stems from protestant reformation henry viii had two daughters ◦ mary [bloody mary] (catholic)...
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Spanish Armada
Stems from Protestant Reformation
Henry VIII had two daughters◦ Mary [Bloody Mary] (Catholic)◦ Elizabeth (Anglican)
King Phillip II of Spain was married to Mary, Queen of England◦ They were co-monarchs over England
People feared Spain would control England
◦ Returned England back to Catholicism Mary dies, Elizabeth becomes
Queen
Background
Elizabeth makes the Church of England Anglican again◦ Phillip II thinks she is a heretic
Dutch revolt in the Spanish Netherlands◦ Protestants revolting against Catholic Spain◦ Elizabeth supported the revolt
Francis Drake and his “sea-dogs”◦ Pirates looting the treasures of Spanish trade ships coming back
from the New World◦ Elizabeth makes Francis a knight (now Sir Francis Drake)
Elizabeth executes Mary Queen of Scots◦ Mary had promised to give Phillip the English throne if she
became Queen Phillip II plans to have her overthrown
◦ Supported by the Pope; called it a “crusade”
Bad Blood
Spanish for “naval fleet”◦ 130 ships◦ 8,000 sailors◦ 18,000 soldiers
To set sail from Portugal 30,000 Spanish soldiers in the Netherlands
◦ were to be picked up to be taken to lead a land invasion of England Original experienced commander, Santa Cruz, died
◦ Replaced by an wealthy and experienced army general He had never been on a boat before
The Armada
Outnumbered Spanish ships 200-130◦ They were smaller more maneuverable ships
Half of the firepower of Spain◦ Far less cannons
Led by Sir Francis Drake◦ A pirate
English Force
Mostly a testing out period◦ Spain had advantage in close
fighting More powerful cannons Would use grappling hooks to board
the enemy ships and fight hand-to-hand
◦ England kept their distance No ships were destroyed
◦ Besides two Spanish ships that crashed into each other
◦ Drake snuck off at night to loot these two ships Ended up learning that due to space,
Spain could not reload their cannons
1st Battle
The Armada anchored off the coast of the Netherlands to pick up troops
Problems:◦ Troops were not equipped and ready◦ No deep-water port, and no small boats
Nobody could actually pick up the troops
Trouble Picking up the Troops
Armada was anchored at sea in a tight group
England sacrifices eight ships, sets them on fire, and sent them sailing towards the Armada
Few Spanish ships burned◦ But did have to cut anchor
and flee in separate directions
England had now broken up the Armada’s formation
England Takes Advantage
English ships singled off Spanish ships◦ Provoked Spanish fire◦ Then swarm in close and unleash multiple shots
English run out of ammo◦ Start using chains
Only 5 Spanish ships are destroyed
◦ Forced Spain to leave the troops in Netherlandsbehind
Battle of Gravelines
Water and food went bad◦ Stored in bad barrels
Spanish were suffering from thirst and exhaustion
Ships were falling apart◦ Some were kept together by having their hulls
bundled up with cables Only option…head for home
◦ English blocked the channel Spain had to sail the long way around England
The War Drags On…
Gulf Stream blows them further East than intended◦ Makes the trip even longer
Armada gets hit by a storm off the coast of Ireland◦ Ships can’t anchor…◦ At mercy of the gale force winds◦ Many crash into the rocks
More lost due to storms than battle
More Troubles for Spain
Spanish◦ 8,000 dead◦ 63 ships sunk
England◦ 50 to 100 dead◦ 0 ships sunk
In the End
Gave heart and hope to Protestant cause◦ God was behind them◦ Commemorative Medals:
“He blew with His winds, and they were scattered”
England was now a major naval power after defeating the mighty Spanish navy◦ Opened up the Atlantic for other countries to settle
the New World
Significance
Jamestown-1607◦ Poor location, lack of skilled workers and harsh
winters killed many of the original settlers◦ Capture Native princess, Pocahontas
Take her to England where she is a celebrity Gets more people interested in the New World
◦ The growing of tobacco eventually supports the colonies economy No more starving
England’s first Colonies
Plymouth- 1620◦ Puritans fleeing religious persecution
Were in Netherlands but worried about loss of culture◦ Also struggled in the first year
Many die first winter◦ Squanto a native who used to live in England and
knew English walks up on their settlement one day Teaches them how to farm
◦ By fall, the settlers have three storage sheds of extra food Decide to have the natives over for a party
The first Thanksgiving
England’s First Colonies
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