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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
In the University of the Philippines Baguio, the existence of Greek-letter
organizations is quite perceptible. Greek-letter organization is often tantamount
to the terms fraternity and sorority from the Latin words fraterand soror, meaning
"brother" and "sister" respectively (New World Encyclopedia, 2010).
In Sociology, a group can be defined as two or more humans who interact
with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group,
and share a common identity.
A plurality of individuals bonded by some principle of recruitment and by
the set of membership rights and obligations (Holy, 1996, p. 351) may be the
appropriate characterization of UPB fraternities and sororities. The setting and
context is a case-to-case basis and in UPBs case, fraternities and sororities
occupy a specific place on campus which they often regard as their hangout.
UPB as an institution has its own traditions and norms. Apparently, it takes
time for the new members of the UPB society to adjust and familiarize
themselves with the unwritten rules and regulations. Usually, non-members of
Greek-letter organizations recognize and regard these established hangouts to
avoid issues and conflicts. Although it is not prohibited for non-members to stay,
still they pay respect to the people who own the territory. There is no problem
for sophomores, juniors, and senior students in terms of intrusion and invasion
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since they are already accustomed to the universitys traditions and norms. But
for freshmen or the outsiders who invade the hangouts, how do they feel when
someone just walks in the kiosk wearing a fraternity or sorority item, confidently
sprawls at the bench and looks at them in the eye?
Of course, who would not feel intimidated? Who would not feel inferior?
This paper would like to tackle the effects of territorial behavior manifested
through nonverbal communication by fraternities and sororities of UPB.
Statement of the Problem
What are the effects of nonverbal communication manifested through
territorial behavior by the University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and
sororities?
Objectives of the Study
General Objective:
*To identify the effects of nonverbal communication manifested through
territorial behavior by the University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities
and sororities.
Specific Objectives:
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*To discover which among the types of nonverbal communication is the
most effective in intentionally or unintentionally intimidating outsiders.
*To learn about the effects of the Greek-letter organizations territorial
behavior on outsiders.
*To determine the effects of territorial behavior on the members of the
Greek-letter organizations.
Hypotheses
*Clothing and the use of personal artifacts or territorial signals are the
most effective type of nonverbal communication in terms of intimidating
outsiders intentionally or unintentionally.
*There are three possible effects of territorial behavior on outsiders, they
may leave the hangout immediately, ask permission to stay, or let
themselves be recruited to be a part of the Greek-letter organization.
*Several effects on members of the Greek letter organizations are, their
self-esteem and self-confidence are heightened, they become more proud
that they are a member of the organization, and they become more
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conscious that they own the hangout and no intruder should walk in or
stay in their territory without their consent.
Significance of the Study
The term public property means that the property is communal and
everyone has an equal chance to utilize it. In the University of the Philippines
Baguio, students have been given an enormous amount of academic freedom.
By virtue of that freedom, it has been acceptable for organizations to establish a
hangout and regard that certain space as their territory. Though it is not forbidden
for non-members to occupy the established hangouts of the organizations, still
they consider the presence or absence of the owners. They might stay there
when the members are in but first, in the name of courtesy and respect, they
should ask permission, or they will just stay if no one is in the hangout so they
would not get into issues and conflicts with the members.
Due to this concern, this paper would tackle how and why territorial power
and dominance exist within the university. This paper would also like to explain
how powerful nonverbal communication is, being the elemental factor in
displaying territorial power and dominance.
In line with the issue of territoriality, this paper would also like to prove that
the effective use of nonverbal cues may lead into dominant results. In the field of
communication, this study is relevant because it will show that nonverbal
communication is an essential factor in building and deconstructing existing
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social constructs, on how communication creates, maintains, and changes the
existing culture or way of life of people within the society. Cultural creation,
maintenance, and changes may be in the form of norms, customs, and traditions.
Scope and Delimitation
The coverage of the study is focused on the nonverbal cues of the
University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities, on how they
manifest these nonverbal cues as a part of territorial behavior and how these
cues display territorial power and dominance.
This study will look into proxemics (territoriality), physical appearance
(body types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness,
regulation, looking, and seeing), facial expression (universal expressions, facial
blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues), kinesics (emblems and affect
displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers).
The study is delimited to the territorial behavior of UPBs fraternities and
sororities and its effects on both the members and the non-members and how
they see each perspective at different angles of every situation.
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Chapter II
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
Review of Related Literature
According to Trenholm and Jensen, the structure of nonverbal codes has
seven channels for message making: proxemics which involves environmental
preference, territoriality, and personal space; physical appearance which involves
body types, clothing, and artifacts; eye gaze which involves eye contact,
expressiveness, regulation, looking, and seeing; facial expression which involves
universal expressions, facial blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues;
kinesics which involves emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, and
adaptors; vocalics which involves vocal qualities, vocal characterizers, and vocal
segregates; and touch which involves the type of touch, and the contexts.
This study will look into proxemics (territoriality), physical appearance
(body types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness,
regulation, looking, and seeing), facial expression (universal expressions, facial
blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues), kinesics (emblems and affect
displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers).
Proxemics is the study of space and territoriality refers to the legal or
assumed ownership of space (Trenholm and Jensen, 2000).
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Physical appearance however, is defined by culture and is relative.
Clothing has been long recognized as a way to communicate social status, group
identification, and personality.
Gaze, according to Erving Goffman, is the discipline of the eye the skill
of knowing how to look without appearing to be looking. There are three
proposed primary functions of gaze in communication; expressive, regulative,
and monitoring (Kendon, 1967).
There are six universal facial expressions according to Ekman and
Friesen: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger, and disgust. Facial blends is
the combination of any of the six facial expressions resulting to a different new
expression. Cultural display rules is the control of expression according to the
context. Leakage rules are micromomentary expressions of unintended signs of
our real feelings, which are largely but not completely masked in normal facial
management.
Kinesics is the study of body movements such as gestures, posture, and
head, trunk, and limb movements. Emblems are gestures that can easily be
translated into verbal statements because there is widely shared agreement as to
what they mean while affect displays are postural and gestural cues that also
work to convey how we feel.
Vocalics or paralanguage; voice qualities include loudness, pitch,
inflection, tempo, rhythm, intensity, articulation, and resonance while vocal
characterizers are more specific sounds that we may occasionally recognize as
speech acts themselves.
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Why is nonverbal communication important?
The thought of influencing others without words through a nonverbal
symbol system made nonverbal communication a very interesting topic since
there are times that nonverbal communication is even more powerful than verbal
communication.
People are constantly interpreting and inferring from nonverbal stimuli
(Brooks and Emmert, 1976, p. 143). In that premise, there are aspects to be
considered in order to decode and construe the meaning of the stimuli; the
communicative behaviors over which we have control and which we use for the
purpose of influencing others, the informative behaviors which we can observe in
other people which may provide us information about them, and the effect of
environmental factors (Brooks and Emmert, 1976).
The concept of territoriality refers to the legal or assumed ownership of
space (Trenholm and Jensen, 2000). According to Lawrence and Rosenfeld and
Jean Civikly, territoriality is the assumption of proprietary rights toward some
geographical area, with the realization, at least for humans, that there is no basis
for those rights (p.147).
What is territory? Why do we need to mark our territories? British
zoologist Desmond Morris in his book A Field Guide on Human Behavior, 1977,
says that a territory is a defended space. Why? Maybe because it prevents
people from getting much into trouble. If one has already marked his territory, it
is customary for another to respect and cooperate to avoid conflict. Yes, man is a
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cooperative species but then again, he is also competitive that is why he strives
to achieve power and dominance.
Morris also mentioned in his work the three kinds of human territory; the
tribal, family, and personal. The tribal territory is the main concern of this paper
since the scope of territoriality is more on social groups. He used the term tribal
because as a zoologist leaning towards an evolutionary perspective, he claims
that contemporary social groups evolved from the archaic social unit where
ancient people assemble together in a communal and egalitarian sense. It is true
that a particular social unit or a tribe exists and of course, the picture will not be
complete without them having to establish a certain space for all of them to
inhabit known more or less as their territory. As a chief part of every tribesmans
duties and responsibilities, it is crucial for him to guard and protect his area
against intruders. These trespassers may be wild animals or other tribesmen who
wish to conquer their territory in quest for power and dominance. In order for the
tribesmen to look after their territory, they place some territorial signals within
their area such as primitive war-paint and emblems.
In the modern setting, contextualizing it to the University of the Philippines
Baguios current state, fraternities and sororities usually hang tarpaulins,
banners, or any fraternity or sorority item to show possession of the kiosk or
area. But oftentimes, merely their habitual presence in the kiosk or area depict
that they are the owners of the said hangout and it is their comfort zone.
Another portrayal of ownership is the scattering or leaving of things and
belongings in their hangouts. According to Morris, carefully arranged personal
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markers can act as an effective territorial display, even in the absence of the
owner. This is also the reason why members of the Greek-letter organizations
feel prickly and get pissed off when intruders touch their things and belongings.
For them, it is a form of territorial encroachment and invasion of privacy. The
issue encroachment and invasion may not be always the topic but the simple
scene of expressing ownership through personal markers directly illustrates the
dominant feature of human society which according to Morris is the society of a
remarkably territorial animal.
The phrase a remarkablyterritorial animal, maybe the rationale why many
living organisms from the prehistoric age up to the modern era attempt to
establish and maintain their territories and watch it no matter what happens.
From the broadest sense of social group, down to the simplest form, every
member does his part in looking after their comfort zone their very own area of
ownership.
What is territorial behavior and how is it manifested? Having territory as a
defended space as the definition, behavior on the other hand is anything that a
person does (cf. Catania, 1998).
According to the Principles of EverydayBehavioral Analysis, behavior is
physical, and it functions to do something (Miller, 2006). Therefore, with the use
of our senses, we can perceive behavior. Also, we can infer that behavior is
functional and purposive since it is not elicited without any purpose.
Joining the idea of territory and behavior, we can conclude that territorial
behavior is an action a person does in order to defend his space. How? Mainly
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through communication but more specifically for this research, the focus is on
nonverbal communication.
Through the seven channels for message making, this study will be able
to examine and analyze the effectiveness of nonverbal cues in exuding territorial
power and dominance.
For instance, how do physical appearance, eye gaze, and facial
expression affect the impression of the perceiver? He is frightening because
he is tall and dark and he is wearing a fraternity shirt, he is looking at you
uncaringly, and then he is throwing a blank expression. For you, that might
mean, get out ofhere.
In your case, it is just fightorflight. Either you stay or you leave. Either
you would not care at all or you will feel intimidated. Of course, you would feel
inferior and every time you see that same person, you would feel the same way
as you felt the first time you had an encounter with him or that feeling of yours
might prohibit you from hanging out in his territory because you just feel
uncomfortable and uneasy.
There are a lot more circumstances in relation to territorial behavior and
how nonverbal communication plays an important role in making the
communicative act a success.
The Greek letter organizations in the university may or may not be aware
that they are displaying territorial power and dominance within the campus most
especially in their hangouts. The act may be intentional or unintentional and the
power and dominance thing might just be ascribed to them.
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Some may acknowledge that yes, they are power-tripping sometimes
especially on freshmen but most of the time, members denounce that they
practice superiority among non-members and that they assert their power and
dominance. They are not even aware that they have that power and dominance
within the university.
Why in the first place do people clamor for power and dominance? Maybe
simply because great power and dominance grant you more privilege, give you
better benefit, and heighten your popularity. The aftermath, people would look up
to you and you would feel superior. The opposite might also happen, people
might hate you for being a political scoundrel who loves to exercise excessive
power without consideration to other peoples feelings.
Interpretation is more often based on peoples feelings. Usually, people
infer based on actions. It is quite evident that people are quite more subjective
rather than objective in terms of interpreting and analyzing others behavioral
approach and action towards a certain situation.
Going back to the objectives, generating the known and soon-to-be-known
effects of territorial behavior manifested through nonverbal communication in
exuding territorial power and dominance intentionally or unintentionally with the
support of research frameworks and methodologies is fervently hoped.
Whatever the future results may be, be it confirmatory or the other way
around, the main goal is to explain how communication exists in our everyday
living and how it affects and influences people and pinpoint even the most
unnoticed behavior of people and its outcome.
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Theoretical Level
This study would use the Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM)
Theory by Pearce and Cronen and the Symbolic Interactionism Theory by
Blummer.
Basically, the goal is to look very closely at why meaning is subjective and
how does it affect people. The CMM Theory states that individuals form meaning
based on the content, context of communication event, and cultural patterns that
is more concerned in forming meaning by looking at race or groups and cultural
aspect (Pearce and Cronen, 1980).
The Coordinated Management of MeaningTheory derived by W. Barnett
Pearce and Vernon Cronen is based on what many consider to be the most
comprehensive statement of social construction crafted by communication
scholars (Griffin 1997). This theory suggests that persons-in-conversation co-
construct social realities of their own. The meaning that the language and
information exchanged in our conversations with others creates our own social
environments, which we interpret as reality.
The three main components of the Coordinated Management of Meaning
Theory are coherence, coordination and mystery. Coherence is how persons-in-
conversation attempt to achieve meaning in life. Coordination is how we try to
associate our lives with others. And lastly, mystery is the unpredictable events
and conclusions we will reach in life from the conversations we hold in our social
environments (Griffin, 1997).
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Using the Levels of Hierarchical Meaning in CMM Theory as stated in
Interpersonal Communication (Trenholm and Jensen,2000), this research will be
able to answer the questions like What group do I identifywith?, Who am I?, Who
are we to one another?, What activityare we engaged in?, What is the sender
trying to do?, and What is actuallysaid or done?
On the other hand, Symbolic Interactionism states that meaning is
determined by the individual's behavior toward objects and meaning and social
interaction are interdependent. It is shaped by interaction and in turn shapes
interaction.
Blumer came up with three core principles to his theory. They are
meaning, language, and thought. These core principles lead to conclusions about
the creation of a person's self and socialization into a larger community (Griffin,
1997).
Meaning states that humans act toward people and things based upon the
meanings that they have given to those people or things. Symbolic Interactionism
holds the principal of meaning as central in human behavior.
Language gives humans a means by which to negotiate meaning through
symbols. Mead's influence on Blumer becomes apparent here because Mead
believed that naming assigned meaning, thus naming was the basis for human
society and the extent of knowledge. It is by engaging in speech acts with others,
symbolic interaction, that humans come to identify meaning, or naming, and
develop discourse.
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Thought modifies each individual's interpretation of symbols. Thought,
based-on language, is a mental conversation or dialogue that requires role
taking, or imagining different points of view.
Symbolic Interactionism also stresses the importance of role and
socialization wherein the newcomer becomes incorporated into organized
patterns of interaction because every interaction has a socializing experience.
These theories are more or less interpretive than objective and they
provide a very interesting area where we should see the spot where
communication is very unique.
Conceptual Level
The variables in this study are the outsiders, the Greek-letter
organizations, the amount of nonverbal cues used. The amount of nonverbal
cues are dependent on the sender (member), channeled through signs and
symbols to the receiver (non-member) then effects on both based on the
communicative social act. The effects greatly rely on the message of the member
generating feedback from the non-member. After which, results after the entire
process of sending and receiving.
In relation to the research question, What are the effects of territorial
behavior manifested through nonverbal communication bythe Universityof the
Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities?, the nature of effects would be
more or less based on the reaction of the non-members when certain actions are
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elicited from the members of the Greek-letter organizations. The amount of
nonverbal cues which include proxemics (territoriality), physical appearance
(body types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness,
regulation, looking, and seeing), facial expression (universal expressions, facial
blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues), kinesics (emblems and affect
displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers) are dependent
on the sender (member), channeled through signs and symbols (territorial
markers) to the receiver (non-member) then effects on both based on the
communicative social act. The effects greatly rely on the message of the member
generating feedback from the non-member.
As stated earlier in this paper, people are constantly interpreting and
inferring from nonverbal stimuli (Brooks and Emmert, 1976, p. 143). Again, in that
premise, there are aspects to be considered in order to decode and construe the
meaning of the stimuli; the communicative behaviors which we have control and
which we use for the purpose of influencing others, the informative behaviors
which we can observe in other people which may provide us information about
them, and the effect of environmental factors (Brooks and Emmert, 1976).
Possibly, the effects on non-members would be short-term or long-term.
They may leave the hangout immediately, ask permission to stay, or let
themselves be recruited to be a part of the Greek-letter organization.
On the other hand, some effects on members of the members are, their
self-esteem and self-confidence are heightened, they become more proud that
they are a member of the organization, and they become more conscious that
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they own the hangout and no intruder should walk in or stay in their territory
without their consent.
Operational Level
This study will measure the amount of nonverbal cues elicited by the
members of the Greek-letter organization, on how they resist the sensation of
invasion caused by the outsiders and how do the latter feel the sensation of
intrusion. Through the use of observation checklists and questionnaires or even a
Focused Group Discussion, the determination of which among the types of non-
verbal communication would be the most effective way to use to intimidate
intruders. The questionnaires would be distributed among the Greek-letter
organizations and to the self-confessed outsiders to be answered and the
observation and synthesis would be done by the researcher. The Greek letter
organizations are the University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and
sororities. Whereas, the outsiders would be more or less the freshmen and a
random population of the upper class men.
Operational Definition ofTerms
Fraternity -brotherhood; Alpha Phi Omega ()
Fraternity, Beta Sigma () Fraternity, Kappa
Epsilon () Fraternity, Pi Sigma ()
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Fraternity, Sigma Kappa Pi () Fraternity,
and Tau Gamma Phi () Fraternity
Greek-letter organization -single-sex, initiatory organizations with
membership considered active during the
undergraduate years only
Nonverbal Communication -communication without words;proxemics
(territoriality), physical appearance (body
types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye
contact, expressiveness, regulation, looking,
and seeing), facial expression (universal
expressions, facial blends, cultural display
rules, and leakage cues), kinesics (emblems
and affect displays), and vocalics (vocal
qualities and vocal characterizers)
Sorority -sisterhood; Alpha Phi Omega ()
Sorority, Sigma Beta () Sorority, Kappa
Epsilon () Sorority, Pi Sigma Delta ()
Sorority, Sigma Delta Pi () Sorority, and
Tau Gamma Sigma () Sorority
Territorial Behavior -an action a person does in order to defend his
space; placing some territorial signals within
their area such as primitive war-paint and
emblems in the ancient times; in the university
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context, hanging of tarpaulins, banners, or any
fraternity or sorority item, scattering or leaving
of things and belongings in the hangout
Territoriality -the legal or assumed ownership of space; the
assumption of proprietary rights toward some
geographical area, with the realization, at least
for humans, that there is no basis for those
rights
Territory -a defended space; hangout of the
Greek-letter organizations; kiosk, stairs, bench,
lower canteen, et cetera
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Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The coverage of the study is focused on the nonverbal cues of the
University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities, on how they
manifest these nonverbal cues as a part of territorial behavior and how these
cues display territorial power and dominance.
The study is delimited to the territorial behavior of UPBs fraternities and
sororities and its effects on both the members and the non-members.
In this regard, this study will measure the amount of nonverbal cues
elicited by the members of the Greek-letter organizations, on how they resist the
sensation of invasion caused by the outsiders and how do the latter feel the
sensation of intrusion.
Through the use of a one-shot survey and a closed-ended questionnaire,
the researcher would be able to determine the amount of nonverbal cues elicited
by the members of the Greek-letter organizations and the effects on the
outsiders.
In addition, a Focus Group Discussion may help determine which among
the types of non-verbal communication would be the most effective way to use to
intimidate intruders.
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The one-shot survey would be done on the part of the non-members and
the closed-ended questionnaires would be distributed among the Greek-letter
organizations to be answered and the observation and synthesis would be done
by the researcher.
The Greek letter organizations are the University of the Philippines
Baguios fraternities and sororities, whereas the outsiders would be a
systematic random sample of the students encompassing all year levels from the
three colleges of the university.
Variables and Measures
The dependent variable in this study would be the universitys fraternities
and sororities or members of the Greek-letter organizations and the outsiders or
the non-members. The independent variable would be the effects of territorial
behavior manifested through nonverbal communication by the University of the
Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities.
This study will measure the amount of nonverbal cues displayed by the
members of the Greek-letter organizations, on how they resist the consciousness
of incursion caused by the outsiders and how do the latter feel the realization of
foray.
The use of a one-shot survey and a closed-ended questionnaire would be
able to determine the amount of nonverbal cues displayed by the members of the
Greek-letter organizations and the effects on the outsiders.
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Furthermore, a Focus Group Discussion may help find out which among
the types of non-verbal communication would be the most effective way to use to
daunt intruders.
The fraternities, sororities and the outsiders would play a vital role in this
research. The success of this study greatly relies on the participants and their
willingness to contribute to the desired accomplishment of the objectives.
Population and Sample
The population or specified aggregation of study elements would be the
University of the Philippines Baguios fraternities and sororities or the members
of the Greek-letter organizations and a systematic random sample of the
outsiders or the non-members, encompassing all year levels from the three
colleges of the university.
The list of the universitys fraternities and sororities are as follows:
Fraternity Sorority
Alpha Phi Omega () Fraternity Alpha Phi Omega () Sorority
Beta Sigma () Fraternity Sigma Beta () Sorority
Kappa Epsilon () Fraternity Kappa Epsilon () Sorority
Pi Sigma () Fraternity Pi Sigma Delta () Sorority
Sigma Kappa Pi () Fraternity Sigma Delta Pi () Sorority
Tau Gamma Phi () Fraternity Tau Gamma Sigma () Sorority
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The research gears toward at least half or fifty per cent response from the
total population of the fraternities and sororities. On the other hand, the
systematic random sample of the outsiders or the non-members targets a
precise and accurate representation of students from first year to overstaying
students of the university. The systematic random sampling would be done by
dividing the total population of the students according to their respective colleges
namely; College of Arts and Communication, College of Science, and College of
Social Science. A request of the master list would be made through the Office of
the College Secretary. After which, the students would be classified according to
their year level and a bias-free draw lots would be administered making sure that
representativeness would be achieved.
Research Instrument
The use of a one-shot survey and a closed-ended questionnaire would be
administered to determine the amount of nonverbal cues elicited by the members
of the Greek-letter organizations and the effects on the outsiders.
Additionally, a Focus Group Discussion among the members of the Greek-
letter organizations would be held in order to find out which among the types of
nonverbal communication would be the most effective way to use to intimidate
intruders.
The one-shot survey would be done on the part of the non-members and
the closed-ended questionnaires would be distributed among the Greek-letter
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organizations to be answered and the observation and synthesis would be done
by the researcher.
Basically, the questions would involve and revolve around the topic of
nonverbal communication wherein the uses and implications of nonverbal
communication would be the highlight.
The study would be looking into proxemics (territoriality), physical
appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye contact,
expressiveness, regulation, looking, and seeing), facial expression (universal
expressions, facial blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues), kinesics
(emblems and affect displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal
characterizers).
The fraternities and the sororities view on territory and their concept of
territoriality would be elaborated and how they use nonverbal communication to
convey certain messages intentionally or unintentionally would be analyzed.
The questionnaires and the FGD guide questions are as follows:
For the members of the Greek-letter organizations:Why did you join your current fraternity/sorority?
_____ For fame and popularity
_____ You believe in the principles and ideals
_____ You got lots of friends who are a member
_____ Others, please specify ________________________
Where do you usually hang-out within the university?
_____ Kiosk (Manang Mane)
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_____ Kiosk (Court A)
_____ Bench (Court A)
_____ Stairs (IM)
_____ Stairs (CCA)
_____ Lower Canteen
_____ Others, please specify ________________________
Are you familiar with the structure of nonverbal codes?
_____ Yes _____ No
y
If yes, which among these channels are you familiar with?
_____ Proxemics (territoriality)
_____ Physical appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts)
_____ Eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness, regulation, looking, and
seeing)
_____ Facial expression (universal expressions, facial blends, cultural display
rules, and leakage cues)
_____ Kinesics (emblems and affect displays)
_____Vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers)
Do you value the concept of territoriality?
_____ Yes _____ No
Do you often observe some student/s, not a member of your organization
who also hang-out where you and your brothers/sisters stay?
_____ Yes _____ No
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y If yes, what do you often do?
_____ Dont mind them
_____ Talk to them (e.g. friendship, recruitment, etc.)
_____ Intimidate them
_____ Others, please specify ________________________
Do you intentionally intimidate intruders when they are at your hangout?
_____ Yes _____ No
y If yes, which among the channels of nonverbal codes do you think is the
most effective in intimidating intruders?
_____ Proxemics (territoriality)
_____ Physical appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts)
_____ Eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness, regulation, looking, and
seeing)
_____ Facial expression (universal expressions, facial blends, cultural display
rules, and leakage cues)
_____ Kinesics (emblems and affect displays)
_____Vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers)
Does exercising territorial power and dominance have effects on you or
your organization as a whole?
_____ Yes _____ No
y If yes, what are these?
_____ Heightened popularity
_____ Greater influence, more privileges and benefits
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_____ Sense of ownership
_____ Others, please specify ________________________
For the non-members:
Are you aware of the existing fraternities and sororities within the
university?
_____ Yes _____ No
What fraternities and sororities (Greek-letter organizations) do you know
and are familiar with?
_____ Alpha Phi Omega () Fraternity and Sorority
_____ Beta Sigma () Fraternity and Sigma Beta () Sorority
_____ Kappa Epsilon () Fraternity and Sorority
_____ Pi Sigma () Fraternity and Pi Sigma Delta () Sorority
_____ Sigma Kappa Pi () Fraternity Sigma Delta Pi () Sorority
_____ Tau Gamma Phi () Fraternity Tau Gamma Sigma ()
Sorority
Are you aware of their hang-outs?
_____ Yes _____ No
y If yes, where have you tried hanging-out?
_____ Kiosk (Manang Mane)
_____ Kiosk (Court A)
_____ Bench (Court A)
_____ Stairs (IM)
_____ Stairs (CCA)
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_____ Lower Canteen
_____ Others, please specify ________________________
y If no, what did you feel when you became aware that the hang-outs were
theirs?
_____ Scared
_____I dont care!
_____Just fine
_____ Others, please specify ________________________
If you happen to be in the situation that you are at their hang-out and they
arrived, what will you do?
_____ Leave immediately
_____ Ask permission to stay
_____ Others, please specify ________________________
Are you familiar with the structure of nonverbal codes?
_____ Yes _____ No
y If yes, which among these channels are you familiar with?
_____ Proxemics (territoriality)
_____ Physical appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts)
_____ Eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness, regulation, looking, and
seeing)
_____ Facial expression (universal expressions, facial blends, cultural display
rules, and leakage cues)
_____ Kinesics (emblems and affect displays)
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_____Vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers)
Do you think members of the fraternities and sororities use nonverbal
codes whenever they observe nonmembers in their hang-outs?
_____ Yes _____ No
Which among these nonverbal codes do you think has the greatest impact
on non-members like you when used?
_____ Proxemics (territoriality)
_____ Physical appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts)
_____ Eye gaze (eye contact, expressiveness, regulation, looking, and
seeing)
_____ Facial expression (universal expressions, facial blends, cultural display
rules, and leakage cues)
_____ Kinesics (emblems and affect displays)
_____Vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal characterizers)
Focus Group Discussion Guide Questions for Fraternities and Sororities
1. Is territoriality a big deal?
2. Is it alright when non-members invade your hang-out?
3. How do you feel when non-members flock in your hang-out?
4. Is nonverbal communication effective?
5. What are the most frequently used nonverbal codes?
6. Being a member of the Greek-letter organization, how do you convey
subliminal messages through nonverbal codes?
7. Which among the nonverbal codes do you often use? Why?
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8. Do you intentionally or intentionally intimidate non-members?
9. Do you agree that Greek-letter organizations exude territorial power and
dominance?
10. What do you think are the effects of nonverbal communication manifested
through territorial behavior? (Both on members and non-members).
Data Generation Plan
Month Activity/T
ask
June Brainstorm
July
(Research Period)
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Scope and Delimitation
August
(Research Period)
Review of Related Literature
Research Framework
Theoretical Level
Conceptual Level
Operational Level
Operational Definition of Terms
September
(Data Generation and Analysis Period)
Research Methodology
Research Design
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Variables and Measures
Population and Sample
Research Instrument
Data Generation Plan
Data Analysis Plan
October Results and Discussion
Data Analysis Plan
The study would attempt to do both a qualitative and quantitative analysis.
After the data generation, the researcher would group the data accordingly by
looking into similarities and differences. One on hand, the qualitative part would
illustrate the current status of the effects brought by the nonverbal
communicative act. It will also demonstrate how and why these occurrences
happen within the university. On the other hand, the quantitative part of the
research would use statistical procedures to determine the frequency or the
mode of answers.
The goal basically, is to describe the veracity of the implications of
nonverbal communication particularly proxemics (territoriality), physical
appearance (body types, clothing and artifacts), eye gaze (eye contact,
expressiveness, regulation, looking, and seeing), facial expression (universal
expressions, facial blends, cultural display rules, and leakage cues), kinesics
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(emblems and affect displays), and vocalics (vocal qualities and vocal
characterizers). Another is to give a specific percentage of members and non-
members of the Greek-letter organizations who in one way or another are
affected by the nonverbal communicative act, be it intentional or unintentional.
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Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The University of the Philippines Baguio as an institution has its own
traditions and norms. Apparently, it takes time for the new members of the UPB
society to adjust and familiarize themselves with the unwritten rules and
regulations. Usually, non-members of Greek-letter organizations recognize and
regard these established hangouts to avoid issues and conflicts. Although it is
not prohibited for non-members to stay, still they pay respect to the people who
own the territory. There is no problem for sophomores, juniors, and senior
students in terms of intrusion and invasion since they are already accustomed to
the universitys traditions and norms. But for freshmen or the outsiders who
invade the hangouts, how do they feel when someone just walks in the kiosk
wearing a fraternity or sorority item, confidently sprawls at the bench and looks at
them in the eye?
For example, how do physical appearance, eye gaze, and facial
expression affect the impression of the perceiver? He is frightening because
he is tall and dark and he is wearing a fraternity shirt, he is looking at you
uncaringly, and then he is throwing a blank expression. For you, that might
mean, get out ofhere.
In your case, it is just fightorflight. Either you stay or you leave. Either
you would not care at all or you will feel intimidated. Of course, you would feel
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inferior and every time you see that same person, you would feel the same way
as you felt the first time you had an encounter with him or that feeling of yours
might prohibit you from hanging out in his territory because you just feel
uncomfortable and uneasy.
Graph 1: Common reaction of non-members when members of the Greek-letter organization
arrives at their hangout.
Clothing and the use of personal artifacts or territorial signals are the most
effective type of nonverbal communication in terms of intimidating outsiders
intentionally or unintentionally.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
ScaredI don't care!
Just fineCategory 4
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Chart 1: Most effective nonverbal channel in intimidating outsiders.
There are two effects of territorial behavior on outsiders, they may leave
the hangout immediately or ask permission to stay.
Several effects on members of the Greek letter organizations are, their
self-esteem and self-confidence are heightened, they become more proud that
they are a member of the organization, and they become more conscious that
they own the hangout and no intruder should walk in or stay in their territory
without their consent.
Nonverbal Codes
Proxemics
Physical Appearance
Eye Gaze
Facial Expression
Kinesics
Vocalics
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Figure 1: Effects of territorial behavior on members of the Greek-letter organization.
It has been acceptable for organizations to establish a hangout and regard
that certain space as their territory. Though it is not forbidden for non-members to
occupy the established hangouts of the organizations, still they consider the
presence or absence of the owners. They might stay there when the members
are in but first, in the name of courtesy and respect, they should ask permission,
or they will just stay if no one is in the hangout so they would not get into issues
and conflicts with the members.
There are a lot more circumstances in relation to territorial behavior and
how nonverbal communication plays an important role in making the
communicative act a success.
The Greek letter organizations in the university may or may not be aware
that they are displaying territorial power and dominance within the campus most
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 1 2 3 4 5
Terrorial Behavior Effects
Y-Values
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especially in their hangouts. The act may be intentional or unintentional and the
power and dominance thing might just be ascribed to them.
Some may acknowledge that yes, they are power-tripping sometimes
especially on freshmen but most of the time, members denounce that they
practice superiority among non-members and that they assert their power and
dominance. They are not even aware that they have that power and dominance
within the university.
Why in the first place do people clamor for power and dominance? Simply
because great power and dominance grant you more privilege, give you better
benefit, and heighten your popularity. The aftermath, people would look up to you
and you would feel superior. The opposite might also happen, people might hate
you for being a political scoundrel who loves to exercise excessive power without
consideration to other peoples feelings.
Interpretation is more often based on peoples feelings. Usually, people
infer based on actions. It is quite evident that people are quite more subjective
rather than objective in terms of interpreting and analyzing others behavioral
approach and action towards a certain situation.
Communication exists in our everyday living and it affects and influences
people and pinpoints even the most unnoticed behavior of people and its
outcome.
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