do now 1.how many bones are in a adult human 2.the two divisions of the human skeleton 3.three types...
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Do NowDo Now1.1. How many bones are in a adult humanHow many bones are in a adult human2.2. The two divisions of the human SkeletonThe two divisions of the human Skeleton3.3. Three types of muscleThree types of muscle
Voluntary and examplesVoluntary and examples
4.4. The types of Joints The types of Joints With examplesWith examples
5.5. What is the difference betweenWhat is the difference betweenTendonsTendonsLigamentsLigamentsCartilageCartilageMusclesMuscles
In humans, locomotion involves the interaction of:
1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3. Muscles 4. Tendons 5. Ligaments
36-1a The Skeleton:
1. Support the body
2. protects of body (internal) organs
3. Anchorage and Leverage for muscles
4. Stores mineral reserves
5. Bone marrow produces blood cells
Parts of the Skeleton
206 total Bones Axial Skeleton: Axial Skeleton: skull/cranium, spinal skull/cranium, spinal column/backbone, ribs and column/backbone, ribs and the breastbone/sternumthe breastbone/sternum
Appendicular Skeleton: arms, legs,scapula, clavicle, pectoral and pelvic girdles.
36-1b Structure of Bones
Composed mainly of calciumMade up of living bone cells and connective fiber tissue
Periosteum: Hard outer layerHaversian Canals: network of tubes that contain blood vessels and nerve
Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Bone Marrow
Found in hollow cavities of boneThese hollow cavities are known as the Haversian canalsProduce:
*red blood cells *white blood cells *platelets
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Periosteum
Bone marrow
Haversian canal Compact
bone
Spongy bone
Osteocyte
Artery
VeinPeriosteum
Figure 36-3
The Structure of Bone
Skull
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column
Metatarsals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
RadiusPelvisUlnaCarpals
Femur
Patella
Fibula
TibiaTarsals
Phalanges
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
The Skeletal system
OssificationThe process by which cartilage gradually changes into bone
Ex: In humans, the skeleton of an embryo is made up of mostly cartilage. By adulthood, most of this cartilage changes into bone by the process of ossification
(II) Cartilage
Unlike bone, cartilage is flexible and elastic
Found at joints, nose, and ear
Absorbs shock
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Clavicle
Ball-and-socket joint
ScapulaHumerus
Femur
Patella
Hinge jointTibia
Fibula
Humerus
Radius
Pivot joint
Ulna
Metacarpals
CarpalsSaddle joint
Figure 36-4 Freely Movable Joints and Their Movements
Section 36-1
Muscle
Tendon
Femur
Patella
Bursa
Ligament
Synovial fluid
Cartilage
Fat
Fibula
Tibia
Figure 36-5 Knee Joint
Section 36-1
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Skeletal MuscleVoluntary (can be controlled)Involved in locomotionAttached to boneStriated in appearance (striped)Function as antagonistic pairs
Antagonistic PairsMuscles work as opposites
Ex: 1. Bicep contracts
then triceps relaxes 2. Triceps contracts
then the bicep relaxes
SummaryWhen the bicep contracts, the arm bends upward (flexes) and therefore the bicep is known as a flexor When the triceps contracts, the arm extends outward and therefore the triceps is known as an extensor
Smooth MuscleSmooth and not striated in appearanceInvoluntary (cannot move)Found in:
-walls of digestive organs
-walls of arteries and veins
-walls of internal organs
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in the heart
Striated in appearance
Involuntary
FACT:Investigated football injuries among children and adolescents, and the findings have been remarkably consistent: * 40% of all football injuries are from sprains and strains ** 25% from contusions (bruises)*** 10% from fractures****the remainder primarily from concussions and dislocations. These percentages are fairly constant throughout a variety of age ranges. Distribution tends to be quite consistent: *50% involve lower extremities *30% involve upper extremities.
(V) Disorders of Locomotion
1. Arthritis- inflammation of the joints
• Osteo:• Rheumatoid:
2. Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon, usually where it is attached to the bone
Hip dislocations
The most common cause is motor vehicle collisions (6). The typical mechanism is thought to be due to an unrestrained, front seat occupant of the vehicle striking their knee against the dashboard at the time of a sudden deceleration.
Treatment
Treatment of an ACL injury begins with proper recognition of the injury. There are still a few times when an ACL tear is misdiagnosed. Rehabilitation begins immediately after the injury. Initial rehab should include ice, gentle knee motion, quad setting, straight leg raising, and protected weight bearing. The worst thing that can be done is to not move or use the knee. When the ACL ruptures, the knee fills with blood, becomes stiff and painful. Gentle motion will help to milk the blood out of the joint to improve pain and function. When the knee is not moved the blood in the joint becomes clotted and sets up like Jell-O. When this occurs, motion becomes more painful and the removal of the blood takes longer.
Torn ACLIf the knee joint has been injured, we loose the ability to perform these functions properly. In the case of the ACL tear, the knee will feel unstable, and give out. The old phrase “Trick Knee” is most often associated with and ACL-deficient knee. When walking or climbing, the knee will suddenly “give out,” usually to the side, and the individual falls to the ground.
Rehabilitation
The early phase of the recovery is protected to guard against the new ligament pulling loose from the screws that hold it in place. As with any fracture, the bone hole must fill in with new bone before the rehab can become too aggressive. This process takes about six weeks.
• The second six weeks of the controlled rehab revolves around more complex activities. The activities include complex balance, lateral motion, and greater strength. Activities such as slide board, a progressive running program, one-leg leg press, and balance with very unstable footing can be used.
• Near three months post-op the controlled rehab ends, and the patient continues rehab on his/her own. It is very important to continue strengthening the leg during this time. Between three and six months the repaired ACL is at its weakest point. During the first three months the tissue has very limited blood supply and is degrading. The body slowly brings the new blood vessels into the area but not fast enough to stop the degradation process. The athlete must be aware of this so that he/she does not re-tear the ACL. Rehab should continue while avoiding cutting and pivoting.
SurgeryThe surgical treatment for ACL ruptures can be performed in one of three ways. One method of repair is to use a patellar bone-tendon-bone graft. This technique utilizes the middle one-third of the patellar tendon with an attached piece of bone from the patella and tibia. This bone-tendon-bone graft is then used to replace the damaged ligament. Another surgical method utilizes a graft taken from the hamstring tendons. The hamstring tendon is used to replace the torn ACL in the same manner. The third surgical procedure utilizes a patellar bone-tendon-bone graft from a cadaver donor. This procedure is most often used in people who have returned from a previously reconstructed ACL. In all three of these procedures, drill holes are made in the Tibia and Femur where the ACL originates. The new ligament is passed through the holes and held in place with interference screws.
Bones #4Pectoral Girdle:
consists of the shoulder blades and collar bones. It connects the arms and spine.
Bones #10Pelvic Girdle: is
made up of the hip bone or pelvic bones , and connects the legs and spine.
More musclesCardiac muscles is
found in the heart.Tendons: skeletal
muscles are attached to the bones by strong fibers connective tissue.
Extensor:when the triceps muscle extend the joints.
Boo Hoo Mr. Rizzo is Boo Hoo Mr. Rizzo is going to be out…..going to be out…..
What is a Hallux Rigidus?
What is a Cheilectomy?
Hallux RigidusHallux Rigidus
Hallux Rigidus is a degenerative-type arthritis condition that affects the large joint at the base of the great toe. A degenerative arthritis is a condition which results from wear and tear on the joint surface over time. The condition may follow an injury to the joint or, in some cases, may arise without a well defined injury.
What could happen????
In some cases, bone spurs form on the top of the joint and can bump together when the big toe bends upward, or extends. This causes a problem when walking, because the big toe needs to bend upward when the foot is behind the body, getting ready to make the next step. The constant irritation when the bone spurs bump together leads to pain and difficulty walking.
Cheilectomya procedure that simply removes the bone spurs at the top of the joint so that they don't bump together when the toe extends. This allows the toe to bend better and reduces the amount of pain with walking.
The good stuff!!!! SurgeryThe good stuff!!!! SurgeryTo perform a Cheilectomy, an incision is made along the top of the joint. The bone spurs that are blocking the joint from extending are identified and removed - from both the bones that make up the joint. A little extra bone may be taken off to ensure that nothing rubs when the Hallux is raised. The skin is closed and allowed to heal.
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