[ copy ] memory and learning - psychology slides

05/01/2023

1 Members:

1, Tol Sovan 2, Yut Bunyoun 3, Na Chanrong 4, Khun Ratana5, Choneum Theany 6, Nut Champa

Presented by group 3

2Introduction to Psychology

Memory and Learning

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Content

I. What is memory?II. Exploring the memoryIII. Memory EncodingIV. Memory StorageV. Type of memoryVI. Memory and Study Strategies

I. What is memory?II. Exploring the memoryIII. Memory EncodingIV. Memory StorageV. Type of memoryVI. Memory and Study Strategies

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I. What is memory? Memory is the retention of information over time.II. Exploring memory- Everything we do is depends on how

smoothly our memory system operate. - we have to remember our friends’ name

and phone number so that we can talk to them and recognize their sounds.

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- You also have to remember what else is going on in your life and you can plan a schedule of your daily life.

- human memory systems truly are remarkable when you think of how much information we put in our memory and retrieve to perform all of life’s activities.

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- In early scientific study of memory, the subjective experience of memory was considered in appropriate subject matter for psychology.- Today, many scientists who study memory

recognize its subjective nature and investigate how people reconstruct their own version of the past. They recognize that the mind can distort, invent, and forget.

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III. Memory EncodingIs the process of getting information into

our memory.Your daily activities encoding the

information into the memory.Some information get into the memory

automatically, while other information takes effort.

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Here is some encoding’s processes to require effort: Rehearsal Deep processing Elaboration Imagery Organization

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RehearsalIs the conscious repetition of

information that increase the length of time that information stays in memory

It works best when we need to remember a list of numbers or items for a brief time period.

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Deep processing the propose that people process information

at different levels, from shallow level to deep, and with deeper processing producing better memory.

For shallow level the processing analyzed the sensory or physical features.

At intermediate level, the processing is recognized and given a label.

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In deepest level, the information is processed in terms of its meaning.

Elaboration the way that you trying to explain by

giving the examples. Self-reference is another ways to

elaborate information.

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Imagery the way how to imagine or try

understand through pictures. Memory is stored either as a verbal code

or as an imagine code. Paivio believes that the image code

produces better memory because it is detailed and distinctive.

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Organization Memory work best when it is organized. There are two ways of Organization,

hierarchical and chunking. Hierarchical is the system in which

items are organized from general to specific classes.

Chunking the way that you group or packing the information into as single units.

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IV. Memory storageThe retention or storage of information

over time after encoding information.There are three main stores of memory

including sensory memory, short-term or working memory, and long-term memory.

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The memory’s Time Frames we remember some information for less than a second, some half a minute and some information for hours or event a lifetime because memory often function differently across the varied time intervals.

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16Memory Time’s Frames

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V. Types of Memory( A theory of Memory’s three times frames)

This theory was formulated by Richard Atkinson and Richard Schifrin

There are three types of memory, which including sensory memory, short-term (or working) memory and long-term memory

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1. Sensory memory Is the shortest-term element of memory.It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended. This term of memory is based on the five senses.

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Sensorymemory

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2. Short-term memory is the capacity for holding a small amount of

information in mind in an active. retain information as long as 30 seconds, unless

the information is rehearsed.3. Long-term memory Holds huge amount of information for a long period of time.

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21 Memory and Learning

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There are two kinds of long-term memory1. Declarative (or Explicit) Memory is referred to a specific event or fact/ personal events.2. Procedural Memory is the memory responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills. Some examples of procedural memory:- Playing piano- How to take a shower

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Declarative Memory can be further sub-divided into:1. Episodic Memory is the memory about the specific events or experiences/personal events.Example: -Your beach vacation last summer.

-The first time you traveled by plane.

2. Semantic Memory is the memory about the general knowledge and learning the meaning of the words.Examples: -Recalling that President Kennedy was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963. - The Cambodian new king crowned in 2004.

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Procedural Memory is memory about the information on how to do something. Example: how to ride a bike. how to tie the shoes.Procedural memory devises into implicit memory, the

Implicit memory is sometimes referred to as unconscious memory or automatic memory. Implicit memory uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them. The performance of implicit memory is enabled by previous experiences, no matter how long ago those experiences occurred.

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VII. Memory and study strategies Effective strategies includes: attention and minimize distractionUnderstand the material rather than rotely

memorizeOrganized what you put into memoryask yourself questionsSpread out and consolidate your learningCognitively monitor your progress be a good time manager and planner

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Mnemonic strategiesspecific memory aid remembering information. It’s

including imagery or words.There are three types of mnemonics1. Method of Loci: you develop images of items to be

remembered and store them in familiar locations.2. Acronyms is the way of creating a word from the

first letters of the items.3. The keyword method: the vivid imagery is attached

to important words.

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27 Taking good notes the way you note or write down only the main points

of lesson or business, not to write down everything that the instructor says.

These are some good note strategies:- Summarizing- Outlining- Concept maps- the Cornell method- the habit of reviewing

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The PQ4R is a formula for effective studying that

takes an active approach to learning and we can use this method to improve memorization and help us to understand the material.

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PQ4R stands for:

P = PreviewQ = QuestionR = Read Reflect Recite and Review.

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References:1. The books, Psychology of education I2. WikipediaMatlin, M. W. (2005). Cognition. Crawfordsville:

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven,

plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63 (2): 81–97.

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31Tanks for Your Paying Attention

ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE