-chapter 11 - person centered theory
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CHAPTER 11 - CARL ROGERS
Person Centered Theory
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PERSON CENTERED THEORY
Nondirective Counseling Early Name
Many other names but person centered is
the most inclusive
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BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
1. Formative Tendency
2. Actualizing Tendency
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FORMATIVE TENDENCY
Tendencyto evolve from simple to more
complex forms
Creative Process and not destructive
process
HumansPrimitive unconscious to highly
organized and complex awareness.
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ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
Tendencyto move towards completion or
fulfillment of potentials
Creative power to solve problems, to alter
self-concepts, and to become self-directed.
Psychological growth and maturity resides
within the individual (not outside)
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ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
All behavior is relative to this actualizing
tendency
Actualization involves the whole person
(psychological and intellectual, rational and
emotional, conscious and unconscious)
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ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
Realized within certain conditionsAuthentic Partner who can give
Congruency
Empathy, &
Unconditional Positive Regard
If these three things are present in a relationship
growth is inevitable
ConditionsNecessary and sufficient to be fully
functioning or self-actualized
People have concept of self - thus potential for
actualization
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SELF-ACTUALIZING TENDENCY
SubsystemSelf-Actualization
Tendency to actualize the self as perceived inawareness
SelfActualizationthe way I see myself orthe way I am aware of myself
Whereas Actualizing tendencyrefers to the
whole being or person (all organismicexperience)
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THE SELF AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION
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CONCEPT OF SELF
The I or Me awareness
This starts to evolve and self-actualization
process begins.
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SELF-ACTUALIZATION
The way I perceive myself
Has to be in harmony (congruence) with
ones organismic experience (actualizing
tendency)
When not in harmony = a discrepancy occurs
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SELF-ACTUALIZATION
Example:
Organismic experience = Anger to his wife
Perception of Self = loving and devotedhusband
Perception of self and actualization tendency
= incongruent
Incongruent = conflict and tension
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SELF SUBSYSTEMS
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THE SELF CONCEPT
A subsystem of self
Perception of all aspects of ones being and onesexperiences (perception and not organismic)
Perceptionnot always accurate (note parts of organismic self is beyond ones
awareness)
Experiences which are inconsistent with self-
concept are either denied or accepted only in adistorted form.
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SELF-CONCEPT
An established self-concept: makes change
difficult but not impossible
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THE IDEAL SELF
The other subsystem of self
Ones view of self as one wishes to be
Contains all attributes (usually positive) thatpeople aspire to posses.
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SELF
Self-Concept and Ideal SelfMeasured by
Q-sort technique
Wide gap between Self-concept and Ideal
self = Incongruence and unhealthy
personality
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AWARENESS
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AWARENESS
The symbolic representation (not necessarily
in verbal symbols) of some portion of our
experience
The Reason why we have self-concept and
ideal-self
Synonymous with consciousness and
symbolization
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AWARENESS
3 levels of Awareness
1. Ignored or denied
2.
Accurately symbolized3. Distorted Form
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AWARENESS
Ignored
All experiences that cannot be processed into
self (example: all what we see in the jeepney
ride to school everyday)
Denied
Feelings and experiences that never reach
consciousness but colors their behavior
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AWARENESS
Subception:
Experiences inconsistent with the self-concept
that are perceived but not yet accepted into
awareness
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AWARENESS
Accurately Symbolized
Experiences that are non-threatening and
consistent with the existing self-concept
Freely admitted into the self-structure
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AWARENESS
Distorted Form
Experiences that are not consistent with their
view of self are distorted so as to fit into existing
self-concept
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DENIAL OF POSITIVE EXPERIENCES
Many people have a difficulty accepting genuinecompliments and positive feedback, even whendeserved
Compliments seldom have positive influence on theself-concept Distrust of the giver,
Recipient does feel he/she deserves it
Thus compliments are carried with an implied threatto self.
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NEEDS
Maintenance needs
Enhancement needs
Positive Regard
Positive Self-Regard
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MAINTENANCE NEEDS
Basic needs to survive
Need to resist change and maintain the
status quo
Expressed in the need to protect the current
and comfortable self-concept
Change and growthfrightening so
distorting the experience can happen
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ENHANCEMENT NEEDS
Growth movements towards self-
actualizationenhancement
Manifested in willingness to learn things that
are not immediately rewarding
Expressed in a variety of ways: Curiosity,
playfulness, self-exploration, maturation, and
friendship
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POSITIVE REGARD NEEDS
The need to be loved or accepted by another
person
A persistent motivator throughout life
This is given by a significant other
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POSITIVE SELF-REGARD NEEDS
Need for self-regard as the result of their
experiences with the satisfaction or frustration of
their need for positive regard
Dislike of self - Negative self regard Liking of Self independent of others attitudes
towards him/herPositive self-regard
Includes feelings of self-confidence and self-worth
To love yourselfgreatest love of all?
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POSITIVE SELF-REGARD NEEDS
Development Starts with perception that someone I
respect and admire (significant other)
prizes, cares, or values meNeed for positive regard is partially satisfied
This leads for a person then starts having
positive self-regardOnce Positive self-regard is established,
then one does not need positive regard
always
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POSITIVE SELF-REGARD NEED
Eventually becomes autonomous and self-
perpetuating
In other words, after awhile, the need to be
praised by others is no longer that importantbecause you see yourself as someone who
is positive.
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CONDITIONS OF WORTH
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CONDITIONS OF WORTH
Positive regard from from a significant other isconditional
Conditions of worthgiven only if you meet
peoples expectations and approval Instead of unconditional positive regard (love)
Conditional love is given
I love you if
you prove your love to me.
in some aspects but not in other aspects or all
aspects.
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CONDITIONS OF WORTH
Criterion by which people accept or reject their
experiences
I assimilate the criteria of others on to myself
I believe your appraisal of me and it is consistentwith my negative appraisal of myself.
I ignore my own assessment of myself and become
estranged from my real or organismic self.
External Locus of Control, external locus of worth
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CONDITIONS OF WORTH
Acceptance from othersSo important
If not given, desperately sought
I accept the conditions of worth (values) of
others and make it my own (introjection) Sometimes this creates a disequilibrium
within myself that I conflict with myself
To be what others want me to be and notwhat I need to be for myself
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CONDITIONS OF WORTH
Disparity happens
Conflict between my own values (formed by
my organismic experience) and the distorted
values introjected from othersresults ininner conflict and incongruence
What others want me to be VS. what I need
to be in order to be whole and happy
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CONDITIONS OF WORTH
External evaluations (positive and negative)
prevents my from being completely open to
my own experiences
External Locus of worth
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PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGNATION
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PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGNATION
Organism and the self are two separate
entities
May or may not be congruent with each other
Organismmoves towards fulfillment
Selfmoves towards self actualization
(fulfillment)
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PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGNATION
This creates abnormal development
Incongruence
Vulnerability
Anxiety and Threat
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INCONGRUENCE
Beginning of Psychological Disequilibrium
Self-concept and organismic experience
contradict themselves
A person cannot accept experience because
it is inconsistent with the way I think of myself
Results in inconsistent behavior
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VULNERABILITY
The greater the incongruence the more vulnerable I
become
Vulnerable when I am unaware of the discrepancy
between organismic self and my significantexperience
Results in behavior that are incomprehensible to
others as well as to self.
I am not aware of the incongruence
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ANXIETY AND THREAT
Anxiety and threat happens when I become aware
of the incongruence
Anxietystate of uneasiness or tension whose
cause is unknown Threatas one gets to be more aware of the
incongruence
Anxiety and Threatsteps towards psychological
health even if it is not a pleasurable experience
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DEFENSIVENESS
Defensiveness - the protection of the self-
concept against anxiety and threat by the
denial or distortion of experiences
inconsistent with the self-concept Purpose is to keep organismic experience
consistent with my self-concept if not a
person would experience anxiety or threat.
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DEFENSIVENESS
Distortionmisinterpretation of anexperience in order to fit into some aspect ofthe self-concept
I perceive what is happening but I fail tounderstand its meaning
DenialRefusal to perceive an experiencein awareness or keeping some part of it from
reaching symbolization into the self-concept
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DISORGANIZATION
Happens when defensive behavior fails
Incongruence is too obvious or toosudden to be denied or distorted
behavior becomes disorganizedDisorganizationcan come suddenly or
gradually
May happen in therapyaccurateinterpretation of actions or prematureconfrontation of the experience
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PSYCHOTHERAPY
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CONDITIONS
1. Come into contact with a congruent
therapist (who also possesses empathy and
unconditional positive regard)
2. Client must perceive these characteristicsin the therapist
3. Contact must be of some duration.
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COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE
Congruencea persons organismic
experience are matched by an awareness of
them and by an ability and willingness to
openly express these feelingsCongruence = to be real or genuine, to be
whole, integrated, or to be what one truly is
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CONGRUENCE
In my relationships with persons I havefound that it does not help, in the long run, toact as though I were something I am not. . . It
does not help to act as though I werepermissive when I am really feeling that Iwould like to set limitsIt does not help toact as though I were acceptant of another
person when underneath that exterior I feelrejection (Carl Rogers, 1995)
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COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE
Not just a friendly personbut a trueand authentic person with feelings
When feelings are experiencednot
distorted nor denied but flows intoawareness freely
Feelings are not staticneither is
organismic experiencesbut readilyaccept this into awareness forpsychological growth
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COUNSELOR CONGRUENCE
Does no fake emotions (positive or negative)wears no mask or facades
Matches feelings with awareness and both
with honest expression
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COUNSELOR INCONGRUENCE
Breakdown between feelings andawareness (not aware that he is angrybut everyone can see it)
Discrepancy between awareness of an
experience and the ability or willingnessto express it to another (I am bored butdare not say it to the client)
Rogers: better to communicate genuinefeelings even if it is negative orthreateningclient will detect a fake
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UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
Unconditional Positive Regard - The need tobe liked, prized, or accepted by another
person without any conditions or
qualificationsA warm, positive, and accepting attitude
towards the client without possessiveness,
without evaluation, and without reservation
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UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
Nonpossessive Warmthto care aboutanother without smothering or owning that
person
Reputation for being passive or nondirective(does not direct the client towards a certain
goal) in therapybut a therapist must be
actively involved with the client
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UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
Because I care about you, I can permit youto be autonomous and independent of myevaluations and restrictions. You are a
separate person with your own feelings andopinions regarding what is right or wrong.The fact that I care for you does not meanthat I must guide you in making choices but
that I can allow you to be yourself and todecide what is best for you
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UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
External evaluations whether positive ornegative leads to clients defensiveness andprevents psychological growth
Regardclose relationship and sees clientas an important person
Positivedirection of the relationship(warmth and caring)
Unconditionalno conditions
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EMPHATIC LISTENING
Temporarily living in the others lifemoving about in it delicately withoutmaking judgments
Pakikipagpalitang-loob Seeing things from the clients point of
view
Namaste - "The Light of God in Merecognizes and honours The Light ofGod in You and in that recognition is ourOneness."
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EMPHATIC LISTENING
Checking accuracy of their sensing
You seem to be telling me that you feela great deal of resentment towards your
father. Validated by an exclamation
Yes, that is it exactly! I really do feel
resentful!Client able to listen to self thus become
own therapist
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EMPHATIC LISTENING
When persons are perceptively understood, theyfind themselves coming in closer touch with a wider
range of their experience. This gives them an
expanded referent to which they can turn for
guidance in understanding themselves and
directing their behavior. If the empathy has been
accurate and deep, they may also be able to
unblock a flow of experiencing and permit it to runits uninhibited course.
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EMPATHY
Empathy IS NOT sympathy
Empathyfeeling with the patient
Sympathyfeeling for the patient
External evaluationfeel sorry for the patient
EmpathyExperiencing the depth of the
clients while permitting the client to be a
separate person.
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EMPATHIC LISTENING
Client says things and feelings that may bedisorganized or an anxietynot knowing
what he is saying.
Therapistfeels what the client is feeling, but
also has cognitive reaction to the clientsfeelings
Therapist then feedbacks this to the client.
The client gains a better understanding ofwhat it means to be the client at that
particular moment. Moving towards
congruence.
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PROCESS - STAGE 1
Client is unwilling to communicate anythingabout self
Normally does not seek help but go to
therapy for some odd reason
Resistant to change and extremely rigid
Does not recognize problem and refusal to
own feelings and emotions.
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PROCESS - STAGE 2
Client is less rigid
External events and other people are
discussed
Disown and does not recognize feelings
If they talk about feelingsin a cognitive and
objective manner
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PROCESS STAGE 3
Client talk more freely about selfstill as anexternal object
Feelings are either in the past or future
avoiding present the present
Refuse to accept emotions and has distance
from the here and now feelings and situation
Vaguely perceive that they have choices and
deny responsibility for most of their decisions
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PROCESS - STAGE 4
Talks deeply about feelings but not those that
are presently felt.
Surprised by the expression of present
feelings Denial and distortion of experience but with
some cognition
Questions values they introjected and see
incongruence of self and self-concept
Start to accept responsibility and tentatively
becomes involved in a relationship with
therapist
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PROCESS STAGE 5
Express present feelings however notyet symbolized the feelings (made itpart of their self-concept)
Rely on internal locus of evaluation oftheir feelings (Judging my feelings frommy own self-concept/ perspective andnot others)
Able to make new discoveries about selfAble to distinguish feelings and
appreciate the nuances of feelings
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PROCESS STAGE 5
Make their own decisions and acceptresponsibility for their choices
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PROCESS STAGE 6
Dramatic growth and irreversible movement
towards becoming fully functioning or self
actualizing
Face present experiences with awarenessand open expression
No longer evaluate behavior from an external
viewpoint but rely on organismic self
Begins to develop unconditional positive self
regard
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PROCESS STAGE 6
Experience physiological looseningmuscles are relaxed, tears flow, circulation
improves, and physical symptoms of tension
disappears Signal to the end of therapy
Growth in this stage is irreversible
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PROCESS STAGE 7
Person of tomorrowAble to generalize their in-therapy
experiences to their world beyond therapy
Confident of self, own and feel theirexperiences, live experiences in the present
Congruence between organismic self andself-conceptused for evaluation ofexperiences
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PROCESS STAGE 7
Pleasure in knowing that these evaluations
are fluid
Pleasure in knowing change and growth will
continue Possess unconditional positive self-regard
Able to be loving and empathic towards
others
I am loving and capable of love, I prize myself
and accept myself as who I am and not just
how others want me to be
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OUTCOMES
Before Vulnerable or
anxious
Contacts a
counselor Congruent
UPR for Client
Empathic
Understanding
Client percieves all
these in therapist
After
More congruent
Less defensive
More open to
experiences
Realistic view of
world
Positive self-regard Owns experiences
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OUTCOMES
After
More accepting of others
More congruent in their relationships with
others
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PERSON OF TOMORROW
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MORE ADAPTABLE
Able to adapt to different situations and yetkeep organismic self and self-concept
congruent
More likely to survive
conformity and adjustment to a fixed
condition have little long-term survival value
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OPEN TO EXPERIENCES
Accurately symbolize experiences intoawareness rather than distort or deny these
experiences
Pregnant with meaning Listen to self and hear their joy, anger,
discouragement, fear, tenderness, etc.
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OPEN TO EXPERIENCES
Trust in their organismic selfNot dependent on others for guidance
Own experience is best for making choices
Do what feels right because they would trusttheir inner feelings
Perceives clearly the rights and feelings of
others in their decision making
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LIVE THE MOMENT FULLY
Live in a state of fluidity and change Experience of each moment as new and
uniqueability to appreciate fully the present
moment Existential Living
No perception of how the world should be
Living the experience with no prejudice ofprior expectations
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HARMONIOUS RELATIONS
No need to be liked or loved by everyone Know that I m unconditionally prized and
accepted by someone
Seek relationships with others who arehealthy and contribute to growth in eachperson
Care about others in a non-judgmental way
Seek meaning, spiritual and inner peace
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MORE INTEGRATED
More whole with no artificial boundary(wholly me or Holy Me)
See clearly the difference between the
real me and the ideal and are able tomake the two one
No facades, because of the confidencein who I am
Openly express whatever feelings theyare experiencing
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TRUST IN HUMAN NATURE
Will not harm others for personal gain
Cares about others and ready to help when
needed
Experiences anger but can be trusted not tostrike out unreasonably against others
Would be able to channel negative feelings
to appropriate direction
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RICHNESS IN LIFE
Open to all experiencesricher in in life
Not distorting internal stimuli nor buffer their
emotions
Would feel more deeply than others
Live in the present and participate more
richly in the ongoing moment
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