s.a. was colonized by the dutch in the 1600’s british in the 1700 and 1800’s the dutch moved...

Apartheid in South Africa

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Why was S. A. Colonized?

S.A. was colonized by the Dutch in the 1600’s British in the 1700 and 1800’s The Dutch moved north and established areas outside

British control Boer Wars in 1900, Brits takeover – SA is British colony. SA achieves independence from Brits in 1931

South Africa Under British Rule

Gandhi in SA 1893 -1915 Challenged pass laws

discrimination Led protests, strikes,

demonstrations Mobilized Indian

community

Ownership of land by blacks is restricted Segregation is practiced informally “Pass laws” control movement of native people Afrikaners and Brits agree on “white power”

The Afrikaner National Party Gains Control

Dominate political party in S.A. from 1948

Set up Apartheid to strip power from all non-whites in S.A.

Made sure economic power was taken away as well

Party disbanded in 2005

Bantu Authorities Act

Set up as “Homelands” for blacks in S.A.

These were “independent” black nations within S.A.

Blacks were stripped of their S.A. citizenship and voting rights

“Townships”

Illegal black settlements near cities

Tolerated because economy depended on cheap black labor

High poverty High crime

Day to Day Living With Apartheid

Non-Whites couldn’t own or operate businesses in white areas

Transportation and civil facilities were segregated

Blacks couldn’t work or live in white areas without permission and a passbook

Passbooks were not given to spouses or children, this forced families to split up

Police vans patrolled the streets for blacks to deport to the Bantustans

Hospitals were segregated and whites had better care

Continued

Schools for blacks were given 10% of the money as schools for whites

Education for blacks only covered basic skills.

Chance for a college education was limited

Beaches and swimming pools were segregated. No pools for blacks

Blacks couldn’t hire whites, and black police couldn’t arrest whites

Churches, movies, toilets, parks, ect were segregated

African National Congress

Lead the resistance to Apartheid

Formed strikes, protests and marches

Sharpeville 1960 - Police open fire on peaceful protest killing 60

S.A. forced the ANC underground in the early 60’s

This lead to the ANC using violence as a tactic

Sharpeville Massacre 1960

The Jailing and Rise of Mandela

Major leader of the ANC

He was put in jail for life in 1964

He was freed in the early 1990’s and became the 1st president of S.A. after Apartheid was dismantled

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S.A.POLICE IN THE TOWNSHIPS

Soweto Uprisings 1976

The white govt. passed a law requiring the Afrikaans language to be used in all schools, both black and white

There were protests by students and the police shot 16 of them to death

This lead to riots and the death of Steven Biko.

Steven Biko

Biko was an anti-Apartheid activistWho died in police custody in 1977.He is seen as a hero in the struggleAgainst Apartheid. He was beaten so badly, he went into a coma. The police left him to dieHis family was paid $25 grand as compensation

Whites and Apartheid

Roughly 15% - 20% of whites opposed Apartheid and voted for liberal political parties

“Banning”- Those who opposed gov’t policy were put under house arrest. Could not communicate with the outside world

International Response 1962-UN condemns

Apartheid

1970’s Investors boycott S.A. Arms Embargo Olympic team is

banned

1980’s USA and G.B. agree to economic sanctions against S.A.

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Reagan & Thatcher

Both saw S.A. as a buffer against communism in Africa

Preferred “constructive engagement” not sanctions Maggie claimed the ANC was a “terrorist”

organization

The Beginning of the End

Many companies refused to deal with S.A. The US Congress passed sanctions overriding Reagan’s

veto Musicians recorded and anti-Apartheid record and

boycotted playing in the country The end of the Cold War made the threat of communism

less real

Reaction of the White Govt.

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Violence spread, including the practice of placing burning tires around the necks of blacks who “collaborated” with the whites

Neo-Nazi groups advocated killing blacks

The ANC approved more bombings

Many black townships refused to cooperate with the gov.t and large numbers of troops were brought in

Collapse

The country became ungovernable The S.A. President said the nation must change A whites only referendum called for change In 1990, President DeKlerk made his unbanning speech that

announced and end of discriminatory laws and made the ANC legal. Mandela was also let out of jail

In 1993 a new constitution that ended all forms of apartheid was put into place

Controls industry, limits supply, creates demand

Blood Diamonds “conflict diamonds” - Diamonds

mined in a war zone and sold to finance the civil wars or the activities of a warlord

Charles Taylor of Liberia supported rebels in Sierra Leone in exchange for diamonds to conduct a civil war in his own country.

UN Sanctions, prosecutions and diamond industry working to stop this practice

A New Nation

The nation got a new flag and anthem

There were peaceful democratic elections that included all races

The ANC became the main party in S.A.

Mandela was elected President of S.A

Both he and DeKlerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

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Truth and Reconciliation

Truth and Reconciliation Commission It was a chance for victims of oppression and oppressors

to air grievances and amend for mistakes It helped the put aside the past and move forward as a

nation Critics said it let off the guilty with little or no punishment

The Reality of Change 90% of the poor in S.A. are black Affirmative action HIV (1 in 7 infected) Crime and gang violence Rape at epidemic rates

Still, there has been progress and S.A. showed that a nation can change.

CRIME Stalls Progress in South Africa

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Building a New Image

The African UnionSouth Africa has taken a leadership role in the

region.