05 excavators (1)
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CE403Construction Methodology
ExcavatorsShovels, Draglines,Hoes, andClamshells
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL8Oymr5vqE
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Back Hoe Production Estimating
Production, LCY/h = C x S x V x B x E
C = Cycles/h (Table 3-3)S = Swing-Depth Factor (Table 3-4)V = Heaped Volume , LCY
B = Bucket Fill Factor (Table 3-2)E = Job Efficiency
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Standard Cycles per Hour
for Hydraulic Backhoes
Small Medium Large< 1.0 YD 1¼ to 2¼ YD ³ 2½ YD
sand, gravel,
loam
common
earth,soft clay
to ugh clay,
rock
120
Hard 110 160 130 100
Average 135 200 160
Type of MaterialWheelTractor
Excavator Machine Size
Soft 170 250 200 150
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Swing-Depth Factor
Depth of
Cut(% ofMax)
45º 60º 75º 90º 120º 180º
30 1.33 1.26 1.21 1.15 1.08 0.9550 1.28 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.9170 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.8390 1.04 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75
Angle of Swing, deg
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Bucket Fill Factors for Excavators
Material Bucket Fill FactorCommon Earth, Loam 0.80-1.10Sand & Gravel 0.90-1.00Hard Clay 0.65-0.95Wet Clay 0.50-0.90Rock, Well-Blasted 0.70-0.90
Rock, Poorly-Blasted 0.40-0.70
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Back Hoe Production EstimatingEfficiency Dependent on: – Management Con di t ion s
Skill, Training & Motivation of WorkersSelection, Operation & Maintenance of EquipmentPlanning, Job Layout, Supervision & Coordination of Work
– Job Cond i t ionsTopography & Work DimensionsSurface & Weather ConditionsSpecification Requirements for Work Methods or Work SequenceRequired
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Back Hoe Production Estimating
Management ConditionsJob-Site
Conditions Excellent Good FairExcellent 0.84 0.81 0.76
Good 0.78 0.75 0.71Fair 0.72 0.69 0.65
Poor 0.63 0.61 0.57
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Back Hoe Production Estimating
Can also estimate efficiency through number of
effective working minutes per hour.Eg., 50-min/h – actual work is done 50 minutesper hour…the other ten minutes spent onbreaks, smoke break, bath room, thinking…
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Standard Cycles per Hour
for Hydraulic Backhoes ( Tab 3-3 )
Small Medium Large< 1.0 YD 1¼ to 2¼ YD ³ 2½ YD
sand, gravel,
loam
common
earth,soft clay
to ugh clay,
rock
120
Hard 110 160 130 100
Average 135 200 160
Type of MaterialWheelTractor
Excavator Machine Size
Soft 170 250 200 150
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Example 3-4
Solu t ion
Cyclic Output = 250 cycles/60min (Table 3-3)Swing-Depth Factor = 1.00 (Table 3-4)Bucket Fill Factor = 0.95Job Efficiency = 50 /60 = 0.833
Production= 250 cycles x 1.00 (swing-depth) x 0.75 CY x 0.95
(bucket fill factor) x 0.833 (job eff.)= 148 L CY/h
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Swing-Depth Factor ( Tab 3-4 )
Depth of
Cut(% ofMax)
45º 60º 75º 90º 120º 180º
30 1.33 1.26 1.21 1.15 1.08 0.9550 1.28 1.21 1.16 1.10 1.03 0.91
70 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.8390 1.04 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.75
Angle of Swing, deg
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Example 3-4
Solu t ion
Cyclic Output = 250 cycles/60min (Table 3-3)Swing-Depth Factor = 1.00 (Table 3-4)Bucket Fill Factor = 0.95Job Efficiency = 50 /60 = 0.833
Production= 250 cycles x 1.00 (swing-depth) x 0.75 CY x 0.95
(bucket fill factor) x 0.833 (job eff.)= 148 L CY/h
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Job Management
Major Factor Controlling Hydraulic Excavator
– Maximum depth – Working radius – Dumping Height –
Density of Material
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Shovels
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Crowding & Breakout Forces
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Shovel ~ Production Estimating
Produc t ion , LCY/h = C x S x V x B x E
C = Cycles/hour (Table 3-6)S = Swing Factor (Table 3-6)V = Heaped Bucket Volume, LCYB
= Bucket Fill Factor (Table 3-2)E = Job Efficiency
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Standard Cycles per Hour for
Hydraulic ShovelsMach ine Size
Small Medium Large
MaterialBottomDump
FrontDump
BottomDump
FrontDump
BottomDump
FrontDump
Soft 190 170 180 160 150 135 Average 170 150 160 145 145 130Hard 150 135 140 130 135 125
Adjus tment for Swing Angle Angle of Swing, degrees
45 60 75 90 120 180 SwingFactor 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.83
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Shovel Production Example
Prob lemFind the expected production in LCY per hour of 3 CY
hydraulic shovel equipped with a front-dump bucket.The material is common earth with a bucket fill factor
of 1.0.The average angle of swing is 75 degrees.The job efficiency is 0.80.
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Standard Cycles per Hour for
Hydraulic ShovelsMach ine Size
Small Medium Large
MaterialBottomDump
FrontDump
BottomDump
FrontDump
BottomDump
FrontDump
Soft 190 170 180 160 150 135 Average 170 150 160 145 145 130Hard 150 135 140 130 135 125
Adjus tment for Swing Angle Angle of Swing, degrees
45 60 75 90 120 180 SwingFactor 1.16 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.94 0.83
< 5 yd)
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Shovel Production Example
Solu t ion Standard Cycles = 150/60 min ( Table 3-6 )Swing factor = 1.05 ( Table 3-6 )Bucket Volume = 3.0 LCYBucket Fill Factor = 1.0
Job Efficiency = 0.80QProduction = 150 cycles x 1.05 (swing factor) x 3.0 cy x
1.0 (bucket fill factor) x 0.80 (eff) = 378 LCY/h
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Draglines
Longest reach for
digging anddumping of anymember of thecrane-shovel family.
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Dragline
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Optimal Digging Area
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Dragline Production
Expected Production= Ideal Output
x Swing-Depth Factorx Efficiency
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Ideal Dragline Output, in BCY/hr
(Tab 3-7 )
¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 1¾ 2 2½ 3 3½ 4 5Light moist clay or loam 130 160 195 220 245 265 305 350 390 465 540Sand and gravel 125 155 185 20 235 255 295 340 380 455 530Common earth 105 135 165 190 210 230 265 305 340 375 445Tough clay 90 110 135 160 180 195 230 270 305 340 410Wet, sticky clay 55 75 95 110 130 145 175 210 240 270 330
Type of Material
Bucket Size, CY
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Swing-Depth Factor ( Tab 3-9 )Depth of
Cut% of
Optimum 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 120º 150º 180º
20 1.06 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.81 0.75 0.7040 1.17 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.85 0.78 0.7260 1.25 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.88 0.78 0.7280 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.04 0.99 0.90 0.82 0.76100 1.32 1.19 1.11 1.05 1.00 0.91 0.83 0.77120 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.90 0.82 0.77140 1.25 1.14 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.88 0.81 0.75180 1.15 1.05 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.82 0.76 0.71200 1.10 1.09 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.69
Angle of Swing, deg
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Dragline ExampleDetermine the expected dragline production inLCY per hour based on the followinginformation: – Dragline Size: 2 cyd – Swing Angle: 120 degrees – Average Depth of Cut: 7.9 ft – Material: Common Earth – Job Efficiency: 50min/h – Soil Swell = 25%
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Ideal Dragline Output, in BCY/hr
¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 1¾ 2 2½ 3 3½ 4 5Light moist clay or loam 130 160 195 220 245 265 305 350 390 465 540Sand and gravel 125 155 185 20 235 255 295 340 380 455 530Common earth 105 135 165 190 210 230 265 305 340 375 445Tough clay 90 110 135 160 180 195 230 270 305 340 410Wet, sticky clay 55 75 95 110 130 145 175 210 240 270 330
Type of Material
Bucket Size, CY
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Dragline ExampleSolution: – Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h – Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft – Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% – Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 – Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 – Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 – Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 =
216 LCY/h
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Dragline ExampleSolution: – Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h – Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft ( Tab 3-8 ) – Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% – Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 – Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 – Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 – Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 =
216 LCY/h
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Swing-Depth FactorDepth of
Cut% of
Optimum 30º 45º 60º 75º 90º 120º 150º 180º
20 1.06 0.99 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.81 0.75 0.7040 1.17 1.08 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.85 0.78 0.7260 1.25 1.13 1.06 1.01 0.97 0.88 0.78 0.7280 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.04 0.99 0.90 0.82 0.76100 1.32 1.19 1.11 1.05 1.00 0.91 0.83 0.77120 1.29 1.17 1.09 1.03 0.98 0.90 0.82 0.77140 1.25 1.14 1.06 1.00 0.96 0.88 0.81 0.75180 1.15 1.05 0.98 0.94 0.90 0.82 0.76 0.71200 1.10 1.09 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.79 0.73 0.69
Angle of Swing, deg
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Dragline ExampleSolution: – Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h – Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft – Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% – Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 – Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 – Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 – Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 =
216 LCY/h
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CLAMSHELL
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CLAMSHELL
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Clamshell Bucket
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Clamshell Production
Production = C x V x B x E
C – Cycles per hourV – Bucket CapacityB – Bucket Fill FactorE – Job Efficiency Factor
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Clamshell Production Example
Solu t ion
Production = C x V x B x EProduction = (3,600(sec/h)/40 sec) x 1.0 CYx 0.95 (bucket fill factor) x 50/60 (job eff.)
= 71 LCY/h
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Trenchless Technology: Cast In
Place Pipe
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Trenchless Technology - Cast In
Place Pipe
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Trenchless Technology - Cast In
Place Pipe
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Pipe Bursting A process that…
Breaks an Existing Pipe
Expands Broken Shards intoSurrounding Soil
Pulls in the New Carrier LineSimultaneously
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Pneumatic Pipe Bursting
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Pneumatic Components
Bursting Tool
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Upsizing Considerations
0-25% 25-50% 50-125%
Class ARoutine and
generallyconsideredfavorable
Class BChallenging to
moderatelydifficult
Class CVery challenging
to extremelydifficult
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Trenchless Technology:Pipe
Bursting
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CE403Construction Methodology
End of Lecture
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