-tures PenTile, which sharpens subpixels in between pix-els to make a higher resolution display, but by doing this,some picture quality is lost.[24] This display equips theMotorola Droid RAZR & HTC One S.[25]

4.3 Super AMOLED Plus

The Samsung Galaxy S II, with a Super AMOLED Plus screen

Super AMOLED Plus, first introduced with the SamsungGalaxy S II and Samsung Droid Charge smartphones, is a

4.6 Full HD Super AMOLED 3

branding from Samsung where the PenTile RGBG pixelmatrix (2 subpixels) used in Super AMOLED displayshas been replaced with a traditional RGBRGB (3 subpix-els) arrangement typically used in LC displays. This vari-ant of AMOLED is brighter and therefore more energyefficient than Super AMOLED displays[26] and producesa sharper, less grainy image because of the increasednumber of subpixels. In comparison to AMOLED andSuper AMOLED displays, the Super AMOLEDPlus dis-plays are even more energy efficient and brighter. How-ever, Samsung cited screen life and costs by not usingPlus on the Galaxy S II’s successor, the Samsung GalaxyS III.[18]

4.4 HD Super AMOLED

Galaxy Note II subpixels representation, based on 400X image ofthe Note II display[27]

HD Super AMOLED is a branding from Samsung for anHD-resolution (>1280×720) Super AMOLED display.The first device to use it was the Samsung Galaxy Note.The Galaxy Nexus and the Galaxy S III both implementthe HD Super AMOLED with a PenTile RGBG-matrix(2 subpixels/pixel), while the Galaxy Note II uses an RBGmatrix (3 subpixels/pixel) but not in the standard 3 stripearrangement.[27]

4.5 HD Super AMOLED Plus

A variant of the Samsung Galaxy S3 using TizenOS 1 wasbenchmarked using a non-pentile HD Super AMOLEDPlus screen in 2012.[29]

The Galaxy Nexus, with an HD Super AMOLED screen[28]

4.6 Full HD Super AMOLED

As featured on the Samsung Galaxy S4[30] and SamsungGalaxy Note 3. It has the broadest color gamut of anymobile display of up to 97% of the Adobe RGB colorspace, hence making it a wide-gamut display.[31][32]

4.7 Quad HD Super AMOLED

First using on the Samsung Galaxy S5 LTE Advanced.

4.8 Future

Future displays exhibited from 2011 to 2013 by Sam-sung have shown flexible, 3D, unbreakable, transparentSuper AMOLED Plus displays using very high resolu-tions and in varying sizes for phones. These unreleasedprototypes use a polymer as a substrate removing the needfor glass cover, a metal backing, and touch matrix, com-bining them into one integrated layer.[33]

So far, Samsung plans on branding the newer displays asYoum.[34]

Also planned for the future are 3D stereoscopic displaysthat use eye tracking (via stereoscopic front-facing cam-

4 5 USES

eras) to provide full resolution 3D visuals.

4.9 Comparison

Below is a mapping table of marketing terms versus res-olutions and sub-pixel types. Note how the pixel densityrelates to choices of sub-pixel type.

5 Uses

Commercial devices using AMOLED include:

Phones

• Alcatel One Touch Idol Ultra (HD SuperAMOLED)

• BlackBerry Q10

• BlackBerry Z30 (HD Super AMOLED)

• Cherry Mobile Cosmos X (HD Super AMOLED)

• Micromax a90s

• Micromax a90

• Micromax a315

• Micromax Canvas Hue

• BenQ-Siemens S88

• Dell Venue Pro

• Dell Venue 8 7000

• Gionee GN858 (Super AMOLED PLUS)

• Gionee GN868 (Super AMOLED plus)

• GIONEE GN878 (HD Super AMOLED)

• Gionee Elife E5 (HD Super AMOLED)

• GIONEE ELIFE S5.1 (HD Super AMOLED)

• GIONEE ELIFE S5.5 (Full HD Super AMOLED)

• HTC Desire (early models)

• HTC Droid Incredible

• HTC Legend

• HTC One S (Super AMOLED Advanced)

• HTC J (Super AMOLED Advanced)

• Lenovo S90 Sisley (HD Super AMOLED)

• LG Franklin Phone

• LG E-730

• LG G Flex (HD Plastic-OLED)

• LG G Flex 2 (Full HD Plastic-OLED)

• Micromax Superfone Pixel A90

• Motorola Moto X (HD Super AMOLED)

• Motorola Droid Ultra (HD Super AMOLED)

• Motorola Droid Maxx (HD Super AMOLED)

• Motorola Droid RAZR HD and RAZR Maxx HD

• Motorola Droid RAZR (Super AMOLED Ad-vanced)

• Motorola Droid RAZR Maxx (Super AMOLEDAdvanced)

• MotorolaDroid Turbo (QuadHDSuperAMOLED)

• MotoX (2ndGeneration) (1080p Super AMOLED)

• Motorola Moto X Pro (QHD Super AMOLED)

• Google Nexus One (Early models)

• Google Nexus S (Super AMOLED)

• Google Galaxy Nexus (HD Super AMOLED)

• Google Nexus 6 (Quad HD Super AMOLED)

• MP-809T (Full HD Super Amoled)

• Nokia 700 (CBD)

• Nokia 808 Pureview (CBD)

• Nokia C7-00

• Nokia C6-01 (CBD)

• Nokia E7-00 (CBD)

• Nokia Lumia 800 (CBD)

• Nokia Lumia 810 (CBD)

• Nokia Lumia 820 (CBD)

• Nokia Lumia 822 (CBD)

• Nokia Lumia 900 (CBD)

• Nokia Lumia 925 (CBD)

• Nokia Lumia 928 (CBD)

• Nokia Lumia 930

• Nokia Lumia 1020 (CBD)

• Nokia N8

• Nokia N9 (CBD)

• Nokia X7

5

• Pantech Burst

• QMobile Noir Z3

• Samsung ATIV S (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung ATIV SE (Full HD Super AMOLED®)

• Samsung AMOLED Beam SPH-W9600

• Samsung i7500 Galaxy

• Samsung Haptic Beam SPH-W7900

• Samsung SPH-m900 Moment

• Samsung i8910

• Samsung Jet

• Samsung Omnia 2

• Samsung Impression

• Samsung Rogue

• Samsung Transform

• Samsung Galaxy Note (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Note II (HD Super AMOLED)

• SamsungGalaxyNote 3 (Full HDSuperAMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Round (Full HD Flexible SuperAMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Neo (HD SuperAMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Note 4 (Quad HD SuperAMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Note Edge (Edge SuperAMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S Advance (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Express (Super AMOLED Plus)

• Samsung Galaxy S II (Super AMOLED Plus)

• Samsung Galaxy S II Plus (Super AMOLED Plus)

• Samsung Galaxy S III (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S III neo (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S III Mini (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S4 (Full HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini (qHD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S4 zoom (qHD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S Plus (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S Blaze 4G (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy S5 (Full HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy K Zoom (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Ace Style LTE (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Alpha (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy A3 (qHD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy A5 (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy A7 (FULL HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy E5 (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy E7 (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Nexus (HD Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Galaxy Gear (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Gear 2 (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Gear 2 Neo (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Gear Fit (Curved Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Gear S (Curved Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Gear Live (Curved Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Droid Charge (Super AMOLED Plus)

• Samsung Wave S8500 (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung S8600 Wave III (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Focus (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Focus S (Super AMOLED Plus)

• Samsung Focus 2 (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Omnia 7 (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Omnia W (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Omnia M (Super AMOLED)

• Samsung Infuse 4G (SGH-i997) (Super AMOLEDPlus)

• Samsung Z (HD Super AMOLED)

• YotaPhone 2 (Full HD Super AMOLED)

• ZTE Blade (Initial Models)

Tablets

• docomo ARROWS Tab F-03G

• Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7 (HD Super AMOLEDPlus)

• Toshiba Excite 7.7 (HD Super AMOLED Plus)

6 6 REFERENCES

• TOSHIBA REGZA AT570 7.7 (HD SuperAMOLED Plus)

• Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4

• Samsung Galaxy Tab S 10.5

Portable music players

• Sony Walkman NWZ-X1000

• Sony Walkman NW-A855,A856,A857

• Cowon Z2

• Cowon S9

• Cowon J3

• Iriver Clix

• Iriver Spinn

• Samsung YP-M1

• Zune HD

Games consoles

• GP2X Wiz

• PlayStation Vita

Music production hardware

• Dave Smith Instruments “Tempest”

• Teenage Engineering OP-1

Digital cameras

• Olympus XZ-1

• Samsung EX1

• Samsung EX2F

• Samsung NX10

• Samsung NX11

• Samsung NX20

• Samsung NX100

• Samsung NX200

• Samsung NX210

• Samsung NX300

• Samsung NX1000

• Samsung NX1100

• Samsung NX2000

• Samsung WB2000

• Samsung WB650

6 References[1] Lee, Hyunkoo; Park, Insun; Kwak, Jeonghun; Yoon, Do

Y.; Kallmann, Changhee Lee (2010). “Improvement ofelectron injection in inverted bottom-emission blue phos-phorescent organic light emitting diodes using zinc ox-ide nanoparticles”. Applied Physics Letters 96: 153306.doi:10.1063/1.3400224.

[2] Kim, Yang Wan; Kwak, Won Kyu; Lee, Jae Yong; Choi,Wong Sik; Lee, Ki Yong; Kim, Sung Chul; Yoo, Eui Jin(2009). “40 Inch FHD AM-OLED Display with IR DropCompensation Pixel Circuit”. SID Symposium Digest ofTechnical Papers 40: 85. doi:10.1889/1.3256930.

[3] Lee, Myung Ho; Seop, Song Myoung; Kim, Jong Soo;Hwang, Jung Ho; Shin, Hye Jin; Cho, Sang Kyun;Min, Kyoung Wook; Kwak, Won Kyu; Jung, Sun I;Kim, Chang Soo; Choi, Woong Sik; Kim, Sung Cheol;Yoo, Eu Jin (2009). “Development of 31-Inch Full-HD AMOLED TV Using LTPS-TFT and RGB FMM”.SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 40: 802.doi:10.1889/1.3256911.

[4] Hamer, John W.; Arnold, Andrew D.; Boroson, MichaelL.; Itoh, Masahiro; Hatwar, Tukaram K.; Helber, Mar-garet J.; Miwa, Koichi; Levey, Charles I.; Long, Michael;Ludwicki, John E.; Scheirer, David C.; Spindler, Jef-frey P.; Van Slyke, Steven A. (2008). “System designfor a wide-color-gamut TV-sized AMOLED display”.Journal of the Society for Information Display 16: 3.doi:10.1889/1.2835033.

[5] “Introduction to OLED Displays – Design Guide for Ac-tive Matrix OLED (AMOLED) Displays”. 4D Systems.2008-05-22. Retrieved 2010-09-06.

[6] Lin, Chih-Lung; Chen, Yung-Chih. “A NovelLTPS-TFT Pixel Circuit Compensating for TFTThreshold-Voltage Shift and OLED Degradation forAMOLED”. IEEE Electron Device Letters 28: 129.doi:10.1109/LED.2006.889523.

[7] Sarma, Kalluri R.; Chanley, Charles; Dodd, Sonia R.;Roush, Jared; Schmidt, John; Srdanov, Gordana; Steven-son, Matthew; Wessel, Ralf; Innocenzo, Jeffrey; Yu,Gang; O'Regan, Marie B.; MacDonald, W. A.; Eve-son, R.; Long, Ke; Gleskova, Helena; Wagner, Sigurd;Sturm, James C. (2003). “Active-matrix OLED using150°C a-Si TFT backplane built on flexible plastic sub-strate (Proceedings Paper)". SPIE Proceedings 5080: 180.doi:10.1117/12.497638.

[8] Reid Chesterfield, Andrew Johnson, Charlie Lang,Matthew Stainer, and Jonathan Ziebarth, "Solution-Coating Technology for AMOLED Displays", Informa-tion Display Magazine, January 2011.

[9] Suyko, Alan. “Oleds Ready For The Mainstream.” Elec-tronics News (2009): 20. Associates Programs Source Plus.Web. 9 Dec. 2011.

[10] Mian Dong; Choi, Y.-S.K; Lin Zhong (July 2009).“Power modeling of graphical user interfaces on OLEDdisplays”. Design Automation Conference, 2009. DAC'09. 46th ACM/IEEE (IEEE): 652–657.

7

[11] Tim CarmodyEmail Author. “How Super AMOLED dis-plays work”. Wired.com. Retrieved 2012-10-10.

[12] “What Are The Benefits Of Using The Super AMOLEDDisplay In My SGH-t959 (Vibrant) Phone?". Samsung.2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-09-07.

[13] “Big is beautiful”. The Age. 2010-08-12. Archived fromthe original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-07.

[14] Ashtiani, Shahin J.; Reza Chaji, G.; Nathan, Arokia.“AMOLED Pixel Circuit With Electronic Compensationof Luminance Degradation”. Journal of Display Technol-ogy 38: 36. doi:10.1109/JDT.2006.890711.

[15] US 7352345, Chun-huai Li, “Driving apparatus andmethod for light emitting diode display”, issued 2008-04-01

[16] Construction of new production facilities in 2011 will in-crease the production of AMOLED screens to cope withdemand.

[17] http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/amoled-vs-lcd-which-screen-is-best-for-your-phone/

[18] http://www.androidpit.com/super-amoled-vs-retina-display

[19] http://techcrunch.com/2012/11/02/nexus-4-review-not-exactly-perfect-but-close-enough-for-me/

[20] Google/Motorola Mobility Display a Bright Efficient Fu-ture, ABI Research

[21] “Samsung Smartphones | Technology”. Samsung.com.2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-10-10.

[22] “Super AMOLED”. Oled-info.com. Retrieved 2012-10-10.

[23] Sakr, Sharif (25 March 2012). “Samsung Galaxy S IIIreview”. Engadget. Retrieved February 6, 2013.

[24] “Super AMOLED Advanced.”. Retrieved March 24,2014.

[25] “DROIDRAZR–Thinnest 4GLTEAndroid Smartphone– Motorola Mobility LLC. USA”. Retrieved 27 Novem-ber 2012.

[26] "http://www.oled-info.com/super-amoled-plus".OLED-Info. Retrieved 23 August 2011.

[27] “Galaxy Note 2: Display hat keine PenTile-Matrix | Best-BoyZ”. Bestboyz.de. 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2012-10-10.

[28] “Galaxy Nexus – Android 4. 0 Smartphone – SAMSUNGUK – OVERVIEW” (in Ukrainian). Samsung.com. Re-trieved 2012-10-10.

[29] http://www.engadget.com/2012/09/22/wifi-alliance-certificate-teases-tizen-flavored-galaxy-s3/

[30] http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxys4/lifetask.html#

[31] http://sammyhub.com/2013/06/10/ul-certifies-samsungs-full-hd-amoled-display/

[32] http://www.displaymate.com/Galaxy_S4_ShootOut_1.htm

[33] http://www.engadget.com/2011/12/05/samsung-teases-flexible-transparent-display-in-concept-video/

[34] http://www.engadget.com/2013/01/09/samsung-names-flexible-oled-display-series-youm-shows-prototype/

7 External links• Craig Freudenrich. Types of OLEDs: Passive andActive Matrix at HowStuffWorks

8 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text• AMOLED Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMOLED?oldid=649515142 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Michael Hardy, KAMiKAZOW,

Julesd, Pengo, Dratman, Rchandra, Wdfarmer, SidP, Versageek, Kinema, Tbsmith, Mindmatrix, Toussaint, Miken32, V8rik, Nneon-neo, Pilchard, Mithrandi, Zayani, Kedadi, Arado, Rada, Tenebrae, Nick L., Occono, Rwxrwxrwx, Pointym5, Hashashin, Coldbourne,Panoat, Ckempo, SmackBot, Anastrophe, Elk Salmon, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Thumperward, Cbrody, Hengsheng120, Simpsons con-tributor, Frap, Glloq, Paulvl, JorisvS, Courcelles, Saihariharan, Fernvale, Winston Spencer, VoxLuna, CuriousEric, N2e, RockMaster,Bungalowbill, Steel, Myscrnnm, Vanished User jdksfajlasd, PizzaMan, Widefox, UzEE, Dhkkim, Magioladitis, NeverWorker, Crazytonyi,Erik1974, Cloudz679, DGG,HiB2Bornot2B, Jim.henderson, CommonsDelinker, Jesant13, Rod57, Supuhstar, Fxhomie, Cankoray, OlavN,Dstary, Gws898, SieBot, TJRC, Jsli, Illegal Operation, Nacarlson, Robbiemuffin, Spoladore, Frmorrison, DragonBot, Random86, Der-Borg, Niksko, SF007, Addbot, Mortense, C6541, Some jerk on the Internet, Darwin-rover, Faerloev, Kae, Huikaihoo, Yobot, Darx9url,AnomieBOT, GlaMax, Stewe007, Jim1138, Xqbot, Sergimasv, User931, GrouchoBot, Kyng, Mfbear, Dngnta, =Josh.Harris, FrescoBot,Louperibot, Jamouse, Galatz, Banej, Rzęsor, Abc518, Trappist the monk, Diblidabliduu, Winjay, Dimitrisouza, Kpfleming, Auscompgeek,Jfmantis, RjwilmsiBot, DASHBot, Tallungs, Dewritech, Heart reaper, Halil marx07, Illegitimate Barrister, Knight717, Ὁ οἶστρος, Secator,TyA, Rampage Rick, Benjabean1, SBaker43, Fl4v10, Warmington, Michael Leeman, Rocketrod1960, Skhaire14, Faramarz, ClueBot NG,Gareth Griffith-Jones, Smartguy noface1990, Kojoannan, YuMaNuMa, Michael Barker, Mustafa.camurli, 573W1E, BBCLCD, SirKe-plan, Frze, ITslick, JamieBrown2011, Ebonawit, FrankyFrank101, Zeyd tokaki 1997, Vanischenu, BattyBot, Tutelary, JahMikes, Intellec-tual.js, Mdann52, ChrisGualtieri, KWYJIBO16, J-FTO, MirandaStreeter, Aronhegedus, Mogism, Snjegović na Havajima, Touranushertz,Jamesx12345, Cuerex, Shrikery, , Norrk, PC-XT, Mezikek, Tentinator, CsizTom, Stefrance690, Comp.arch, Ajayrathore111, YiFei-Bot, Sorin Mares, Athariqahamed, Justin.Maciel, Alfredckh, Ironose, Dagorv and Anonymous: 274

8.2 Images• File:AMOLED-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/AMOLED-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-tributors: AMOLED.png Original artist: AMOLED.png: www.universaldisplay.com

• File:Galaxy_Nexus_smartphone.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Galaxy_Nexus_smartphone.jpgLicense: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/laihiu/6260827340/ Original artist: Laihiu

• File:Galaxy_Note_II_subpixels_representation.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Galaxy_Note_II_subpixels_representation.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Galaxy Note II subpixels representation based on the image herehttp://bestboyz.de/galaxy-note-2-display-hat-keine-pentile-matrix/ Original artist: Zayani

• File:Nexus_one_screen_microscope.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Nexus_one_screen_microscope.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Wdwd usingCommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was Matthew Rollings at en.wikipedia

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