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EMF Policies, Standards and Research Activities in KoreaEMF Policies, Standards and Research Activities in Korea
Oct. 29, 2001
Jeong-Ki Pack
Chungnam National University, KOREA
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Contents
Public Concerns and Risk Communication Efforts
EMF Organizations
EMF Policies
EMF Standards
Research Activities
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Public Concerns
Public concerns associated with power lines, mobile phones
and base stations are increasing continuously each year
Number of Petitions in 2000
Power lines : 120
Base stations : 152
A number of persons appeal that they are suffering from EMF
hypersensitivity. Some of them are very severe.
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Risk Communication Efforts
Publication of Booklets on EMF
Questions & Answers on :
Characteristics of EMF, Interaction mechanisms
Health effects, Research activities and results
Protection guidelines, etc.
Three kinds of booklets were published up to now.
Operation of EMF Website
Homepage of “EMF Bioeffect Committee”
Contains information on EMF health issues and linked to relevant sites.
Need more comprehensive contents and more frequent update.
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GovernmentGovernment
Ministry of Information and Communication
Ministry of Information and Communication
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Environment
Radio Research Lab.
Radio Research Lab.
Ministry of Commerce, Industry
and Energy
Ministry of Commerce, Industry
and Energy
Director General for Energy Industry –
Electric Power Industry Division
Director General for Energy Industry –
Electric Power Industry Division
Air Quality Management Bureau
– Noise, Vibration and Dust Division
Air Quality Management Bureau
– Noise, Vibration and Dust Division
Radio & Broadcasting Bureau – Radio
Management Dept.
Radio & Broadcasting Bureau – Radio
Management Dept.
EMF Organizations
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Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute
National Institute of Environment
Research
National Institute of Environment
Research
Korea Instituteof Electrical Engineers
Korea Instituteof Electrical Engineers
Korea Electric Power Research
Institute
Korea Electric Power Research
Institute
Korea Electrotechnology Institute
Korea Electrotechnology Institute
Research InstitutesResearch Institutes
Korea Electromagnetics Engineering Soci
ety
Korea Electromagnetics Engineering Soci
ety
EMF Organizations (continued)
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EMF Organizations (continued)
Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC)
Supports EMF researches(mainly MF and RF)
Prepares and publishes regulations for EMF exposure limits and measurement methods
Supports International EMF Project
Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MCIE), Ministry of Environment (ME)
Supports ELF researches only
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EMF Policies
Adoption of National Guidelines
Article 47-2 of the “Radio Wave Act” in Korea was revised and proclaimed in January 2000.
MIC of Korean government announced officially four ordinances in January 2001:
Guidelines for human protection from EMF exposure
Guidelines for measurement of electromagnetic field
Guidelines for measurement of SAR
Installations and devices to which the exposure limits apply
Will be in effective from January 1, 2002.
The ordinances for mobile phone will be mandatory, but others are just recommendations.
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EMF Policies (continued)
New Mobile-Phone Policies
SAR values of mobile phones currently on market will be measured, and the results will be published by the end of this year.
A mandatory rule to restrict the use of mobile phones in moving vehicles has been adopted.
Motorists should use hands-free devices while driving from Nov. 1, 2001.
Mobile phones must comply with SAR limits from Jan. 1, 2002.
Certifications will be issued by RRL(Radio Research Lab.)
Compliance tests can be performed at laboratories approved by government.
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EMF Policies (continued)
Main Principle of EMF Policies
Precautionary principle is not adopted yet, but it will be considered carefully if the method of implementation is well established.
Only the well-established scientific results will be taken into account for guidelines.
If new scientific evidences are found, or if EHC’s of WHO for ELF and RF are published, guidelines for exposure limits will be revised properly.
Korean government will make efforts for international harmonization of guidelines.
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EMF Standards
Exposure Limits for EMF Intensities
Regulate maximum permissible level of electric field, magnetic field, or power density, generated by stationary installations, appliances, etc.
Frequency range: 0 – 300 GHz
Two-tier standard: General public/Workers
Exceptions:
Mobile radio stations
Installations operated in an emergency or a natural disaster
Facilities installed in the area such as mountains where the general public do not enter frequently
Low-power devices
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EMF Standards (continued)
Exposure Limits for EMF Intensities (continued)
Closely follows the ICNIRP guideline
Limits for induced current, contact current, and pulsed EMF are not included.
Exposure Limit for SAR
Regulates maximum permissible level of SAR in local exposure environments.
Frequency range: 100 kHz – 10 GHz
One-tier standard: General public only
Applies only to mobile phones.
The IEEE/ANSI guideline was adopted
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Research Activities
Research Funds
MIC launched a 5-year EMF research project in 2000:
Funded by the government and mobile-phone companies
Budget amounts to 10.9 billion won(about $ 8.5 million) for 5 years
(billion won)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total
Government 0.8 1.7 2.3 2.3 2.3 9.4
Mobile-phone company
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.5
Total 1.1 2.0 2.6 2.6 2.6 10.9
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Research Activities (continued)
Research Funds (continued)
MIC launched a 5-year EMF research project in 2000 (continued)
Epidemiological studies, in vivo and in vitro studies for MF and RF exposure, as well as dosimetry and other engineering studies
Collaborating organizations: KEES, RRL, ETRI
ME and MCIE also support several ELF research projects:
Collaborating organizations: KEPCO, KEI, KRICT, KIEE, NIER
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Research Activities (continued)
In vivo Studies
ELF-I: Mice(BALB/c) were exposed to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fie
lds up to 3 generations
For the exposure levels of the ICNIRP guideline, there was no significant
health effect.
For higher exposure level(30 kV/m, 1.5 mT), congenital abnormalities wer
e observed and possible adverse effects on immune system and reprodu
ction function were found.
ELF-2: Rat(Sprague-Dawley) were exposed to 60 Hz magnetic field d
uring pregnancy to examine teratogenesis(malformation upon gesta
tional age)
Malformation was not observed up to the exposure level of 500 μT.
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Research Activities (continued)
In vivo Studies (continued)
MF: In vivo study of mice exposed to sawtooth magnetic fields of 20 kHz is on-going and will be continued until 2002, in order to investigate the effects on subacute toxicity, malformation upon gestational age and carcinogenic effects.
RF: In vivo study of mice(normal and transgenic) exposed to electromagnetic fields of 848.5 MHz and 1762.5 MHz is scheduled for next year(Exposure systems are currently under development).
The main objective is to examine stress responses, effects on immune function and DNA synthesis rate for short-term exposure, and effects on tumorigenesis and immune function, cytopathological effects for long-term exposure.
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Research Activities (continued)
In vitro Studies
RF: Human cells(T lymphomia cell, fibroblast cell) and mouse cells
(T cell hybridoma, fibroblast cell) were exposed to electromagnetic f
ields of 848.5 MHz and 1762.5 MHz for 12hrs, in order to investigate
cell proliferation and destruction, cell transformations, chromatic ab
errations, alterations in gene expression and stress responses.
For the exposure level up to 75 W/kg, no direct short-term effect on chro
mosome was observed, but stress response and reversible suppression
of cell growth were observed.
Long-term exposure study is on-going and will be continued next ye
ar.
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Research Activities (continued)
In vitro Studies (continued)
MF: In vitro study for sawtooth magnetic fields of 20 kHz is planned
for next year, in order to investigate mechanisms for initiation and p
romotion of cancer and other effects.
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Research Activities (continued)
Epidemiological Studies
A study of cancers(leukemia, malignant lymphoma, brain tumor, breast cancer) for the residents near high power AM transmission stations was performed last year(geographical correlation study), and it is continued this year(case-control study).
Among ten exposed areas, two areas were showed significantly higher rate of incidence for leukemia and brain tumor compared to control areas.
As a pilot study for health effects of mobile-phone use, a cross-sectional symptom survey was conducted last year, and will be continued next year.
No statistical correlation was found for brain cancer and breast cancer, but a clear statistical correlation between woman thyroid cancer and mobile phone use was observed.
Dose-response relations were observed for symptoms like dizziness, nausea, eye pain, ear symptom, fatigue, heat sensation, etc.
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Research Activities (continued)
Volunteer Studies
EEG test was performed for 16 physically and mentally healthy male volunteers to investigate possible correlation between function of human brain and mobile phone use.
No significant difference was found between exposed group and control group
Further investigation are required and study for larger group of volunteers may be needed.
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Research Activities (continued)
Dosimetry
Exposure systems for in vivo and in vitro studies
Exposure assessments for epidemiological studies(measurement and numerical studies)
High resolution numerical phantom model for human head and whole body
Analysis of SAR and modeling of temperature rise in human head resulting from RF exposure
SAR measurement systems(E-field probe, 5-axis robot and measurement control SW), and measurement methods
Measurement and modeling of dielectric properties of phathological tissues
Numerical modeling of induced current due to ELF exposure
Uncertainty analysis for SAR measurement
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Research Activities (continued)
Other Engineering Studies
SAR reduction techniques for mobile phones
Mn-Zn ferrite bead inside of the helical coil of mobile-phone antenna
Array of conventional helical-coil antenna
Plane patch antenna
Several other techniques
Measurement of EMF’s from appliances, broadcasting stations, base stations, radars, power lines, medical equipments, industrial equipments
EMF levels were fairly or far below guidelines, except induction heater, MRI equipment , a few of broadcasting stations, old power lines, low-quality electrical blankets
Characterization of pulsed and near-field EMF, and studies on measurement methods
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Conclusions
EMF studies were started in late 90’s, but current research activities are quite active, especially in dosimetry and SAR reduction technology.
Five-year research project has been launched in 2000, and EMF researches become well organized with the embarkment of the Korea EMF Project.
Guidelines for exposure limits and measurement methods are announced, and SAR of mobile phones will be regulated from Jan. 1, 2002.
Facilities generating EMF will also be regulated in the near future, and exposure limits will be revised if new scientific evidences are found.
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