08 - scheduling

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 1For academic use only.

MGT 550Introduction to

Project ManagementChapter 8:Scheduling

Wesley J. Howe School of Technology Management

Course Development Team Members:Michael Poli

Celia Desmond, PMPDavid Keeney, PMP, CQM, CPDT

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 2For academic use only.

Copyright Information

The slides in this file are provided to faculty instructing MGT 500 on behalf of the Stevens Institute of Technology. Use is restricted to academic endeavors associated with the delivery of MGT 550 to students properly enrolled at the Stevens Institute of Technology. All other rights are reserved by the original owners of materials contained in this program.

The slides contain copyrighted material that has been reproduced and/or adapted to the course syllabus under the doctrine of “fair use for academic purposes”. All slides in this course are copyrighted by the original source. Requests to reproduce materials for other purposes should be directed to the copyright owner identified in the bibliography that will be made available to faculty.

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 3For academic use only.

Module 8: Scheduling

Purpose: prepare students to understand the elements of a project schedule and

the techniques commonly used to estimate time in a project plan.

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 4For academic use only.

Module 8 Objectives• The Scheduling Equation

– Describe the scheduling equation and define its elements

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 5For academic use only.

Scheduling Equation

Where• Work = units of effort

• (usually hours)• Duration = number of work periods

• (usually an 8-hour shift)• Units = quantity of resources assigned

• Availability range is 0% to 300% per person• Efficiency range is 0% to 100%

Work = Duration * Units

Elapsed time includes non-work periods.

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 6For academic use only.

Module 8 Objectives• Activity Types

– Define and illustrate the difference between effort-driven and non-effort-driven tasks

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 7For academic use only.

Effort Driven vs. Non-Effort Driven

• Effort driven tasks can be completed earlier by adding manpower. • Installing 42 ADSL cards in parallel using 7 people

rather than in serial using one.• Constructing a house

• Non-effort driven tasks cannot be shortened. • Measuring error performance for a 24 hour period.• Flying an airplane• Watching paint dry

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 8For academic use only.

Module 8 Objectives• Task Dependencies

– Define mandatory, discretionary, and external dependencies

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 9For academic use only.

Attacking the logic• Some dependencies are mandatory

– i.e. equipment installation must precede performance testing

• Some dependencies are discretionary– i.e. written contract must be signed before

work begins on a project• Some dependencies are external

– I.e. vendor must supply raw materials under contract

• Consider the degree to which it is necessary to maintain the dependency

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 10For academic use only.

Module 8 Objectives• Logical Relationships

– Define FF, SF, SS, and FF relationships– Illustrate how changing relationships can be used to

compress the project schedule

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 11For academic use only.

Dependency Relationships

FS: Finish to Start SF: Start to Finish

A BA B

SS: Start to Start FF: Finish to Finish

AA

B B

PMBOK p 68, 69

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 12For academic use only.

Activity Sequencing

• Determine activity types• Define Logical Relationships• Define task dependencies • Define constraints

– ASAP = Finish as soon as possible– MSO date = Must start on specified date– MFO date = Must finish on specified date– SNLT date = Start no later than specified date– SNET date = Start no earlier than specified date– FNLT date = Finish no later than specified date– FNET date = Finish no earlier than specified date

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 13For academic use only.

Module 8 Objectives• Duration Estimation

– Describe the beta distribution and illustrate how it is used to determine duration and uncertainty for an activity

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 14For academic use only.

Estimating Time

Consider:• work to be done• person doing work• equipment/resource requirements• other commitments• corporate overhead• project overhead

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 15For academic use only.

Obtaining Estimates

• Estimate – optimistic, – realistic and – pessimistic

times or costs• Give an indication of accuracy of the

estimate – (1/100, 1/20, or 1/10)

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 16For academic use only.

Beta Distribution Formulas

µ = 778,333

UnnaturalNaturalµ

= 5,000( P - O )2

62√ = σ

( P + 4M + O ) 6

= µMost likely = 775,000

770 780 790 800LCL763

UCL793

LCL = µ - 3 σUCL = µ + 3 σ

Keeney, 2000

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 17For academic use only.

Z-Score Tablefrom Text

M&M Text, Chpt. 8

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 18For academic use only.

Module 8 Objectives• Types of Network Diagrams

– Describe the AON diagram and use it to illustrate the forward and backward pass calculations

– Describe the AOA diagram and explain the role of dummy activities

– Emphasize that most software uses the AON format

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 19For academic use only.

Network Diagram Methods

• Arrow Diagram Method (ADM)– activity shown on arrow (AOA)

• Precedence Diagram Method (PDM)– activity shown on node (AON)

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 20For academic use only.

Network Diagram• Visual Layout of Work Flow• Determine Sequence of Activities• Determine Predecessors, Successors• Sequence Based on Work Flow• Identify Parallel Activities• Create Network Diagram

F

G

I

E

C

D

A B K

H

J

Poli

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 21For academic use only.

Cards-On-the-Wall Method

Software Development System Test

Easel Paper

Yarn

MaskingTape

Post-It Notes

FMC, p 164

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 22For academic use only.

AONNetworkDiagram

View

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 23For academic use only.

PDM (AON)

WBS No. Float

Late Start

Late Finish

Activity Description

EarlyStart

EarlyFinish

Duration

FreeFloat WBS No. Float

Late Start

Late Finish

Activity Description

EarlyStart

EarlyFinish

Duration

FreeFloat

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 24For academic use only.

PDM Example 2: Manual Flow

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 25For academic use only.

Forward Pass

3A B

C

D E G

F

10

16

1 10 2

5

FS6

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 26For academic use only.

Forward Pass

3A B

C

D E G

F

0 3 103 13

163 19

13 4 1010 20 220 22

522 27

FS6

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 27For academic use only.

Backward Pass

0 3 12 22

6 22

10 20

22 27

3 4 20 22

3A B

C

D E G

F

0 3 103 13

163 19

13 4 1010 20 220 22

522 27

FS6

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 28For academic use only.

Float

0 3 12 22

6 22

10 20

22 27

3 4 20 22

3A B

C

D E G

F

0 3 103 13

163 19

13 4 1010 20 220 22

522 27

0

0 0 0

0

9

3

FS6

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 29For academic use only.

ADM (AOA)

ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

i jDuration

Uses I,j ordered pair notation to denote activities between nodes.Nodes represent events (start and end of an activity).

Installing ATM equipment

1 23 days

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 30For academic use only.

ADM PrinciplesThe name of the activity and the duration are specified on the arrow.

Nodes delineate ends of the arrow. Only one arrow can join two nodes.

If two activities can occur in parallel, a dummy node must be added to terminate the second activity.

A dummy activity has zero duration.

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 31For academic use only.

ADM (AOA)

Task 1 Task 2

Test 1

Test 2

4d

5

05

16d1 2 3

4 5

Dumm

y

In order to show that Node 4 cannot happen until Nodes 2 and 3 have occurred, we need to add a

dummy activity to show the dependency.Dummy activities MUST have 0 duration.

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 32For academic use only.

Example 2: Arrow Diagram

4

1

Establish delivery schedules

3

1

Establish customer requirements

32

Verify current network

2

Confirm interdependencies

6

0

Fine tune design

Redesign network

9

48

1

7Confirm equipment availability

5

Determine performance specifics for new equipment

Verify current performance

3

2Verify initial current net

2 30

2

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 33For academic use only.

Module 8 Objectives• Gantt Chart

– Describe the Gantt chart and use an MS-Project template to illustrate it

– Emphasize that the Gantt chart can be used to help create the time-phased budget discussed in Chapter 7

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 34For academic use only.

PDM Example 2: Gantt Entry

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 35For academic use only.

From Schedule to BudgetID WBS Task Name Dur14 3 Technical Team Startup 28 days

15 3.1 Identify Team Members 1 day

16 3.2 Verify Team Members Acceptance 6 days

17 3.3 Schedule Kickoff Meeting 1 day

18 3.4 Hold Kickoff Meeting 1 day

19 3.5 Identify Technical Tracks 6 days

20 3.6 Assign Team Members To TechnicalTracks

1 day

21 3.7 Set Up Technical Team Web Site 5 days

22

23 4 Call For Papers 25 days

24 4.1 Write Technical Track Descriptions 15 days

25 4.2 Write Call for Papers 5 days

M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T W T F S S M T16, '00 Jul 23, '00 Jul 30, '00 Aug 06, '00 Aug 13, '0

Project Budget

$0

$5

$10

$15

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7Resources by Week

($000)

A B C DResource A = Contingency Allowance

Keeney, 2001

MGT 550: Introduction to Project Management

March 31, 2002 36For academic use only.

Reading Assignments

• From Chapter 8– Text

• Pp 302 – 348

• For Chapter 9– Text

• Pp 361 – 388