new immigrants 1800 – 1880: more than 10 million immigrants came to the u.s. 1880 – 1920: 18...
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New Immigrants 1800 – 1880: more than 10 million immigrants came
to the U.S. 1880 – 1920: 18 million immigrants came to the U.S.
from southern and eastern Europe (escaping religious persecution, poverty, little economic opportunity)
Ellis Island and Angel Island
Immigrants flee Russian pogroms
Chinese Exclusion Act Emma Lazarus “The New Colossus” Immigration reaches its peak
Reactions to Immigrants
Americanization
Saw immigrants as a threat Blamed for increase in crime, poverty,
and unemployment (felt they took American jobs)
An attempt to make immigrants assimilate, or “blend in”
1. Banned immigration
2. Immigrants were barred from becoming citizens3. Students had to attend separate schools
4. Were taught English literacy skills
Results of the
Results of theDillingham
Dillingham Commission
Commission
New technology led production to skyrocket. Streetcars Subways Automobiles Airplanes Telegraph Telephone Typewriter Steel Railroads Light bulb/Thomas Edison
Oil Mid-1800s: People began to refine oil
found in lakes, oceans, etc. for every-day uses Steel
Bessemer process: Made steel-making faster and cheaper
Transcontinental Railroad
Pros• Rapid industrial growth
• More consumer goods• Mass entertainment/leisure opportunities
• Increasing wealth
• Opportunities for employment
• New inventions and technologies
Cons• Poverty
• Crime increases• Bigger gaps between incomes (“rich got
rich, poor got poorer”)
• Ethnic divisions and discrimination
• Exploitation of Labor
• Public Health Issues
How different classes lived The Wealthy
Made money in business or industry “Captains of Industry”; “Robber Barons”
Showed off wealth by building fancy homes The Biltmore The Middle Class
Corporate employees Professionals
teachers, engineers, lawyers, and doctors The working Class
Poor Lived in Tenements
1. Identify one reason immigrants came to the U.S. from 1880 to 1920.2. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?3. Why did nativists resent the influx of immigrants coming to the
U.S.?4. EXPLAIN one positive effect of industrial growth.5. EXPLAIN one negative effect of industrial growth.6. Identify one “captain of industry”/”robber baron” and his
contribution to the growth of industry in the late 1800s/early 1900s.7. What were tenements? Describe the conditions if you were to live
in one.8. Who was Jane Addams? What was her contribution to the time
period?9. What was the Social Gospel Movement?
Christians should apply and use religion to solve social problems.
The Social Gospel Movement
You expressed your faith through doing good works.
Founders believed in the Social Gospel Movement
The Settlement House Movement
A new approach to helping people overcome poverty
The Settlement House Movement (cont’d)
Volunteers offered immigrants services Teaching English Job training Clubs sports
1st settlement house in America Chicago – 1889 – Jane Addams The Hull House Followed with houses in Virginia (1st one for African
Americans), New York City, etc…400 in the U.S. by 1910
By 1920, most of the population lives in cities.
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives
Knights of Labor – Uriah Stevens
Andrew Carnegie
Great Railway Strike of 1877
Rockefeller – Standard Oil Company Corporate consolidation
United all “producers” and pushed for 8-hr work day, end of child labor, better pay, and better working conditions
Carnegie Steel lowered price of steel, making it easier to build buildings and bridges, but also lowered workers’ pay
Railway workers’ pay was cut; 1st major railway strike in U.S. First federal trademark law = brand
names
American Federation of Labor – Samuel Gompers Became the largest labor union by allowing those
working immigrants to be members
Haymarket Riot
Homestead Steel Strike
Economic depression of 1893 Pullman Strike – George Pullman
Anthracite Coal Strike Industrial Workers of the World Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Workers were protesting. Bomb was thrown at police, who were trying to break up the protest. Several police and civilians were killed.
Iron and steel workers protested against lower pay at Carnegie Steel; 10 deaths
Workers at Pullman Palace Car Company walk out after pay was lowered. Government was afraid this would slow/stop railroads, so soldiers were sent in and boycott activities were banned.
Free Enterprise/Capitalism
Social Darwinism
New types of businesses emerged. Corporation Trust
Businesses were like nature: only the strongest survived.
Businesses are privately-owned. No government interference = “laissez
faire”
Rich got rich, poor got poorer
Unions Workers organized and united to fight for
better pay, working conditions, end of child labor, shorter work days, equal pay for equal work, etc. The Great Railroad Strike
Pittsburgh 1877 Railroad workers protested against cut
wages
Poll tax
Voting
Literacy test
Jim Crow Laws
Plessy vs. Ferguson Lynching
Murder by an individual or mob (group of people)
Many African Americans could not
afford these; therefore, they couldn’t vote
Segregation in public places
Intellectual and Social Trends Advertising grows and a consumer culture is
created. Ladies’ Home Journal and Sears Roebuck catalog Women’s roles shift from producer to consumer
Progress and Poverty written by Henry George in 1879. Poverty is not inevitable, but is the result of
limitations placed on individuals From 1880s on, new patterns of family life and
childhood emerge. Women and children = private sphere of home Men = public sphere of work
Boss Politics – a boss holds power over a political region James A Farler and Boss Tweed
Social Darwinism, from the 1880s on is the belief that competition drives the individual. Survival of the fittest
Dynamic Sociology written in 1883 by Lester Ward. States that poverty can be eliminated through social intervention. Goes against belief of Social Darwinism
Carnegie publishes Gospel of Wealth in 1889. Says accumulation of massive wealth is good for society.
Edward Bellamy writes Looking Backward in 1888. Says a socialist utopia is possible in the US
1890’s Sherman Anti-Trust Act made monopolies illegal.
Beginning in the 1890s, new patterns of leisure, mass culture and entertainment emerge Baseball, football, amusement parks,
magazines
In 1893, the Columbian Exposition, AKA World’s Fair, opens in Chicago New technologies, debut of consumer
goods
Vaudeville gains popularity from 1900-1910. Form of entertainment including musicians,
comics, dancers, magicians, and animals 1915’s Birth of a Nation released, directed by DW
Griffith. Depicts African Americans in a negative way. Shows Ku Klux Klan as heroes Looks at experiences during Reconstruction. Results in rise of KKK, causes race riots
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