06 network planning principle issue1.1.ppt
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8/10/2019 06 Network Planning Principle ISSUE1.1.ppt
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OMD8000Network Planning Principle
ISSUE1.1
Wireless Curriculum
Development Section
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Outline
1. Introduction to GSM Network
1.1. GSM System Architecture1.2. GSM Bandwidth1.3. Difference between GSM900 1!001.". GSM #$%ical &hannels
2. Mobile Radio Link 2.1. 'adi$ (a)e *r$+a%ati$n2.2. *r$+a%ati$n M$dels2.3. Antenna Systems2.". Di)ersity ,echni-ues2. . /nterference
2. . /nterference 'educti$n2. . #in Bud%et &alculati$n
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/ntr$ducti$n ,$ GSM etw$r
1. Introduction to !M Network
1.1. GSM System Architecture 1.2. GSM Bandwidth 1.3. Di erence Between GSM!""#1$"" 1.%. &o'ical Channels in GSM
we are ()*)
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GSM System Architecture
other MSC
other BTS´s
VLR HLR
EIR
AuCOMC
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GSM Bandwidth
GSM 900 :
Channel spacing 200kHz
GSM 1800 :
Channel spacing 200kHz
890 915 935 960
duplex distance : 45 MHz
1710 1785 1805 1880
duplex distance : 95 MHz
Operator A Operator B Op BOp Anot allocated
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#$%ical &hannels
GSM900 and GSM1800 ha e the so!e logic channel
architect"re
Broadcast !ontrol!"annel #B!!H$ !ontrol !"annels!o%%on !ontrol
!"annel #!!!H$&ra''ic !"annels #&!H$
(!H )!H B!!H#)*s +n'o$
&!H,( A-!H .A!H )/!!H (A!!H
)A!!H
&!H,H
&!H,9 6(&!H, 4 8( H&!H, 4( H
2!H
!o%%on !"annels #!!H$
/edicated !"annels #/!H$
&o'ical Channels
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D$wnlin &hannels
(!!H
)!H
B!!H
2!H
A-!H
B!!H
!!!H
!o%%on!"annels
)/!!H
)A!!H
(A!!H
&!H,(
&!H,H
/!!H
&!H
/edicated
!"annels
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6+lin &hannels
.A!H !!!H!o%%on!"annels
)/!!H
)A!!H
(A!!H
&!H,(
&!H,H
/!!H
&!H
/edicated!"annels
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6se $f #$%ical &hannels
)earc" 'or (re uenc* !orrection Burst
)earc" 'or )*nc"ronization se uence
.ead )*ste% +n'or%ation
isten 'or 2a in
)end Access urst
ait 'or si nalin c"annel allocation
!all setup
&ra''ic c"annel is assi ned
!on ersation
!all release
(!!H)!HB!!H
2!H
.A!H A-!H)/!!H(A!!H&!H
(A!!H
idle %ode
o'' state
dedicated %ode
idle %ode
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,he M$bile 'adi$ #in
we are ()*)1 .adio a e 2ropa ation
2ropa ation Models
3 Antenna )*ste%s
4 /i ersit* &ec"ni ues
5 +nter'erence
6 +nter'erence .eduction
7 in< Bud et !alculation
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,he$ry $f (a)e *r$+a%ati$n
Theory of wave propagation is an exact science
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M$bile ,elec$mmunicati$ns
Multi=pat" propa ationradio pat" is a %isera le propa ation %ediu%
i%ited trans%it ener *trans%ittin po@er o' %o iles deter%ines ser ice ran eatter* li'e=ti%e
i%ited spectru%sets upper li%it 'or data rates #)"annon s t"eore%$additional e''ort needed 'or c"annel codin're uencies need to e re=used C sel'= inter'erence
Man* %o ile users
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'adi$ *r$+a%ati$n 4n)ir$nment
M"lti#path propagation
Shado$ing
Terrain str"ct"res
%e&lections
'nter&erences
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'eflecti$ns
Strong echoes can ca"se e(cessi e propagation dela)i' @it"in e ualizer @indo@ andcan cause sel'=inter'erence i' out o' e ualizer @indo@
direct si nalstron re'lected si nal
e ualizer @indo@ 16 µs
a%plitude
dela* ti%e
lon ec"oes out o' e ualizer @indo@:C inter'erence contri utions
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5adin%718
Slo$ &ading *+ognor!al,ading-
s"ado@in due to lar e o stacleson propa ation direction
,ast &ading *%a)leigh &ading-serious inter'erence o' se eralsi nals'adin dips radio "oles
?10
0
=10
= 0
=300 1 3 4 5 %
le el #dB$
9 0 MHz 0 <%,"
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5adin%728
ti%e
po@er
sec 4 sec 6 sec
? 0 dB
%eanalue
= 0 dB
lo nor%al'adin
.a*lei "'adin
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Si%nal ariati$ns
.a*lei "'adin
4o nor%al'adin
4ar e scale8ariation
!ause )uperposition o' %ultiplepropa ationpat"s @it"di''erent p"ase
)"ado@in or re'lexion 6* carstrees 6uildin s
2rop pat" pro'ile terrainD clutter structure Eart"cur8ature
!orrelation Fλ 10 100% C 100%
2rediction unpredicta6le %ostl*predicta6le#6uildin sGG$
predicta6le #%aps terraindata6ase$
2lannin%et"od
appl* statisticalt"res"olds 'or .a*lei " 'adinsi nals
consider lo nor%aldistri6utionaround local%ean #use σ 3
10dB$
use %aps or di italterrain D clutter data6ases to predict #50
00% pixel resolution$
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*r$+a%ati$n
"ree# s$ace $ro$agation si nal stren t" decreases as t"e @it"distance increases
specular re'lection
di''use re'lection
Re%lection
Spec"lar %.a%plitude: A ==C α A #α F 1$p"ase : φ ==C =φpolarization: %aterial dependant p"ase
s"i't
/i&&"se %.a%plitude: A ==C α A #α FF 1$p"ase : φ ==C rando% p"asepolarization : rando%
/
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*r$+a%ati$n
Absor$tion "ea * a%plitude attenuation%aterial dependant p"ase s"i'ts
t"e @a eIs depolarization
&i%%raction @ed e= %odel <ni'e ed e
%ultiple <ni'e ed es
A A = 5 30 dB
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,he M$bile 'adi$ #in
we are ()*)
1 .adio a e 2ropa ation
2ropa ation Models
3 Antenna )*ste%s
4 /i ersit* &ec"ni ues
5 +nter'erence
6 +nter'erence .eduction
7 in< Bud et !alculation
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*r$+a%ati$n M$del
Historical CC'%# Model &or radio T #stationsnot er* accurate nor serious
k"!"ra# Hatae%pirical %odel%easured and esti%ated additional attenuationsesti%ations 'or lar er distances #ran e: 5 0<%$Jot suita le 'or s%all distances # F 1<%$
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:ata;s M$del
3dapted &or 900 MHz4 5"rope4 di&&erent land"sage classes
L A B f h a h
h d Lb m
b morpho
= + − −
+ − +
log . log * -
* . . log - log
1682
77 9
@it"' 're uenc* in MHz" B) antenna "ei "t K%La#"$ 'unction o' M) antenna "ei "td distance et@een B) and M) K<%L
and
A 69 55 B 6 16 #'or 150 1000 MHz$ A 46 3 B 33 9 #'or 1000 000MHz$
additional attenuation dueto land usa e classes
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#and 6sa%e ,y+es
r;an s%all cells 40 50 dB,dec attenuation
,orest "ea * a sorption 30 40 dB,dec
di''ers @it" season #'olia e losses$
pen4 &ar!lands eas* s%oot" propa ation conditions
<ater si nal propa ates er* easil* C dan erous G
Mo"ntain &aces stron re'lections lon ec"oes
Glaciers er* stron re'lections extre%e dela*s
stron inter'erences o er lon distance
Hilltops can e used as arriers et@een cells do JO& use as antenna sites locations
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(alfish< / e%ami M$del
Model &or "r;an !icrocell"lar propagation3ss"!es reg"lar cit) la)o"t *=Manhattan grid>-Total path loss consists o& three parts:
line=o'=si "t loss O)
roo'=to=street loss .&)
%o ile en iron%ent losses M)
"@
d
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,he M$bil 'adi$ #in
we are ()*)
1 .adio a e 2ropa ation
2ropa ation Models
3 Antenna )*ste%s
4 /i ersit* &ec"ni ues5 +nter'erence
6 +nter'erence .eduction
7 in< Bud et !alculation
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Antenna &haracteristics
+o;es%ain lo esside , ac< lo es'ront=to= ac< ratio
Hal&#po$er ;ea!#$idth*6 dB# ;ea! $idth-
3ntenna do$n#tilting
?olarization
3ntenna ;and$idth
3ntenna i!pedance
Mechanical size
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&$u+lin% Between Antennas
Horizontal separationneeds approx 5 λdistance 'or su''icientdecouplinantenna patternssuperi%posed i' distance tooclose
ertical separation distance o' 1 λ pro ides ooddecouplin alues ood 'or .N ,&N decouplin
Mini!"! co"pling loss
%ain lo e
5 10 λ
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/nstallati$n 4=am+les
%eco!!ended deco"pling&N = &N: > 0dB&N = .N: >40dB
Horizontal deco"plingdistance depends on
Antenna ain Horizontal rad pattern
!nidirectional antennas.N ? &N @it" ertical separation.N .N di &N @it" ertical
separation # 'or< $
ertical decouplin is %uc" %ore e''ecti e
0 %
o%nidirectional : 5 0%directional : 1 3%
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/nstallati$n 4=am+les
/irectional antennasea%ed sites
3ntenna *do$n#- tiltingimprove spot coverage
reduce interference
5 8 de
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5eeder
(eeder 2ara%eter
,y+e Diameter 900M:>1!00M:>
7mm8 dB 100mdB 100m
6 8> 10 17 10
8> 1@ 9
@ 8> 2 7
1 8> 7@ 6 2
Peepin t"e (eeder as s"ort as it can
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Distributed Antennas
+eak) &eeders ca les @it" er* "i " loss per len t" unit C distri uted antenna o'ten used 'or tunnel co era e t"is <ind o' 'eeder is er* expensi e
,i;er#optic distri;"tion &eederdistri ute .( si nal ia # er* t"in$ 'i er=optic ca les
radiate 'ro% discrete antenna points at re%otelocations
50 O"%
2ropa ation loss: 4 40 dB,100%
couplin loss: > 60 dB #at 1% dist $
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'e+eaters
The repeaters are "sed to rela) signal intoshado$ed areas :
e"ind "illsinto alle*sinto uildin s
Aeeds a host cellChannel selecti e repeater or $ide#;and repeater
decouplin >40 dB needed
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,he M$bile 'adi$ #in
we are ()*)
1 .adio a e 2ropa ation
2ropa ation Models
3 Antenna )*ste%s
4 /i ersit* &ec"ni ues
5 +nter'erence
6 +nter'erence .eduction
7 in< Bud et !alculation
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Di)ersity
Ti!e di ersit)
,re "enc) di ersit)
Space di ersit)
?olarization di ersit)
M"lti#path di ersit)
codin interlea in
're uenc* "oppin
%ultiple antennas
/ual=polarized antennas
e ualizer
t
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Benefit 5r$m Di)ersity
/i ersit) gain depends on en iron!ent's there co erage i!pro e!ent ;) di ersit)
antenna diversity
5dB %ore si nal stren t" %ore pat" loss accepta le in lin< ud et
"i "er co era e ran e
.
.#di $ > 1 3 . A 1 7 A70Q %ore co era e per cellneeds less cells in total
&"e a o e case can e satis'ied onl*
under +deal condition &"at isen iron%ent is in'initel* lar e and 'lat
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/nterference
we are ()*)
1 .adio a e 2ropa ation
2ropa ation Models
3 Antenna )*ste%s
4 /i ersit* &ec"ni ues
5 +nter'erence
6 +nter'erence .eduction
7 in< Bud et !alculation
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/nterference
Signal "alit) Ds"! o& all e(pected signals carrier 7& 8s"! o& all "ne(pected signal interference 7 / 8
; -)M speci'ication : ! , + C 9 dB
expected si nal at%osp"ericnoise
ot"er si nals
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4ffects $f /nterference
3&&ects signal "alit)
Ca"ses ;it errorsr epaira le errors : c"annel codin error correctionirreduci le errors : p"ase distortions rando% (M
'nter&erence sit"ation isnon= reciprocal uplin< +' , do@nlin< +'uns*%%etrical di''erent situation at M) and B)
Concept C '
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Si%nal ?uality in GSM
%E F"alit) *%EF 3+ para!eter-%EF 3+ classes 0 ... @
it error rate before all decodin , corrections
.NRSA Mean BE. BE. ran eclass #Q$ 'ro% to0 0 14 F 0 Q1 0 8 0 0 4 Q
0 57 0 4 0 8 Q3 1 13 0 8 1 6 Q4 6 1 6 3 Q
5 4 53 3 6 4 Q6 9 05 6 4 1 8 Q7 18 1 C 1 8 Q
usa le si nal
unusa lesi nal
ood
accepta le
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/nterference s$urces
M"lti#path co!ponents *long echoes-,re "encies re"sing5(ternal inter&erences
; Jet@or< per'or%ance s"all e interference-limited rat"ert"an coverage- limited
2us" inter'erence li%itsas 'ar as possi le
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Meth$ds f$r reducin% /nterference
,re "enc) planning
S"ita;le site locations
3ntenna *do$n#-tilting
ood location
ad location
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Meth$ds f$r reducin% /nterference
,re "enc) hoppinga di ersit* tec"ni ue inter'erence reduction as a side=e''ect're uenc* di ersit* C less 'adin lossde=codin aininter'erence a era in
F"alit) ;ased po$er controle aluate si nal le el AJ/ ualit*
/TEsilent trans%itter in speec" pauses
3dapti e antennas'ollo@ t"e user concentrate si nal ener * to certain directions
3dapti e channel allocational@a*s assi n est a aila le 're uenc* durin call=setup
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5re-uency :$++in%
/i ersit) techni "e're uenc* di ersit* can reduce 'ast 'adin e''ectsuse'ul 'or static or slo@=%o in %o iles
C)clic ;ase#;and hoppingB) "ops c*clic et@een its allocated 're uencies #%in 3 &.N$
%, hoppingeit"er c*clic or rando% "oppinneeds @ide and co% iner can use an* 're uenc* included in t"e Hoppin list #not on 1st
&.N$
(re uenc* di ersit* 'or static %o iles'eature: inter'erence a era in
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*$wer &$ntr$l
Sa e ;atter) li&e#ti!e
Mini!ize inter&erence
GSM : 1 steps and 2 dB &or each
se po$er control in ;oth "plink do$nlink le el or ualit*=dri en
ti%e
si nalle el tar et le el
e =85 d%
2o@er control not allo@edon B!!H carrier
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D,@
/TE: discontin"o"s trans!issions@itc" trans%itter o'' in speec" pauses and silence periodsot" sides trans%it onl* silence updates #)+/ 'ra%es$co%'ort noise enerated * transcoder
3/: oice acti it) detectiontranscoder 'unction
Transcoder is in&or!ed on "se o& /TE 3/ *in callset"p-
Batter) sa ing and'nter&ace %ed"cing
Batter) sa ing and'nter&ace %ed"cing
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,he M$bile 'adi$ #in
we are ()*)
1 .adio a e 2ropa ation
2ropa ation Models
3 Antenna )*ste%s
4 /i ersit* &ec"ni ues
5 +nter'erence
6 +nter'erence .eduction
7 in< Bud et !alculation
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#in Bud%et
<h) $e need a link ;"dget
<hich $ill decide the co erage range
&"e co era e ran e is li%ited * t"e @ea<er one #up or do@n lin<$
T$o#$a) co!!"nication neededlin< usuall* li%ited * %o ile po@er
/esired res"lt: do$nlink D "plink
in< ud et %uste alanced
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etw$r *lannin%
we are ()*) 3 1 !ellular 2lannin 2rinciples
3 Jet@or< &opolo ies
3 3 &ra''ic Esti%ation
3 4 !o era e 2lannin
3 5 (re uenc* 2lannin
3 6 )ite )election
3 7 &rans%ission 2lannin
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etw$r *lannin% *rinci+le
mar etin'
-usinessplan
tra icassumptions
initial Jdi%ensionin
're D inter='erence plan
trans%ission plan
'inal Jtopolo *
para%eterplannin
co era eplan
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Sc$+e $f etw$r *lannin%
etw$r +lannin% teamdata ac,uisitionsite surveyield measurement evaluationCW desi'n and analysistransmission plannin'
; etwor desi'n; nu% er and con'i uration o' B)
; antenna s*ste%s speci'ications
; B)) topolo *
; di%ensionin o' trans%ission lines
; 're uenc* plan
; net@or< e olution strate *
; etwor per ormance; rade o' ser ice # loc<in $
; outa e calculations
; inter'erence pro a ilities
; ualit* o ser ation
; 7perator8s re,uirements; su scri er 'orecasts
; co era e re uire%ents
; ualit* o' ser ice
; reco%%ended sites
; )9ternal in ormation sources
; terrain D %orp"olo ical data; population data
; and@idt" a aila le
; 're uenc* co=ordination constraints
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/n+ut Data
Ma+s%ain citiesi%portant roadslocation o' %ountain ran esin"a ited areas"ore lines
#$cal n$wled%ecit* s<*linest*pical arc"itecturestructure o' cit*
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Dem$%ra+hic Data
Statistical yearb$$ lar est to@ns citiespopulation distri ution@"ere are expected custo%ersT
#$cal n$wled%epopulation %i ration routestra''ic olu%essu scri er concentration points
300 000 pop
400 000 pop
50 000 pop
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etw$r &$nfi%urati$n
5sti!ate n"!;er o& BS neededVERY rou " initial assu%ption :
total operatorIs and@idt"planned 're re=use rate
nu% er o' B) needed 'or traffic reasons
5 al"ate achie a;le cell sizes' #topo rap"* re uire%ents si nal le els en iron%ent $
nu% er o' B) needed 'or coverage reasons
Aor!all): BS co erage BS tra&&icDD pro;le! $ith &inance people
a era e nu% er o' &.Nallo@ed per cell
(inan ces Mar<etin
2lannin
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etw$r *lannin%
we are ()*)
3 1 !ellular 2lannin 2rinciples
3 Jet@or< &opolo ies
3 3 &ra''ic Esti%ation
3 4 !o era e 2lannin
3 5 (re uenc* 2lannin
3 6 )ite )election
3 7 &rans%ission 2lannin
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&ell :ierarchies
S% rella !ell,Macro cell
Micro cell
2ico cell )atellite !ell
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Macr$ &ell etw$r
Cost#e&&ecti e sol"tionS"ita;le &or co ering large areas
lar e cell ran es"i " antenna positions
Cell ranges 2 ..20k!*depends on geograph)I-
sed $ith lo$ tra&&ic ol"!est*picall* rural areasroad co era e
Co!!onl) "se o!nidirectional antennasuse ea%ed antenna 'or road co era e
1 1 0 < %
Opti%ization 'or co era e
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Micr$ &ell etw$r
Capacit) oriented net$ork additional capacit* * %ultiple cell co era e
S"ita;le &or areas $ith high tra&&icMostl) "sed $ith ;ea!ed cells
%ost cost=e''icient solution
est usa e o' a aila le cell sites
T)pical applications%ediu% to@nssu ur s
T)pical co erage range: 04 .. 2k!
Opti%ization 'or capacit*
0 5 <%
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&ell c$)era%e ran%e
Achie)able cell c$)era%e ran%e de+end $n
're uenc* and #450 900 1800 MHz$
surroundin s en iron%ent
lin< ud et 'i ures
antenna t*pes
antenna positionin
%ini%u% re uired si nal le els
$
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:e=a%$ns and &ells
&"ree "exa ons &"ree cells
$ l
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etw$r *lannin%
we are ()*)
3 1 !ellular 2lannin 2rinciples
3 Jet@or< &opolo ies
3 3 &ra''ic Esti%ation
3 4 !o era e 2lannin
3 5 (re uenc* 2lannin
3 6 )ite )election
3 7 &rans%ission 2lannin
ffi 4 i i$
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,raffic 4stimati$n
5sti!ate n"!;er o& s";scri;ers o er ti!elon =ter% predictionsnu% ers a aila le 'ro% %ar<etin people
5(pected tra&&ic load per s";scri;er di''erent su scri er se %ents
expected e"a ior o' user se %ents
?artic"lar ha;its o& s";scri;erse %ainl* "ea * indoor usa ep"onin @"ile in tra''ic Ua%s
B"s) ho"r conditionsti%e o' da*tra''ic patterns
ffi *l i %
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,raffic *lannin%
Esti%ation o' tra''ic expected; nu% er o' su scri ers in area
; tra''ic load per su scri er
; eo rap"ical area to co er
C tra''ic per s <%
C tra''ic per cell
C nu% er o' &.N needed per B)
; allo@ extra capacit* 'or roa%ers and us* "our tra''ic
Bottlenec< o' t"e s*ste% s"allnot e caused * trans%ission
ffi *
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,raffic *atterns
Tra&&ic is not e enl) spread across the da) *or$eek-
5sti!ated tra&&ic !"st ;e a;le to cope $ith peakloads
Bus* "our tra''ic is t*picall* t@ice t"at o' t"e a era e "our
0
10
0
30
40
50
60
70
8090
100
0 4 6 8 10 1 14 16 18 0 4 "r
Q
pea< ti%eo''=pea<
$ *l i %
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etw$r *lannin%
we are ()*)
3 1 !ellular 2lannin 2rinciples
3 Jet@or< &opolo ies
3 3 &ra''ic Esti%ation
3 4 !o era e 2lannin
3 5 (re uenc* 2lannin
3 6 )ite )election
3 7 &rans%ission 2lannin
&$) % *l i %
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&$)era%e *lannin%
e9ternal inputs:#tra''ic su s 'orecastco era e re uire%ents $
;nitial networ dimensionin' &.Ns cells sites and@idt" needed J topolo *
nominal cell plansu''estions or site locations cell para%eters co era e ac"ie ed
covera'e prediction si nal stren t" %ulti=pat" propa ation
co era e o<T
site inspection
site accepted T
real cell plan'ield %easure%ents
plannincriteria 'ul'illedT
J
J
J
create celldata 'or B)!
o to're uenc*plannin
&$) % ' i t
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&$)era%e 'e-uirements
%oll#o"t phases ti!e sched"les
Co erage le el re "ire!entsa ree on %in le els 'or outdoor
co era e
+oss re "ire!ents'ndoor co erage areas
Mo;ile classes to plan &or
peratorJs cell deplo)!entstrategies
o%ni=cells in rural areasT3=sector cells in ur an areasT
p"ase 1! launc"
rollout
p"ase
rolloutp"ase 3
&$) % *l i %
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&$)era%e *lannin%
+ossdue to co era e aps 2 noVco
due to inter'erences 2 +'
Total pro;a;le co erage area &or a cell:*1# ?noKco - L *1# ?'& -
"ull coverage o% an area can never be guaranteed ' common values( )* .. )+, $robabilit-
time and location $robabilities/
et $r +lannin%
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etw$r +lannin%
we are ()*)
3 1 !ellular 2lannin 2rinciples
3 Jet@or< &opolo ies
3 3 /i%ensionin
3 4 !o era e 2lannin
3 5 (re uenc* 2lannin
3 6 )ite )election
3 7 &rans%ission 2lannin
5re uency *lannin%
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5re-uency *lannin%
"* @e reuse t"e 're uenc*T$ M(/ < " channels = $ timeslots < 32" users
<<> ma9. 32" simultaneous calls???
i%ited and@idt"
<<> re@use re,uencies as o ten as possi-le
+nter'erences are una oida le
<<> minimi/e total inter erences in networ
Allocate 're uenc* co% ination t"at creates least o erall inter'erence
conditions in t"e net@or<
Sse calculated propa ation predictions 'or 're uenc* allocations
5re uency *lannin%718
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5re-uency *lannin%718
Target: &ind sol"tion $ith !ini!"! inter&erences in totalnet$ork
Traditional !ethod"exa onal cell patternsre ular ridcluster sizes're uenc* re=use distance
/ . s rt#3 cluster=size$
.
/
Do not use thisancient concept!
5re uency *lannin%728
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5re-uency *lannin%728
,re "enc) planning al$a)s consider the $orstcase
actual situation is less se erepo@er control actual tra''ic and distri ution o' M) i%pro e
situation
3 erage &re "enc) re#"se rate as a criteria &orgood allocation sche!e:
practicalli%its
sa'e utunecono%ical
p"*sicalli%it
0 10 0
5re uency 'e<6se
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5re-uency e<6se
%e#"se &re "encies as o&ten as possi;le
increases net@or< capacit*ut %a* e cause so%e inter'erences
/o not "se"exa on cell patternss*ste%atic 're uenc* allocation
B"tinter'erence %atrix calculation
cali rated propa ation %odels%ini%ize total inter'erence in net@or<
.
/
'
'3
'4'5
'6
'7
'3
'4'5
'6
'
'3
'4'5
'6'
'3
'4'5
'6
'7
'
'3
'4'5
'7
'
'3
'4'5'
'3
'4'5
'6
'7
Multi+le 'e<use 'ates
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Multi+le e<use ates
,re "enc) re#"se rate%easure 'or e''ecti eness o' 're uenc* plantrade=o'' : e''ecti eness inter'erences
'nteractions *iteration loops- $ith co erage planning
M"ltiple re#"se rates increase e&&ecti eness o& &re . plan
co%pro%ise et@een sa'e inter'erence 'ree plannin and e''ecti e resourceusa e
1 3 6 9 1 15 18 1
sa'e plannin#B!!H la*er$nor%al plannin
#&!H %acro la*er$
ti "t re=use plannin #ti "t la*er$
sa%e 're uenc*in e er* cell#spread spectru%$
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5re-uency &$<$rdinati$n
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5re-uency &$<$rdinati$n
%eg"lations &or international ;o"ndaries5 dB ,% at orderline10 dB ,% at 15<% distance 'ro% order
Set o& pre&erential and reser ed &re "encies !"st ;e !"t"all) agreed ;et$een operators
A
B
!
15<%
internationalorderline
etw$r *lannin%
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etw$r lannin%
we are ()*)
3 1 !ellular 2lannin 2rinciples
3 Jet@or< &opolo ies
3 3 /i%ensionin
3 4 !o era e 2lannin
3 5 (re uenc* 2lannin
3 6 )ite )election
3 7 &rans%ission 2lannin
Site l$cati$ns
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Site l$cati$ns
Cells per&or!ance has a close relationship $ith site location
Sites are e(pensi e
Sites are long#ter! in est!ents
Site ac "isition is a slo$ process
H"ndreds o& sites needed per net$ork
Base station site is a alua le
lon =ter% asset 'or t"e operator
Bad Site #$cati$n
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Bad Site #$cati$n
3 oid hill#top locations &or BS sitesuncontrolled inter erencesinterleaved covera'eaw ward (7 -ehaviors-ut: 'ood location or microwave lin s?
@anted celloundar*
uncontrolled stroninter'erences
interlea ed co era e areas:@ea< o@n si nal stron 'orei n si nal
G$$d Site #$cati$n
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G$$d Site #$cati$n
; 2re'er sites o'' t"e "ill=tops; use hills to separate cells
; conti'uous covera'e area
; needs only low antenna hei'hts i sites are sli'htlyelevated a-ove valley -ottom
@anted celloundar*
Site Selecti$n &riteria
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Site Selecti$n &riteria
.adio criteria
ood ie@ in %ain ea%direction
no surroundin "i "o stacles
ood isi ilit* o' terrain
roo% 'or antenna %ountin
O) to next %icro@a e site
s"ort ca lin distances
Jon=radio criteria
space 'or e uip%ent
a aila ilit* o' leased linesor %icro@a e lin<
po@er suppl*
access restrictions
"ouse o@ner
rental costs
Site Ac-uisiti$n *r$cess
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Site Ac uisiti$n r$cess
radio planner
'ixed net@or<planner
%easure%enttea%s
arc"itect
net@or<operator
site "unter site o@ner
Site /nf$rmati$n
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Site /nf$rmati$n
F"estionnaire sheetcollect all necessar* in'or%ation a out site detailssite coordinates "ei "t a o e sea le el exact address"ouse o@ner t*pe o' uildinuildin %aterials #p"oto$possi le antenna "ei "ts360de p"oto #clearance ie@$nei " our"ood surroundin en iron%entdra@in s<etc" o' roo'topantenna %ountin conditionsaccess possi ilities #truc< road roo'$B) location approx 'eeder len t"s
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,ransmissi$n *lannin%
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,ransmissi$n lannin%
Cost &or trans!ission lines acco"nt &or a great portion o& A< operational costs per )ear DD design &or minimum o erall costs !
+i9ed part desi'n
M)!
B)! Hu
B&)
B))
B&)
B&)
B&)
*adio part desi'n
B&)
B))
B&)
B&)
B&)
,ransmissi$n &$nce+t
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, a s ss $ &$ ce t
4ransmission media
4ransmission techni,ues
4ransmission methods
+i-er
Coa9ial ca-le
Copper ca-le
Microwave radio4errestrial#satellite
D( SD(
CM;SD A4M
4 r a n s m i s s i o n e
, u i p m e n t
(DS&CA4
Micr$wa)e #in s
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$ )
High capacit) trans!ission linksperating &re "encies: @ .. 68 GHz ;and
; !ontra needs extra 're uencies @eat"er dependant lin< ualit*#rain'all$ not al@a*s a aila le at idealsites # O) pat"$ lon distance "ops arepro le%atic
; 2ro lo@ operatin costs eas* to install
'lexi le uic< D relia le solution
Ter!inalstation 3
Ter!inalstation B
%epeater station
5resnel $ne
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$
+ine#o&#sight path needed ;et$een ;oth nodes o& a!icro$a e link
eep 1st ,resnel zone clear o& o;stacles
A#th ,resnel zone: 5llipse aro"nd direct path4
$here path di&&erence to direct line is n L λ 2.
d
1st (resnel zonend3rd
.adius 'or n=t" zone s rt#n$bd km
f M ! m= 2@7
N ON O
N O
Basic ,ransmissi$n ,$+$l$%ies
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, ,
Trans!ission topologies are o&ten dictated ;)a aila;ilit) o& lines.Costs s. &ail sa&et) *red"ndanc)-
2O+J&=&O=2O+J&
MS &+/.O2 !HA+JOO2
)&A. #!OJ!EJ&.A&+OJ 2O+J&)$
etw$r t$+$l$%y
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y
?re&er centralized or decentralized A< architect"re
s%all B)! plus c"eap trans%ission
1 lar e B)! plusexpensi etrans%ission
M)!
B&)B)!
B&)
B&)
B&)
B)!, M)!
B&)
B&)
B&)
B&)
&r$ss<&$nnects
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Trans!ission e "ip!ent to ;ranch data strea!s ;et$een di&&erent link sets
Aon#;locking stageeac" input strea% is routed to an output strea%
Taskss@itc"in et@een lin< setss@itc"in et@een ti%eslots o' a 2!M trun<droppin D insertin ti%eslots
Ad)anced etw$r *lannin% /tems
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)
we are ()*) 4 1 Jet@or< e olution
4 +ndoor co era e
4 3 &unnel co era e
4 4 2ara%eters
4 5 Jet@or< Opti%izin
&ell Si>e 4)$luti$n
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)
#A'G4 &4##S< 0 m4arly !0 s
SMA## &4##S1< mMid<end !0 s
M/&'O&4##S100 m < 1 mMid 90
*/&O&4##S10<100m
MA&'O &4##S
s s
#AC4'4D 4,(O'
Smaller &ells Brin% :i%her &a+acities but ...
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#$%istics $f +lannin% and im+lementati$n
EF b$ttlenec t$ small cell de+l$yment
Small cells must be inte%rated int$ netw$r mana%ed by
ad)anced BSS
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etw$r &a+acity e)$luti$n
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Meas"re &or net$ork spectral e&&icienc):Erl, #MHz s <%$
3 &"nction o& and@idt"'re uenc* e''icienc* o' tec"nolo *'re uenc* re=use
cell sizestrun<in ains
(r "oppin(r "oppin
/&N/&N
/irected.etr*
/irected.etr*
2o@er !ontrol
2o@er !ontrol
Hal'=ratecode
Hal'=ratecode
oaddistri ution
oaddistri ution
&ra''icreason HO
&ra''icreason HO
%ultiple cellco era e
%ultiple cellco era e
Ad)anced etw$r *lannin% /tems
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4 1 Jet@or< e olution
4 +ndoor co era e
4 3 &unnel co era e
4 4 2ara%eters
<e are H5%5
(hy /nd$$rs
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P Cell"lar co!petition !o es indoors
P S";scri;ers e(pect contin"o"s co erage and "alit)P "tdoor cells do not pro ide s"&&icient co erage indoors
; D77* S7& 4;7
GoodEuality?
Benefits
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o@ &rans%ittin 2o@ers #B&),M)$
Dedicated ;ndoor Solution
Good Euality
Sa ety
MS Battery &i e
7 ice ),uipment
&ess ;nter erence
!ontinuous !o era e
Su-scri-er value
Continuous Service
Buildin% #$sses
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Signal le els in ;"ildings are esti!ated ;)appl)ing a ;"ilding penetration loss !argin
Big di&&erences ;et$een roo!s $ith $indo$ anddeep indoor*10 ..1 dB-
2 re' 0 dB
2 indoor =3 =15 dB
2 indoor =7 =18 dB
=15 = 5 dB no co era e
rear side :=18 =30 dB
si nal le el increases @it" 'loornu% er :>1 5 dB,'loor #'or1st 10t" 'loor$
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/n<Buildin% *ath #$ss
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Si!ple path loss !odel &or in#;"ildingen iron!ent
outdoor losses: O<u%uraWs 'or%ula out 4 6 ? 0 lo # f $ ? 6 35 lo # d $
@all losses:@all
'#%aterial an le$indoor losses: linear %odel'or picocells
in 0 ? d
building type losses application example
old "ouse 0 7 dB,% #ur an residential$
co%%ercial t*pe 0 5 dB,% #%odern o''ices$
open roo% atriu% 0 dB,% #%useu% train station$
out
@all
in
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/nd$$r *lannin%
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4=am+leP 1.2 M:> all$cati$nP 0 m4rl subscriber H 2I bl$c in%P tw$<fl$$r 'e<6seH se+arate fre-uencies
within a fl$$rP a8 three fl$$rs
P 2 4rl EF "0 subsP b8 ten fl$$rs
P 90 4rl EF 1!00 subs
4=am+le1.2 M:> all$cati$nH $ne <,'@ cell0 m4rl subscriberH 2I bl$c in%n$ 'e<6se $f fre-uenciesa8 three fl$$rs
3 4rlan%s EF 20 subscribersb8 ten fl$$rs
3 4rlan%s EF 20 subscribers
Sin%le cell a++r$ach Multicell a++r$ach
t
ff
f
f1f2
f1
f3f"
f3f1..ff1..f
f1..f
'adiatin% cable
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Coa(ial ca;le $ith per&orated leadsDD energ) leak
%adiating losses 10 ..70 dB per 100!couplin loss t*p 55 dB #at 1% re' dist $
?rod"ce constant &ield strengths along ca;le r"ns
perate in $ide &re "enc) rangeradiatin losses eco%e "i "er @it" 're uenc*
er) large ;ending radiidistur s 'ield distri ution
,or!erl) o&ten "sed &or t"nnel co erage 0 R P N!I0
/nd$$r &$)era%e 4=am+les
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1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
50m
50m
1:1
1:1:1
1:1
7th &loor
6rd &loor
2nd &loor
1st &loor
gro"nd &loor
<ith repeater rela* outdoor si nal into tar et uildinneeds donor cell adds co era e no capacit*
<ith indoor BTS and distri;"ted antennas"ea * losses * po@er splittin and ca lin
Outdoor Antenna-ain: 18 dBi
+ndoor Antenna-ain: 9dBi
4ar'et ;ndoor Covera'e Buildin'
7,8XX !a leoss: 4dB , 50%!a le len t" : 5%
=50 dB%
4t" (loor
3rd (loor
1st (loor
-round (loor
nd (loor
'e+eater
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?assi e repeater needs stron external si naluse'ul onl* @it" er* s"ort
ca lesseldo%l* used
3cti e repeater
a%pli'ies and re=trans%its allrecei ed si nals
<ide;and or narro$;andrepeater
; Application exa%plesplaces @it" co era e need andlittle tra''icre%ote alle*stunnelsunder round co era e #eara es$
needsdecouplin C a%pli'ication
,he #i%ht<bulb *rinci+les
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several smaller sites providemore indoor covera'e areathan a sin'le lar'e site
is etter t"an
ews+a+er *rinci+les
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;ndoor covera'e may -ee9pected in locations wherethere is no enou'h dayli'ht tocom orta-ly read a newspaper
without arti icial illumination
; Where 74 T e"otel lo *ele ator "all@a*s
; Where T eroo%s @it" @indo@near a @indo@atriu%=st*le places
; &"e ne@spaper=principle
(a)e *r$+a%ati$n in ,unnels
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&unnels are er* 'riendl* en iron%ent'or radio @a e propa ation
&unnels are er* 'riendl* en iron%ent'or radio @a e propa ation
'deal antenna position: center o& cross#section/istance to $alls: !in. 2 λ
T"nnel cross#section shape "ni!portant4 i& 10 λ
Ti!e dispersion decreases $ith distance DD constant
Mo"nt antenna R 0..100! ;e&ore t"nnel entrance
Good signal co"pling ;et$een s"ccessi e t"nnels
,unnel &r$ss<Secti$n
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,illing &actor deter!ines propagation conditionsT)pical ranges &or &illing &actorsroad tunnels: 10QMetro: 60 90Q
'illin 'actor ==========
Ad)anced etw$r *lannin% /tems
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we are ()*)
4 1 Jet@or< e olution
4 +ndoor co era e
4 3 &unnel co era e
4 4 2ara%eters
BSS *arameters
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%ele ant BSS para!eter &or A< planning're uenc* allocation planlo ical radio inter'ace con'i urationtrans%it po@er
de'inition o' nei " orin cellsde'inition o' location areas"ando er para%eterspo@er control para%eterscell selection para%etersradio lin< ti%e=out settin stopolo * o' B)!= B&) net@or<
:and$)er ,y+es
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'ntra#cell sa!e cell4 di&&erent carrier orti!eslot
'nter#cell di&&erent cells *nor!al case-'nter#BSC di&&erent BSC'nter#MSC di&&erent MSC areas'nter#?+MA*technicall) &easi;le4 not s"pported-
+ntra=cell+nte=rcell
inter=B)!
:and$)er &riteria
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1 +nter'erence S and / Bad !,+ ratio
3 Splin< Rualit*4 /o@nlin< Rualit*5 Splin< e el6 /o@nlin< e el7 /istance8 .apid (ield /rop
9 M) )peed10 Better !ell i e periodicc"ec< #2o@er Bud et$11 -ood !,+ ratio1 2!: o@er ualit*,le el
t"res"olds #/ ,S $13 2!: Spper ualit*,le el
t"res"olds #/ ,S $
#$cati$n Area Desi%n
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+ocation "pdating a&&ects all!o;iles in net$ork
ocation update in idle %ode
ocation update a'ter call co%pletion
+ocation "pdateres"lts insignaling and processing load$ithin the net$ork *internationallocation "pdatesI-
3 oid ping#pong location "pdates&ocation area 1
&ocation area 2
%aUor road
*a%in% )s. #$cati$n u+date ,raffic
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2a in ocation update
Y o' cells in oc area
si nalin
tra''ic
opti%u% nu% er o' cells in oc area
'unction o' user densit*cell size call arri al rate 'unction o'
user %o ilit*
%ini%ize si nalin tra''icopti%u% aries @it" net@or< e olution
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