© t. m. whitmore today migration continued mexico – us example remittances rural to rural...
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© T. M. Whitmore
TODAY
•Migration continued
•Mexico – US example
•Remittances
•Rural to rural migrationRural to urban migration
•Social GeographiesWealth & incomeSocial development indicators
© T. M. Whitmore
Example of International migration: Mexicans to US
•Spatial patterns of migration
•Issue of remittances
© T. M. Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
Remittances-a global phenomena
•They are monies sent by workers in the more industrial countries to their homes in the global “south”
•~ 150 million migrants sent > US$ 300 billion globally in 2006
© T. M. Whitmore
Remittances to LA•About 30 million Latin American
migrants living in the United States & EuropeSend ~ US$68 billion to their
families annually! Average remittance per migrant ~
US$2,100
•Average per capita remittance ~ 20% of average per capita GDP
•15 of 38 in LA countries receive > US$ 1 b
© T. M. Whitmore
Remittance Origins in US•Top US sending states = CA, NY, FL,
IL, NJ (all over $1 billion annually)•N C over $800 million annually• Immigrants in US have total incomes
~ US$ 500 bAbout 10% of that is sent home but
90% is spent in the US locality •~ 60 of remittance senders are
“working poor” or lower middle class (incomes < $30k) – but most think economic life in US is good
© T. M. Whitmore
How is money sent?• Most send to their families through
international money transfer companies.These are costly: fees can run to 6-7% or
more (but these are low by global standards)
• Fewer than 50% of Latin Americans have bank accounts here or in home countriesThus some use professional viajeros
(travelers)• Agencies are now competing
IADB working to reduce fees and bottlenecks
In Durham, NC the Latino Community Credit Union charges from $6-10
© T. M. Whitmore
Remittance destinations in LA•Countries where remittances ~ 10%
of total country GDP Grenada ~31%Honduras ~25%El Salvador ~24%Haiti ~21%Dominican Republic ~18%Jamaica ~18%Nicaragua ~15%Belize ~11%Guatemala ~10%
© T. M. Whitmore
Remittances to LA & C•Exceed the combined flows of all
Foreign Direct Investment and net Official Development Assistance
•Flows substantially exceed tourism income to each country & almost always exceed the largest export
•Overall remittances ~13% of the value of all exports
•Large percentages (> 15%) of the adult population in many countries receive remittances
© T. M. Whitmore
Scale of remittance flows•Remittances to Mexico ~US$24
billionGreater than the country's total
tourism incomeGreater than 2/3 of the value of
petroleum exportsAbout equal to 180% of the
country's agricultural exports.
© T. M. Whitmore
Spending Remittances
•Vast majority spent on household expensesRural residents get ~ 1/3 of all
remittancesInvestments in real estate (houses)
increasing Also investments in small business
ventures
© T. M. Whitmore
Consequences & Issues•Social consequences to the Latin
American migrant workers’ familiesAbout 1/3 are undocumented thus
Visits home are fewWages and working conditions may be poor
Families are divided• Impacts in Latin America
Is this development or dependency?How many participate, does it
increase or decrease equity?
Global Totals:~$US 301 billion
Source: © IADB
Remittances: The Human Face of Globalization
Quiroga, Mexico
© Thomas Whitmore
Source: © IADB
$1.2 b
$13.2 b
$5.2 b
$3.7 b
2006 estimates-note big increases
© Thomas Whitmore
Source: © IADB
Source: © IADB
© Thomas Whitmore
Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador© Brad Jokish
© Thomas Whitmore
© Thomas Whitmore
© Thomas Whitmore
© Thomas Whitmore
© T. M. Whitmore
Migration: rural => rural
•From densely settled highlands to sparsely settled lowlands
Andean to AmazoniaAndean to coastCentral American
•From densely settled NE Brazil and S cities to Amazonia
•Also temporary r -> r circulation
•Myriad of interacting factors “driving” migration
Amazonia
© David Carr
Sugar mill in S coastal Guatemala
© T. M. Whitmore
4th type: rural => urban migration
•What is it? Rural to urban migration => permanent change of residence
•Why migrate? “Push” and “Pull” forcesEconomic welfareSocial welfare Other factors
© T. M. Whitmore
Economic pushes & pulls•Lack of land
•Few non-farm opportunities
•Little upward mobility
•Development => fewer rural jobs & jobs with less dignity
•New jobs have less autonomy
•Strategy of family income diversification
© T. M. Whitmore
Social (pushes & pulls)•Education
•Health care access
© T. M. Whitmore
Other (pushes & pulls)
•Environmental
•Violence
•Individual factors
© T. M. Whitmore
Who migrates?•Age
•Gender
•Marital status
•Education level
•Personal
•Ethnicity
© T. M. Whitmore
How do migrants move?
•Migration patterns Role of information Role of social networksRole of “steps”Role of distance and costs
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development: Wealth
•Average wealth in GDP (in PPP)/capita
•World ~ $9,940Lesser developed ~ $4,760-5,480
•USA ~ $44,260
© T. M. Whitmore
Social Geography & Development: Wealth II
•LA ~ $8,630
•Extremes of GDP/capita in LA (< $5,000)Low
Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala Jamaica, Haiti (<$1,500!)Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay
> LA average GDP/capita (> $8,500)Costa Rica, MexicoArgentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay
© T. M. Whitmore
Percent population living on <$2/day
•World average > 50%
•Latin American average ~ 24%Countries with > 30%
Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador,
Jamaica, Haiti, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay
Countries with fewer than LA averageCosta Rica, MexicoArgentina, Brazil, Uruguay Chile
GDP/capita
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth distribution I•USA
Richest 20% have 40% of all incomePoorest 20% have 5% 65% in middle class
•GINI coefficientsUSA ~ 41Mexico ~46Bolivia ~60Brazil ~56Guatemala ~60
© T. M. Whitmore
Wealth distribution II•Latin America
Richest 20% have 50-65% of all income
Poorest 20% have 2-5%30% in the middleCountries with top 20% with more
than 50% of all incomeBrazil, Panama, Costa Rica, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela
•Changing over time
•Varies within countries
GINI coefficients
© T. M. Whitmore
Social development indicators
•The Human Development Index
•Safe water access
•Population to hospital bed ratio
•% of children < age 5 underweight
•Overall worst levels of human developmentBolivia; Ecuador; Paraguay; PeruEl Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras;
NicaraguaDominican Republic; Haiti
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