© k.fedra 2000 1 integrating gis and environmental models object-oriented integration
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© K.Fedra 2000
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Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models
Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models
object-oriented integrationobject-oriented integrationobject-oriented integrationobject-oriented integration
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Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...
Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.
GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for
environmental analysis.environmental analysis.
Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.
GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for
environmental analysis.environmental analysis.
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Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...
Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship
Basic elements:Basic elements:
• spatial objectsspatial objects
Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship
Basic elements:Basic elements:
• spatial objectsspatial objects
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Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...
spatial (geometric) objects:spatial (geometric) objects:• pointpoint• node (topological)node (topological)• arc, chain, grapharc, chain, graph• polygonpolygon• pixel, grid cell, cell grid, rasterpixel, grid cell, cell grid, raster• TIN, FE mesh, nested gridsTIN, FE mesh, nested grids• 3D elements3D elements
spatial (geometric) objects:spatial (geometric) objects:• pointpoint• node (topological)node (topological)• arc, chain, grapharc, chain, graph• polygonpolygon• pixel, grid cell, cell grid, rasterpixel, grid cell, cell grid, raster• TIN, FE mesh, nested gridsTIN, FE mesh, nested grids• 3D elements3D elements
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Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...
spatial (topical) objects:spatial (topical) objects:• landmark, reference pointlandmark, reference point• river reach, road segmentriver reach, road segment• administrative units: administrative units: block, district, city, block, district, city,
county, province, country, region, .....county, province, country, region, .....
• river basin, landformriver basin, landform• island, continentisland, continent
spatial (topical) objects:spatial (topical) objects:• landmark, reference pointlandmark, reference point• river reach, road segmentriver reach, road segment• administrative units: administrative units: block, district, city, block, district, city,
county, province, country, region, .....county, province, country, region, .....
• river basin, landformriver basin, landform• island, continentisland, continent
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Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...
Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:
• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction
Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes
Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:
• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction
Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes
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Object-oriented integrationObject-oriented integrationObject-oriented integrationObject-oriented integration
links the basic elements:links the basic elements:
of GIS:of GIS: spatial objectsspatial objects
and models:and models: functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes
through object-oriented design.through object-oriented design.
links the basic elements:links the basic elements:
of GIS:of GIS: spatial objectsspatial objects
and models:and models: functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes
through object-oriented design.through object-oriented design.
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Object-oriented integrationObject-oriented integrationObject-oriented integrationObject-oriented integration
Some concrete examples:Some concrete examples:• ECOSIM, ECOSIM, an urban environmental an urban environmental
information and decision support information and decision support systemsystem
• WaterWare, WaterWare, a river basin a river basin management information systemmanagement information system
Some concrete examples:Some concrete examples:• ECOSIM, ECOSIM, an urban environmental an urban environmental
information and decision support information and decision support systemsystem
• WaterWare, WaterWare, a river basin a river basin management information systemmanagement information system
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ECOSIM EN1006:ECOSIM EN1006:ECOSIM EN1006:ECOSIM EN1006:is a model-based decision support system for
urban environmental management. It integrates on-line data acquisition and monitoring systems, GIS and dynamic
simulation models in a flexible client-server architecture based on standard protocols: TCP/IP and http.
is a model-based decision support system for urban environmental management. It integrates on-line data acquisition and monitoring systems, GIS and dynamic
simulation models in a flexible client-server architecture based on standard protocols: TCP/IP and http.
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Systems architectureSystems architectureSystems architectureSystems architecture
supports three main function groups:
• data acquisition and storage• analysis and forecasting of
management scenarios• communication of information
contents and results to the user (user dialogue, visualization).
supports three main function groups:
• data acquisition and storage• analysis and forecasting of
management scenarios• communication of information
contents and results to the user (user dialogue, visualization).
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Systems architecture Systems architecture Systems architecture Systems architecture
data acquisition layerdata acquisition layer
data managementdata management
modelsmodelsexpert expert systemsystem
DBMSDBMSGISGIS
modelsmodelsexpert expert systemsystem
analyticalanalytical modelsmodels
graphical user interfacegraphical user interface
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Systems architectureSystems architectureSystems architectureSystems architecture
client-server architecture based on TCP/IP and http.
Main ECOSIM SERVER coordinates:• user interface and dialogue• information display, GIS• external information resources:
- data bases, monitoring data - simulation models.
client-server architecture based on TCP/IP and http.
Main ECOSIM SERVER coordinates:• user interface and dialogue• information display, GIS• external information resources:
- data bases, monitoring data - simulation models.
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Systems architectureSystems architectureSystems architectureSystems architecture
these functions are supported by a set of conceptual servers:
• Data Resources Servers• Model/Compute Servers• User Interface Serversthat integrate the information
resources and tools of ECOSIM
these functions are supported by a set of conceptual servers:
• Data Resources Servers• Model/Compute Servers• User Interface Serversthat integrate the information
resources and tools of ECOSIM
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Systems architecture Systems architecture Systems architecture Systems architecture
ECOSIMECOSIMSERVERSERVER
MODEL 1MODEL 1
MODEL 2MODEL 2
MONITORINGMONITORING
DATA BASESDATA BASES
X WindowsX Windows http browserhttp browser
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Systems architecture Systems architecture Systems architecture Systems architecture
ECOSIMECOSIMSERVERSERVER
MODEL 1MODEL 1
MODEL 2MODEL 2
MONITORINGMONITORING
DATA BASESDATA BASES
X WindowsX Windows http browserhttp browser
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Systems architectureSystems architectureSystems architectureSystems architecture
Object-oriented paradigm:
the systems OBJECTS encapsulate methods that utilize the information resources and tools provided by the
conceptual servers.
Object-oriented paradigm:
the systems OBJECTS encapsulate methods that utilize the information resources and tools provided by the
conceptual servers.
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Object-oriented design:
models based on real-world concepts.
OBJECTS combine:
data structure and functionin a single construct.
Object-oriented design:
models based on real-world concepts.
OBJECTS combine:
data structure and functionin a single construct.
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Objects in ECOSIM include:
• decision scenarios
• model scenarios• emission sources• observation data (stations)
Objects in ECOSIM include:
• decision scenarios
• model scenarios• emission sources• observation data (stations)
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Object-oriented design:
Abstraction:denotes essential characteristics that
distinguish different object (classes)
Object-oriented design:
Abstraction:denotes essential characteristics that
distinguish different object (classes)
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Abstraction
is implemented through the ECOSIM
Object TEMPLATE definition files
Abstraction
is implemented through the ECOSIM
Object TEMPLATE definition files
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Object-oriented design:
Encapsulation: hides all the details of an object that
do not contribute to it's specific characteristics.
Object-oriented design:
Encapsulation: hides all the details of an object that
do not contribute to it's specific characteristics.
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Encapsulation for ECOSIM Objects includes their
respective set of methods used for • instantiation (obtaining data)• update of state (context dependent)• display and dialogue• communication with other objects
Encapsulation for ECOSIM Objects includes their
respective set of methods used for • instantiation (obtaining data)• update of state (context dependent)• display and dialogue• communication with other objects
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Object-oriented design:
Modularity:is the property of a system that can be
decomposed into a set of strongly cohesive and loosely coupled modules.
Object-oriented design:
Modularity:is the property of a system that can be
decomposed into a set of strongly cohesive and loosely coupled modules.
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Modules in ECOSIM include:• individual simulation models• model and decision scenarios• emission inventories• observation (monitoring) systems• geographic information system represented as object classes and
implemented on conceptual servers.
Modules in ECOSIM include:• individual simulation models• model and decision scenarios• emission inventories• observation (monitoring) systems• geographic information system represented as object classes and
implemented on conceptual servers.
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Object-oriented design:
Hierarchy:
is the ranking order of abstraction:
• Aggregation: is part of ...
• Inheritance: is a kind of ...
Object-oriented design:
Hierarchy:
is the ranking order of abstraction:
• Aggregation: is part of ...
• Inheritance: is a kind of ...
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Hierarchy in ECOSIM:
Air-quality monitoring stations (AQ)are part of observation stations (OS).
A specific station (kind of AQ)inherits the generic properties ofthe AQ (parent) class.
Hierarchy in ECOSIM:
Air-quality monitoring stations (AQ)are part of observation stations (OS).
A specific station (kind of AQ)inherits the generic properties ofthe AQ (parent) class.
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Object-oriented design:
Concurrency:is the property that distinguishes
objects in terms their respective
threads of control and state of activity (interactive, active (batch), passive).
Object-oriented design:
Concurrency:is the property that distinguishes
objects in terms their respective
threads of control and state of activity (interactive, active (batch), passive).
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Development methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodologyDevelopment methodology
Concurrent objects in ECOSIM are used for the HPC models
• MEMO (3D atmospheric)• DYMOS (3D photochemistry)which require computing times that
may make interactive use infeasible depending on available machines.
Concurrent objects in ECOSIM are used for the HPC models
• MEMO (3D atmospheric)• DYMOS (3D photochemistry)which require computing times that
may make interactive use infeasible depending on available machines.
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Object-oriented designObject-oriented designObject-oriented designObject-oriented design
Rumbaugh et al. (1991)• informal and flexible, based on
recommendations (legacy software)• stresses readability and expressive
power in code and documentation• focus on adding detail incrementally• encourages iteration and prototyping
Rumbaugh et al. (1991)• informal and flexible, based on
recommendations (legacy software)• stresses readability and expressive
power in code and documentation• focus on adding detail incrementally• encourages iteration and prototyping
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Object-oriented designObject-oriented designObject-oriented designObject-oriented design
• well proven for commercial, event driven (OO/C++) software products
• appropriate for interactive (event driven) GUI software
• implementation through coding (prototyping) cycles
• more informal, middle-out life cycle.
• well proven for commercial, event driven (OO/C++) software products
• appropriate for interactive (event driven) GUI software
• implementation through coding (prototyping) cycles
• more informal, middle-out life cycle.
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Object-oriented designObject-oriented designObject-oriented designObject-oriented design
References: Rumbaugh,et al., (1991) Object Oriented
Modelling and Design. Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-629841-9.
Oskarsson, Ö. and Glass, R.L. (1996) An ISO 9000 Approach to Building Quality
Software. 274 pp., Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-228925-3.
References: Rumbaugh,et al., (1991) Object Oriented
Modelling and Design. Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-629841-9.
Oskarsson, Ö. and Glass, R.L. (1996) An ISO 9000 Approach to Building Quality
Software. 274 pp., Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-228925-3.
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Integration example:Integration example:Integration example:Integration example:
WaterWare, WaterWare, a river basin management a river basin management information system combines:information system combines:
• hybrid GIS linked to object classes:hybrid GIS linked to object classes:– river basin elements
– models and model scenarios
– tasks or decision problems
WaterWare, WaterWare, a river basin management a river basin management information system combines:information system combines:
• hybrid GIS linked to object classes:hybrid GIS linked to object classes:– river basin elements
– models and model scenarios
– tasks or decision problems
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
River basin objectsRiver basin objects are spatially are spatially referenced; they can representreferenced; they can represent
• measurement stations measurement stations pointpoint• treatment plants treatment plants pointpoint• river reaches river reaches line, arcline, arc• subcatchments subcatchments polygonpolygon• etc., etc.etc., etc.
River basin objectsRiver basin objects are spatially are spatially referenced; they can representreferenced; they can represent
• measurement stations measurement stations pointpoint• treatment plants treatment plants pointpoint• river reaches river reaches line, arcline, arc• subcatchments subcatchments polygonpolygon• etc., etc.etc., etc.
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
River basin objectsRiver basin objects are defined by: are defined by:
• context context defined by other objects defined by other objects
• methods methods they use to update their they use to update their state using other objects, models, state using other objects, models, rules of an embedded expert system, rules of an embedded expert system, any information resource available.any information resource available.
River basin objectsRiver basin objects are defined by: are defined by:
• context context defined by other objects defined by other objects
• methods methods they use to update their they use to update their state using other objects, models, state using other objects, models, rules of an embedded expert system, rules of an embedded expert system, any information resource available.any information resource available.
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
Tasks Tasks are specific problem oriented are specific problem oriented view of sets of river basin objects.view of sets of river basin objects.
They assess or forecast their state They assess or forecast their state (over time) given a number of (over time) given a number of decision variables and scenario decision variables and scenario assumptions (the context) to provide assumptions (the context) to provide decision support information.decision support information.
Tasks Tasks are specific problem oriented are specific problem oriented view of sets of river basin objects.view of sets of river basin objects.
They assess or forecast their state They assess or forecast their state (over time) given a number of (over time) given a number of decision variables and scenario decision variables and scenario assumptions (the context) to provide assumptions (the context) to provide decision support information.decision support information.
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
Objects Objects are interlinked, providing are interlinked, providing information to each other:information to each other:
ReservoirReservoir is is linked to linked to subcatchment subcatchment that that provides its inflow, provides its inflow, linked to a linked to a
monitoring stationmonitoring station that records it, and that records it, and an an irrigation districtirrigation district it supplies. it supplies.
Reservoirs itself an element in the Reservoirs itself an element in the water allocation taskwater allocation task..
Objects Objects are interlinked, providing are interlinked, providing information to each other:information to each other:
ReservoirReservoir is is linked to linked to subcatchment subcatchment that that provides its inflow, provides its inflow, linked to a linked to a
monitoring stationmonitoring station that records it, and that records it, and an an irrigation districtirrigation district it supplies. it supplies.
Reservoirs itself an element in the Reservoirs itself an element in the water allocation taskwater allocation task..
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
Objects Objects have their specific display, have their specific display, reporting and editing functions (user reporting and editing functions (user interface) as part of their interface) as part of their encapsulated methods. encapsulated methods.
All object attributes can be edited All object attributes can be edited through a rule-based expert systems.through a rule-based expert systems.
Objects Objects have their specific display, have their specific display, reporting and editing functions (user reporting and editing functions (user interface) as part of their interface) as part of their encapsulated methods. encapsulated methods.
All object attributes can be edited All object attributes can be edited through a rule-based expert systems.through a rule-based expert systems.
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
RiverBasinObject ClassesRiverBasinObject Classesclimate stations flow stationsclimate stations flow stationswater quality st. settlementswater quality st. settlementswater works treatment plantswater works treatment plantsindustries animal farmsindustries animal farmsirrigation districts subcatchmentsirrigation districts subcatchmentsdams, reservoirs weirs, falls, gates, sluicesdams, reservoirs weirs, falls, gates, sluicesabstraction river reaches, cross sectionsabstraction river reaches, cross sectionsaquifers, wells scenic sitesaquifers, wells scenic sites
RiverBasinObject ClassesRiverBasinObject Classesclimate stations flow stationsclimate stations flow stationswater quality st. settlementswater quality st. settlementswater works treatment plantswater works treatment plantsindustries animal farmsindustries animal farmsirrigation districts subcatchmentsirrigation districts subcatchmentsdams, reservoirs weirs, falls, gates, sluicesdams, reservoirs weirs, falls, gates, sluicesabstraction river reaches, cross sectionsabstraction river reaches, cross sectionsaquifers, wells scenic sitesaquifers, wells scenic sites
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
RiverBasinObject ClassesRiverBasinObject Classes
spatially referenced by spatially referenced by
• location (location (reference point, shape, extentreference point, shape, extent))
• links to geographical objects:links to geographical objects:– community, province, state
– sub-catchment, river segment
RiverBasinObject ClassesRiverBasinObject Classes
spatially referenced by spatially referenced by
• location (location (reference point, shape, extentreference point, shape, extent))
• links to geographical objects:links to geographical objects:– community, province, state
– sub-catchment, river segment
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects can becan be
• displayed on the mapdisplayed on the map
• selected from the mapselected from the map
• aggregated across spatial objectsaggregated across spatial objects
Base maps and display functionality Base maps and display functionality
are provided by the GISare provided by the GIS
RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects can becan be
• displayed on the mapdisplayed on the map
• selected from the mapselected from the map
• aggregated across spatial objectsaggregated across spatial objects
Base maps and display functionality Base maps and display functionality
are provided by the GISare provided by the GIS
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsmain functions:main functions:• obtain or update their current state obtain or update their current state
(load, compute, infer, ask ....) from (load, compute, infer, ask ....) from information resourcesinformation resources (objects) (objects)
• report their current state to report their current state to clients clients (other objects, display clients: X-(other objects, display clients: X-Windows or http, hardcopy, etc.)Windows or http, hardcopy, etc.)
RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsmain functions:main functions:• obtain or update their current state obtain or update their current state
(load, compute, infer, ask ....) from (load, compute, infer, ask ....) from information resourcesinformation resources (objects) (objects)
• report their current state to report their current state to clients clients (other objects, display clients: X-(other objects, display clients: X-Windows or http, hardcopy, etc.)Windows or http, hardcopy, etc.)
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectseach class has a set of specific each class has a set of specific
attributes in a set of data structures attributes in a set of data structures and associated methods, defined in and associated methods, defined in a object class TEMPLATE.a object class TEMPLATE.
Objects inherit this structures and the Objects inherit this structures and the generic class properties upon generic class properties upon instantiation.instantiation.
RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectseach class has a set of specific each class has a set of specific
attributes in a set of data structures attributes in a set of data structures and associated methods, defined in and associated methods, defined in a object class TEMPLATE.a object class TEMPLATE.
Objects inherit this structures and the Objects inherit this structures and the generic class properties upon generic class properties upon instantiation.instantiation.
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects TEMPLATEs TEMPLATEs
• headerheader with name, ID, location, links to with name, ID, location, links to geographical objects, meta datageographical objects, meta data
• attributes attributes defined asdefined as– DESCRIPTORS (variables of the expert system)– lists and tables– time series– links
RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects TEMPLATEs TEMPLATEs
• headerheader with name, ID, location, links to with name, ID, location, links to geographical objects, meta datageographical objects, meta data
• attributes attributes defined asdefined as– DESCRIPTORS (variables of the expert system)– lists and tables– time series– links
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WaterWareWaterWareWaterWareWaterWare
• RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects attributesattributes can be can be • data stored with the objectsdata stored with the objects• methods that retrieve or generate methods that retrieve or generate
these data:these data:– DESCRIPTORS use the expert system– file references– embedded SQL– URLs for remote information sources.
• RiverBasinObjects RiverBasinObjects attributesattributes can be can be • data stored with the objectsdata stored with the objects• methods that retrieve or generate methods that retrieve or generate
these data:these data:– DESCRIPTORS use the expert system– file references– embedded SQL– URLs for remote information sources.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: methods include the displaymethods include the display
of the objectof the object
in hypertextin hypertext
multi-mediamulti-media
style.style.
subcatchments: subcatchments: methods include the displaymethods include the display
of the objectof the object
in hypertextin hypertext
multi-mediamulti-media
style.style.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments:
object display object display
includes a mapincludes a map
with a DEM ofwith a DEM of
the basin asthe basin as
part of anpart of an
embedded embedded
hypertext hypertext
display.display.
subcatchments: subcatchments:
object display object display
includes a mapincludes a map
with a DEM ofwith a DEM of
the basin asthe basin as
part of anpart of an
embedded embedded
hypertext hypertext
display.display.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties like landcover distribution andbasin properties like landcover distribution and
topography (elevation bands) are presented topography (elevation bands) are presented
in a graphical format as well as a list of numericalin a graphical format as well as a list of numerical
values that can be edited through the embedded values that can be edited through the embedded
expert system: expert system:
subcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties like landcover distribution andbasin properties like landcover distribution and
topography (elevation bands) are presented topography (elevation bands) are presented
in a graphical format as well as a list of numericalin a graphical format as well as a list of numerical
values that can be edited through the embedded values that can be edited through the embedded
expert system: expert system:
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties like landcover distribution andbasin properties like landcover distribution and
topography (elevation bands) are presented topography (elevation bands) are presented
in a graphical format as well as a list of numericalin a graphical format as well as a list of numerical
values that can be edited through the embedded values that can be edited through the embedded
expert system: expert system:
subcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties like landcover distribution andbasin properties like landcover distribution and
topography (elevation bands) are presented topography (elevation bands) are presented
in a graphical format as well as a list of numericalin a graphical format as well as a list of numerical
values that can be edited through the embedded values that can be edited through the embedded
expert system: expert system:
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties ca be defined both in basin properties ca be defined both in
numerical or symbolic terms, with the numerical or symbolic terms, with the symbols optionally linked to ranges (or symbols optionally linked to ranges (or distribution, fuzzy sets) of numericaldistribution, fuzzy sets) of numerical
parametersparameters
subcatchments: subcatchments: basin properties ca be defined both in basin properties ca be defined both in
numerical or symbolic terms, with the numerical or symbolic terms, with the symbols optionally linked to ranges (or symbols optionally linked to ranges (or distribution, fuzzy sets) of numericaldistribution, fuzzy sets) of numerical
parametersparameters
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: subcatchments: the main functional attribute of the subcatchment the main functional attribute of the subcatchment
object is its outflow, which feeds into a number object is its outflow, which feeds into a number of other models. This is computed, as a of other models. This is computed, as a function of the basin attributes, with the function of the basin attributes, with the dynamic (daily) rainfall-runoff model:dynamic (daily) rainfall-runoff model:
subcatchments: subcatchments: the main functional attribute of the subcatchment the main functional attribute of the subcatchment
object is its outflow, which feeds into a number object is its outflow, which feeds into a number of other models. This is computed, as a of other models. This is computed, as a function of the basin attributes, with the function of the basin attributes, with the dynamic (daily) rainfall-runoff model:dynamic (daily) rainfall-runoff model:
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Subcatchment ObjectSubcatchment ObjectSubcatchment ObjectSubcatchment Objectrainfall-runoff model:rainfall-runoff model: describes the describes the
outflow from a catchment as a function of outflow from a catchment as a function of
basin databasin data
(orography, soils (orography, soils
land cover,land cover,
drainage)drainage)
precipitation,precipitation,
temperature.temperature.
rainfall-runoff model:rainfall-runoff model: describes the describes the outflow from a catchment as a function of outflow from a catchment as a function of
basin databasin data
(orography, soils (orography, soils
land cover,land cover,
drainage)drainage)
precipitation,precipitation,
temperature.temperature.
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Subcatchment ObjectSubcatchment ObjectSubcatchment ObjectSubcatchment Objectrainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow, rainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow,
evapotranspiration, soil moisture,evapotranspiration, soil moisture, groundground waterwater storage,storage, againstagainst precipi-precipi- tation.tation.
rainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow, rainfall-runoff model output in terms of flow, evapotranspiration, soil moisture,evapotranspiration, soil moisture,
groundground waterwater storage,storage, againstagainst precipi-precipi- tation.tation.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectssubcatchments:subcatchments: are linked to related objects are linked to related objects
like measurement stations that also provide inputlike measurement stations that also provide input
for thefor the
models.models.
subcatchments:subcatchments: are linked to related objects are linked to related objects
like measurement stations that also provide inputlike measurement stations that also provide input
for thefor the
models.models.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
reservoirsreservoirs provide an input-output provide an input-output transformation of flows, can lead to transformation of flows, can lead to
water losseswater losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)
and can effectand can effect
water qualitywater quality
(eutrophication)(eutrophication)
reservoirsreservoirs provide an input-output provide an input-output transformation of flows, can lead to transformation of flows, can lead to
water losseswater losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)
and can effectand can effect
water qualitywater quality
(eutrophication)(eutrophication)
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsreservoir morphometry reservoir morphometry describes thedescribes the
relationship of storagerelationship of storage volume and surfacevolume and surface area to the surfacearea to the surface elevation; these dataelevation; these data determine the determine the storage behavior forstorage behavior for the water resourcesthe water resources model.model.
reservoir morphometry reservoir morphometry describes thedescribes the
relationship of storagerelationship of storage volume and surfacevolume and surface area to the surfacearea to the surface elevation; these dataelevation; these data determine the determine the storage behavior forstorage behavior for the water resourcesthe water resources model.model.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsreservoir water quality reservoir water quality constrains potentialconstrains potential
forms offorms of
water usewater use::
- drinking,- drinking,
- industrial,- industrial,
- irrigation,- irrigation,
impliesimplies
treatmenttreatment
costs.costs.
reservoir water quality reservoir water quality constrains potentialconstrains potential
forms offorms of
water usewater use::
- drinking,- drinking,
- industrial,- industrial,
- irrigation,- irrigation,
impliesimplies
treatmenttreatment
costs.costs.
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© K.Fedra 2000
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsreservoir water quality reservoir water quality can be analised can be analised
with lake water quality models or with thewith lake water quality models or with the
a rule-baseda rule-based
expert system.expert system.
reservoir water quality reservoir water quality can be analised can be analised with lake water quality models or with thewith lake water quality models or with the
a rule-baseda rule-based
expert system.expert system.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsreservoir water quality reservoir water quality can be analised can be analised
with lake water quality models or with thewith lake water quality models or with the
a rule-baseda rule-based
expert system.expert system.
reservoir water quality reservoir water quality can be analised can be analised with lake water quality models or with thewith lake water quality models or with the
a rule-baseda rule-based
expert system.expert system.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
irrigation districts irrigation districts can be major water usercan be major water user
in a river basin, with agricultural water demand in a river basin, with agricultural water demand
usually by farusually by far
exceedingexceeding
domestic anddomestic and
industrial use.industrial use.
irrigation districts irrigation districts can be major water usercan be major water user
in a river basin, with agricultural water demand in a river basin, with agricultural water demand
usually by farusually by far
exceedingexceeding
domestic anddomestic and
industrial use.industrial use.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsirrigation districtsirrigation districtssoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmissionsoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmissionlosses, and the local climate are the main factors losses, and the local climate are the main factors determining water determining water demands. demands. Satellite imagery canSatellite imagery can
provide up-to-dateprovide up-to-date
information on landuse,information on landuse,
cropping patterns, andcropping patterns, and
the state of crops.the state of crops.
irrigation districtsirrigation districtssoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmissionsoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmissionlosses, and the local climate are the main factors losses, and the local climate are the main factors determining water determining water demands. demands. Satellite imagery canSatellite imagery can
provide up-to-dateprovide up-to-date
information on landuse,information on landuse,
cropping patterns, andcropping patterns, and
the state of crops.the state of crops.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsirrigation districts: irrigation districts: key variableskey variables total areatotal area
crop distributioncrop distribution soil typessoil types irrigation technologyirrigation technology conveyance lossesconveyance losses groundwater tablegroundwater table precipitation, potential precipitation, potential evapotranspirationevapotranspiration
irrigation districts: irrigation districts: key variableskey variables total areatotal area
crop distributioncrop distribution soil typessoil types irrigation technologyirrigation technology conveyance lossesconveyance losses groundwater tablegroundwater table precipitation, potential precipitation, potential evapotranspirationevapotranspiration
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
irrigation districts:irrigation districts:
the main functional attribute is thethe main functional attribute is the
supplementary irrigation water supplementary irrigation water
demand. This can be estimated withdemand. This can be estimated with
models like the FAO CROPWAT.models like the FAO CROPWAT.
irrigation districts:irrigation districts:
the main functional attribute is thethe main functional attribute is the
supplementary irrigation water supplementary irrigation water
demand. This can be estimated withdemand. This can be estimated with
models like the FAO CROPWAT.models like the FAO CROPWAT.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
irrigation water demand estimation:irrigation water demand estimation:
computes thecomputes the
complementarycomplementary
irrigation waterirrigation water
demand for andemand for an
irrigation district.irrigation district.
irrigation water demand estimation:irrigation water demand estimation:
computes thecomputes the
complementarycomplementary
irrigation waterirrigation water
demand for andemand for an
irrigation district.irrigation district.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
treatment plants treatment plants provide input for the waterprovide input for the water
quality models (BOD quality models (BOD biological oxygen demand),biological oxygen demand),
solids,solids,
nutrientsnutrients
(phosphates,(phosphates,
nitrates).nitrates).
treatment plants treatment plants provide input for the waterprovide input for the water
quality models (BOD quality models (BOD biological oxygen demand),biological oxygen demand),
solids,solids,
nutrientsnutrients
(phosphates,(phosphates,
nitrates).nitrates).
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
RiverNetworks RiverNetworks consist ofconsist of
• the RiverNetwork (topology) itselfthe RiverNetwork (topology) itself
• RiverNodes (which are coupled to RiverNodes (which are coupled to RiverBasinObjects)RiverBasinObjects)
• RiverReachesRiverReaches
• CrossSectionsCrossSections
RiverNetworks RiverNetworks consist ofconsist of
• the RiverNetwork (topology) itselfthe RiverNetwork (topology) itself
• RiverNodes (which are coupled to RiverNodes (which are coupled to RiverBasinObjects)RiverBasinObjects)
• RiverReachesRiverReaches
• CrossSectionsCrossSections
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
RiverNetworks RiverNetworks provide the provide the • geometry (link to the GIS) geometry (link to the GIS) • linkage to the RiverBasinObjects linkage to the RiverBasinObjects as functional elements for the as functional elements for the • water resources models• water quality models.
RiverNetworks RiverNetworks provide the provide the • geometry (link to the GIS) geometry (link to the GIS) • linkage to the RiverBasinObjects linkage to the RiverBasinObjects as functional elements for the as functional elements for the • water resources models• water quality models.
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
RiverNetworks RiverNetworks have both ahave both a
• generic (physical) representation generic (physical) representation – geographic representation
– schematic representation
• model specific (extended) representation that includes model parameters and data requirements.
RiverNetworks RiverNetworks have both ahave both a
• generic (physical) representation generic (physical) representation – geographic representation
– schematic representation
• model specific (extended) representation that includes model parameters and data requirements.
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River NetworkRiver NetworkRiver NetworkRiver Network
schematic representation of theschematic representation of the networknetwork as a as a directed directed graph graph with with arcs and arcs and nodesnodes
schematic representation of theschematic representation of the networknetwork as a as a directed directed graph graph with with arcs and arcs and nodesnodes
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RiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjectsRiverBasinObjects
Models Models can operate on the schematic can operate on the schematic layer, which is linked back to the layer, which is linked back to the physical GIS layer of map overlays physical GIS layer of map overlays through the georeferenced through the georeferenced RiverBasinObjects: RiverBasinObjects: water resources water resources model, water quality modelmodel, water quality model
or directly on the physical GIS layer: or directly on the physical GIS layer: groundwater model.groundwater model.
Models Models can operate on the schematic can operate on the schematic layer, which is linked back to the layer, which is linked back to the physical GIS layer of map overlays physical GIS layer of map overlays through the georeferenced through the georeferenced RiverBasinObjects: RiverBasinObjects: water resources water resources model, water quality modelmodel, water quality model
or directly on the physical GIS layer: or directly on the physical GIS layer: groundwater model.groundwater model.
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