nominal ordinal interval ratio nominal – a, b, c, or 1, 2, 3 ex: 1 = boys, 2 = girls; 1 = in...
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Measurement and Assessment of Research Results
Four Levels or Scales of Measurement
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
Four Levels or Scales of Measurement
Nominal – A, B, C, or 1, 2, 3 EX: 1 = boys, 2 = girls; 1 = in sports, 2 = not in sports; 1 = reduced lunch, 2 = not reduced lunch 1 = freshmen, 2 = sophomores, 3 = juniors, 4 =
seniors 1 = American, 2 = Canadian, 3 = Mexican 1 = experimental group, 2 = control group
Four Levels or Scales of Measurement
Ordinal – Rank from first to last, best to worst. Items are ranked, but the distance between them is unknown and variable.
EX: 1st in class, 2nd in class, 3rd in class 1st place in race, 2nd place, 3rd place No. #1 song, #2 song, #3 song Valedictorian, Salutatorian
Four Levels or Scales of Measurement
Interval – Rank with equal intervals or distance between numbers; lacks an absolute-zero point
EX: A students, B students, C students, D students Fahrenheit, Celsius, IQ,
Four Levels or Scales of Measurement
Ratio – Has all the properties of nominal, ordinal, interval scales plus an absolute-zero point EX: A test where someone could miss all
answers (number of right answers could equal zero)
Annual income, height, weight, response time
Other terms
Testing and assessment Testing – measuring variables with a device Assessment – gathering and integrating data –
tests, interviews, observations – to make an evaluation
Traits and States Traits – long-term characteristics
Free-floating anxiety States – short-term characteristics
Situational anxiety
Identifying a good test or assessment procedure - Reliability and Validity
Reliability – if the student takes the same test multiple times, does he get nearly identical scores Test + retest has pollutants. Familiarity with the
test if the time is too short, growth of the individual if the time is too long
Identifying a good test or assessment procedure - Reliability and Validity
Split-Half Reliability – split the test in twoEx: odd questions vs even
questions, first 25 questions vs next 25 questions
Identifying a good test or assessment procedure - Reliability and Validity
Validity – Does the test support the actions we take based on the scores
Does it test for the traits we were researching? Gathering evidence supporting the score inference
EX: IQ of 130 assures success in college; if many show IQ of 130, but fail college, test may lack validity
EX: High scores on algebra aptitude test imply success in algebra class; use validity coefficient or expectancy data to determine. Kids fail algebra, problem with test
Achievement vs Aptitude tests
Achievement tests measure degree of learning after a person has been exposed to a specific learning experience
Aptitude tests measure broader learning based on information acquired through a lifetime of learning
Additional examples of Expectancy Data = Aptitude Tests
SAT for college bound imply they will succeed
CSAT for teachers imply they will succeed LSAT for law students imply they will
succeed MCAT for medical students imply they wil
succeed
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