© 2012 pearson education, inc. figure 18-7 the hypophyseal portal system and the blood supply to...
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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-7 The Hypophyseal Portal System and the Blood Supply to the Pituitary Gland
Supraopticnuclei
Paraventricularnuclei
Neurosecretoryneurons
HYPOTHALAMUS
MEDIAN
EMINENCE
Opticchiasm
Capillarybeds
ANTERIOR LOBEOF PITUITARY GLAND
Mamillary body
Superior hypophyseal artery
Infundibulum
Portal vessels
Inferior hypophyseal artery
POSTERIOR LOBEOF PITUITARY GLAND
Endocrine cells
Hypophyseal veins
Hyp
otha
lam
us: t
he m
aste
r gl
and
p. 605
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-8a Feedback Control of Endocrine Secretion
Endocrinetargetorgan
Hormone 2(from targetorgan)
TRH
CRH
GnRH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
Thyroidgland
Adrenalcortex
Ovaries
Testes
Thyroidhormones
Gluco-corticoids
Inhibin
InhibinEstrogens
ProgestinsEstrogens
Androgens
Releasinghormone(RH)
Hormone 1(frompituitary)
Ovaries
Testes
Negative feedback
Hypothalamus
RH
Pituitarygland
Anteriorlobe
Hormone 1
Endocrineorgan
Hormone 2
Target cells
KEY
Stimulation
Inhibition
p. 606
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-8b Feedback Control of Endocrine Secretion
Stimulatesmammary
glands
Liver
Epithelia,adipose tissue,liver
Stimulates growth of skeletal muscle,cartilage, and many other tissues
Stimulation
Inhibition
Stimulation
Inhibition
Anteriorlobe
Anteriorlobe
Somatomedins
GH–IH
GH–RH
GHPRL
PRF
PIH
p. 606
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-9 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
InhibinProgesteroneEstrogenTestosteroneInhibin
Thyroidhormones (T3, T4)
Glucocorticoids(cortisol,
corticosterone)
Epinephrine andnorepinephrine
Adrenalgland
Adrenalmedulla
Adrenalcortex
Thyroidgland
Bone, muscle,other tissues Mammary
glands
Testesof male
Ovariesof female
Melanocytes (uncertainsignificance in healthyadults)
Somatomedins
Liver MSHLHFSHPRL
GHTSH
ACTH
Anterior lobe ofpituitary gland
ACTHTSHGH
PRLFSHLH
MSH
OXTADH
Adrenocorticotropic hormoneThyroid-stimulating hormoneGrowth hormoneProlactinFollicle-stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormoneMelanoctye-stimulating hormoneAntidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
KEY TO PITUITARY HORMONES:
Regulatory hormones are releasedinto the hypophyseal portal systemfor delivery to the anterior lobe ofthe pituitary gland
Indirect Control through Releaseof Regulatory Hormones
Direct Controlby NervousSystem
Hypothalamus
p. 609
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-9 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets
Females: Uterinesmooth muscle andmammary glands
Males: Smoothmuscle in ductusdeferens andprostate gland
Kidneys
ADH
OXT
Posterior lobeof pituitary gland
ACTHTSHGH
PRLFSHLH
MSH
OXTADH
Adrenocorticotropic hormoneThyroid-stimulating hormoneGrowth hormoneProlactinFollicle-stimulating hormoneLuteinizing hormoneMelanoctye-stimulating hormoneAntidiuretic hormoneOxytocin
KEY TO PITUITARY HORMONES:
Direct Releaseof Hormones
Sensorystimulation
Osmoreceptorstimulation
p. 609
Hypothalamus: the master gland
p. 619Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-10a The Thyroid Gland
Hyoid bone
Superiorthyroid artery
Thyroid cartilageof larynx
Superiorthyroid vein
Commoncarotid artery
Right lobe ofthyroid gland
Middle thyroid vein
Thyrocervical trunk
Trachea
Internaljugular vein
Cricoid cartilageof larynx
Left lobe ofthyroid gland
Isthmus ofthyroid gland
Inferiorthyroid artery
Inferiorthyroidveins
Outline of clavicle
Outline of sternum
Location and anatomy of the thyroid gland
p. 611
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-10c The Thyroid Gland
LM 260Follicles of the thyroid gland
Thyroidfollicle
Capillary
Thyroidfollicle
Capsule
Folliclecavities
C cell
C cell
Cuboidalepithelium
of follicle
Thyroglobulinstored in colloid
of follicle
Histological details of the thyroid gland showing thyroid follicles and both of the celltypes in the follicular epithelium ATLAS: Plate 18c
p. 611
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-11a The Thyroid Follicles
Folliclecavity
Thyroglobulin(contains T3 and T4)
FOLLICLE CAVITY
Endocytosis
Lysosomaldigestion
Thyroglobulin
Other amino acids
Tyrosine
Diffusion
DiffusionTSH-sensitiveion pump FOLLICLE CELL
CAPILLARY
Iodide (I–)
T4 & T3
TBG, transthryretin,or albumin
The synthesis, storage, and secretion of thyroid hormones.
Iodide(I+)
T4T3
p. 612
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-11b The Thyroid Follicles
The regulation of thyroid secretion
HomeostasisDisturbed
HOMEOSTASIS
HomeostasisRestored
Thyroid folliclesrelease T3 and T4
Thyroidgland
TSH
Anteriorlobe
Pituitarygland
Hypothalamusreleases TRH
TRH
Anteriorlobe
Decreased T3 and T4 concentrationsin blood or lowbody temperature
Normal T3 and T4 concentrations,
normal bodytemperature
Increased T3 and T4 concentrationsin blood
p. 612
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
p. 601
The Thyroid Gland
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
p. 613
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-10c The Thyroid Gland
LM 260Follicles of the thyroid gland
Thyroidfollicle
Capillary
Thyroidfollicle
Capsule
Folliclecavities
C cell
C cell
Cuboidalepithelium
of follicle
Thyroglobulinstored in colloid
of follicle
Histological details of the thyroid gland showing thyroid follicles and both of the celltypes in the follicular epithelium ATLAS: Plate 18c
p. 611
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-12a The Parathyroid Glands
Left lobe ofthyroid gland
Parathyroidglands
Posterior view of the thyroid gland showing the parathyroid glands. p. 614
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-12c The Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid gland cells
Parathyroid cells and oxyphil cells
Oxyphilcells
Parathyroid(chief) cells
LM 600
p. 614
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-13 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations
Increasedexcretionof calciumby kidneys
Calciumdeposition
in bone
HOMEOSTASISRESTORED
Blood calciumlevels decline
Thyroid glandproducescalcitonin
Ris
ing
lev
els
of
blo
od
cal
ciu
m
HOMEOSTASISDISTURBED
Rising calciumlevels in blood
HOMEOSTASIS
Normal bloodcalcium levels(8.5–11 mg/dL) p. 615
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-13 The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium Ion Concentrations
HOMEOSTASIS
Normal bloodcalcium levels(8.5–11 mg/dL)
HOMEOSTASISRESTORED
Blood calciumlevels increase
HOMEOSTASISDISTURBED
Falling calciumlevels in blood
Fal
ling
leve
ls o
f b
loo
d c
alci
um
Parathyroidglands secreteparathyroidhormone (PTH)
Increasedreabsorption ofcalcium bykidneys
Calcium releasefrom bone
Increased calcitriolproduction causesCa2+ absorptionby digestivesystem
p. 615
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 18-15 The Pineal Gland
Pineal gland LM 450
Pinealocytes
p. 619
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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