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Nitrogen Volatility Control forNitrogen Volatility Control for Forestry
Robert Campbell, Garnett Whitehurst, Tim Albaugh, Eric Sucre, Zakiya Leggett
Portions of Copyrighted Presentations Belonging to Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc , and Forest Nutrition Cooperative Used with Permission.
Robert Campbell, Eric Sucre, and Zakiya Leggett; Weyerhaeuser NR Company; Garnett Whitehurst, Brooks Whitehurst, Associates, Inc.; and Tim
Albaugh, Forest Nutrition Cooperative.g , p
1
Forest Fertilization HistorySoutheastern U.S.
Albaugh, et.al., 2007
1400
1600Acres with fertilization of any kind
800
1000
1200
x100
0)
400
600
800
Acr
es (x
0
200
400
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010Year
• Industry/University research and education cooperative y y psince 1970.
• Universities: North Carolina State Jose Stape directorNorth Carolina State, Jose Stape, director, Lee Allen, professor emeritus.
Virginia Tech, Tom Fox, director.University of Concepcion, Rafael Rubilar, director.
Forest Nutrition CooperativeForest Nutrition Cooperative
• LANDOWNER MEMBERSA i F t M t
• Milliken ForestryM l Ti b M t• American Forest Management
• Arauco‐Bioforest• The Campbell Group• Claritas
• Molpus Timber Management• Plum Creek Timber Company• Potlatch Forest Holdings• Rayonier
• Deforsa• Dougherty & Dougherty Forestry• FOMEX• Forest Capital Partners
y• Refocosta• RMK Timberland Group• Resource Management Service• Smurfit Carton de Columbia• Forest Capital Partners
• Forest Investment Associates• Forestal Mininco• Forestal Rio Biabo
• Smurfit Carton de Columbia• Smurfit Carton de Venezuela• Sonoco Products• Superior Pine Products
• Hancock Timber Resource Group• Jordan Lumber• Masisa
• Westervelt Company• Weyerhaeuser Company
Forest Nutrition CooperativeForest Nutrition Cooperative
• SUSTAINING MEMBERSBASF
• CORRESPONDING MEMBERS• BASF• NV Division of Forest Resources• Southeastern Community College• Virginia Department of Forestry
• Agrotain• ArborGen• Bayer Crop Science• CellForg p y • CellFor• DuPont Crop Protection• Forestry & Land Resource
Consultants• Gavilon• ImageTree• International Plant Nutrition
iInstitute• Payne’s Flying Service• Syngenta• Thrash Aviation• Thrash Aviation
Forest Fertilization HistorySoutheastern U SSoutheastern U.S.
Albaugh, et.al., 2007
1400
1000
1200
Establishment Mid-Rotation
600
800
es (x
1000
)
200
400
600
Acr
e
0
200
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010YearYear
Forest Fertilization HistorySoutheastern U SSoutheastern U.S.
Albaugh, et.al., 2007
1200
1000
Ground RockTSPDAPUnspecified sourceOther sources
600
800
es (x
1000
)
200
400Acr
e
0
200
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010YearYear
Forest Fertilization HistorySoutheastern U SSoutheastern U.S.
Albaugh, et.al., 2007
180
140
160
(x10
00)
CUFUreaDAPTSPOther
80
100
120
eria
l app
lied
(
40
60
Tons
of m
ate
0
20
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005Year
T
Year
Forest Nutrition CooperativeForest Nutrition Cooperative• More information:
http://www forestnutrition orghttp://www.forestnutrition.org• Historical Patterns of Forest
Fertilization in the Southeastern United States from 1969 to 2004, 2007 Timothy J Albaugh H L Allen2007, Timothy J. Albaugh, H. L. Allen, and Thomas R. Fox, South. J. Appl. For. 31(3)129‐137.
• From 1969‐2004, 16 million acres fertilized.
• Acres fertilized doubled every 2 years from 1991 to 1999 after Region Wide 13 results became available.
• Peak of 1.59 million acres fertilized in 1999.
• Fluctuation of annual acres fertilized related to fertilizer cost and product values.
Economic Growth ResponsesEconomic Growth Responses
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
11
Volatility TestingVolatility Testing
• Collect ammonia released after a fertilizerCollect ammonia released after a fertilizer sample is placed on soil
– Control soil moisture (15% ‐ 18%)
C l (28 °C 82 °F)– Control temperature (28 °C or 82 °F)
– Control humidity of air above soilM i t t t d i– Moisture saturated air
– Soil pH is not directly controlled but is the pH of whatever soil is being testedwhatever soil is being tested
12
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
13
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6-2008
Analytical ProcedureAnalytical Procedure• Study is started by placing a
sample of fertilizer on thesample of fertilizer on the hydrated soil
• Air is passed through soil chamber and collected in an acid lsolution
• The ammonia scrubbing solution is replaced at timed intervals – 12 to 24 hours12 to 24 hours– Test length varies from 2 days to
14 days• Ammonia content of the
scrubbing solution is measuredscrubbing solution is measured using an ion selective electrode for ammonia
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
Nitrogen Loss for Urea as a Function of Application Rate(Mississippi Soil)
30
3560 lb N per acre180 lb N per acre
N=1 for All Curves
n Lo
st 25
30 240 lb N per acre
rcen
t Nitr
oge
15
20
Per
5
10
Measurement Conditions - Temperature 28 oC;Soil pH 5.4, Soil Moisture 18%, Relative Humidity of Air (100%)Chambers Swept with Moisture Saturated Air at 1.8 L/min
Time (days)
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
15
Nitrogen Loss for Urea on a Simulated Litter Layer Above a Forest Soil
(Columbus Mississippi)(Columbus Mississippi)
30
35Measurement Conditions - Temperature 28 oC;Soil pH 5.4, Soil Moisture 18%, Relative Humidity of Air (100%)Chambers Swept with Moisture Saturated Air at 1.8 L/min
roge
n Lo
st
20
25
Per
cent
Nitr
5
10
15
Urea on Litter Layer (N=2)Urea on Bare Soil (N=2)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
Time (days)
16
Cumulative Nitrogen Loss for DAP, MAP and Urea on a Mississippi Soil
30
35N
itrog
en L
ost
20
25
Urea 180 lb N per acre (n=4)DAP 30 lb N per acre (30 lb P per acre (n=2))MAP 15 lb N (25 lb P ( 2)
Perc
ent N
10
15MAP 15 lb N per acre (25 lb P per acre (n=2)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 160
5
Time (days)
0 6 8 0 6
Measurement Conditions - Temperature 28 oC;Soil pH 5.4, Soil Moisture 18%, Relative Humidity of Air (100%)Chambers Swept with Moisture Saturated Air at 1.8 L/min
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
17
Chambers Swept with Moisture Saturated Air at 1.8 L/min
Cumulative Nitrogen Loss on a Mississippi Soil for A Blend of Urea and DAPfor a Fertilization Rate of 200 lb N per acre and 25 lb P per Acrep p
30
35n=3 for each point
Lost
25
30
ent N
itrog
en L
15
20
Perc
e
10 Measurement Conditions - Temperature 28 oC;Soil pH 5.4, Soil Moisture 18%, Relative Humidity of Air (100%)Chambers Swept with Moisture Saturated Air at 1.8 L/min
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
5
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
18
Time (days)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cumulative Nitrogen Loss for Urea and ARBORITE(R) 39-9-0 on a Mississippi Soil when Applied at a Rate of 180 lb N per acre
30
35og
en L
ost
20
25
Perc
ent N
itro
10
15 Urea (n=2)ARBORITE(R) 39-9-0 with 0.19% B (n=2)
P
0
5
Measurement Conditions - Temperature 28 oC;Soil pH 5.4, Soil Moisture 18%, Relative Humidity of Air (100%)Chambers Swept with Moisture Saturated Air at 1.8 L/min
Time (days)0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
19
ARBORITE®
h h dPhosphate Coated Urea• Central particle is
granular urea
• Binder is an aqueousBinder is an aqueous mixture of a boron compound and copper sulfate which acts tosulfate which acts to partially inhibit urease
E t l l i• External layer is a phosphate source such as MAP © Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2008
20
Nitrogen Loss for Urea and Arborite® 39-9-0 on a Soil with a pH of 6.4as a Function of Nitrogen Application Rateas a Function of Nitrogen Application Rate
50
60Askins Soil re-hydrated to 18% moisture before fertilizer applicationChambers swept with moistture saturated airTempertuare 28 oCAir Flow 1.8 L/min
N=4 all Curves
roge
n Lo
ss
40
Arborite® 39-9-0 productprepared from MAP Powder from Vicksburg, MSusing Binder 75
Product contains 0.15% B
Perc
ent N
itr
20
30
Cum
lativ
e
10 Urea 360 lb N/acUrea 240 lb N/acUrea 120 lb N/acA b i ® 360 lb N/
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0Arborite® at 360 lb N/acArborite® at 240 lb N/acArborite® at 120 lb N/ac
21
Time (days)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2009
Cumulative Nitrogen Loss for Various Phosphate Coated Urea Products and Urea on a Soil with a pH of 6.280
Loss
60(N=8)
Askins Soil (new collection) re-hydrated before fertilizer applicationChambers swept with moistture saturated airTempertuare 28 CAir Flow 1.8 L/min
nt N
itrog
en L
40 (N=8)
(N=4)
lativ
e Pe
rcen
20
N=4
N=8
N=8
Ti (d )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cum
ul
0
Time (days)B77EX2 39-9-0B77EX1 39-9-0Arborite® 39-9-0 Binder 77 150 b N/acArborite® 39-9-0 Binder 75 150 lb N/acUrea 90 lb N/acU 150 lb N/
All Coated Products Contain 0.15% Boron
© Brooks Whitehurst Associates Inc 6‐2009
22
Urea 150 lb N/acUrea 180 lb N/ac
Volume Growth 2 and 4 Years After Treatment at Weyerhaeuser's Scooba, MS TestNo treatment (control) vs Urea+DAP vs Arborite™ [Coated Urea Fertililizer]
P>|t| for H0:Ti=Tj are shown above each bar for within year comparisons
800
900
)
T3=T1 (.02)T3=T2 (.14)
600
700
800
th (c
u.ft.
/ac)
681
748
820T2=T1 (.18)
400
500
600
lum
e G
row
t
2T3=T1 (.01)T3 T2 ( 15)
200
300
400
mul
ativ
e Vo
l
4T3=T2 (.15)
T2=T1 (.09)
0
100Cum
T1 - Control T2 - Urea+DAP (150N,15P) T3 - Arborite™ (154N,17P)
TreatmentDisclaimer: Results are from a single soil and growing period. Response on other soils or growing season conditions may vary. © 2008 Weyerhaeuser Company. All rights reserved.
23
SummarySummary
• Forest Nutrition Cooperative and internal Weyerhaeuser Company research since 1970 have established the value of fertilization in plantation forestry.
• A peak of 1.59 million acres was reached in 1999 with 16 million acres fertilized between 1969 and 2004.
• Tons of Arborite® coated urea fertilizer applied have increased since 2000 while urea/DAP tons have fluctuated with price levels.
• Urea nitrogen volatility loss in plantations was identified as a significant cost of fertilization in the early 1990’s.
• Weyerhaeuser Company, Brooks Whitehurst Associates and EnCee y p y,Chemical Sales developed Arborite® coated urea fertilizer as a forestry product with N, P, and B and volatility control.
• Our laboratory analytical procedure for volatility measurement produces y y p y pconsistent, repeatable results under dynamic, controlled conditions.
24
SummarySummary
• Percent Nitrogen loss increases with N rate.• Percent N loss increases with forest floor compared to bare ground.• Percent N loss from urea and DAP can be 30% in seven days.• Arborite® can lower percent N loss by a third from 30% to 20% under the
same conditions..• Higher pH (6.2) soils can have increased N loss, up to 60%.• Experimental Arborite® formulations can reduce losses by 60% under
h di ithese conditions.• The Scooba, MS trial provides an example of volume growth benefit from
the volatility control, single granule, and boron effects of Arborite®.A li ti f thi ti t h l t i lt l i tl• Application of this coating technology to agricultural crops is currently being tested.
• The delivery of a volatility controlled urea with additional nutrients in a single granule has biological and economic benefitssingle granule has biological and economic benefits.
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