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08/06/2018
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How genetics shapes what welearn
Professor Robert Plomin,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology andNeuroscience
Resilience
How heritable is…
0% heritable 100% heritable
0% heritable 100% heritable
0% heritable 100% heritable
Eye colour
Weight (BMI)
School achievement (GCSE)
50% heritable
Estimating heritability
Identical twins(monozygotic, MZ)
Fraternal twins(dizygotic, DZ)
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0102030405060708090
100
Achievementat 7
Achievementat 9
Achievementat 12
Achievementat 16
Achievementat 18
Her
ita
bili
ty(%
)
Test of Word Reading Efficiency(fluency and phonics) at age 7*
40 words 40 non-words
~ 70% heritabilityfor both wordsand non-words
*Very similar to UKPhonics Screening Check (Year 1)
Kovas … Plomin (2007)SRCD Monographs
Meta-analysis of 2800 reports of 5000 traitsin 2.6 million twin pairs
(Polderman et al Nature Genetics 2015)
0102030405060708090
100
Physical Physiological Psychological
Her
ita
bili
ty(%
)
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A GC
TG
TT
AC
C C CG
GA
AT
TTC G G
GC
AA
AT TC G
TC
CA
AG
G G T
A TAdenine Thymine C Cytosine G Guanine
A GC
TG
TT
AC
C C CG
GA
AT
TTC G G
GC
AA
AT T G
TC
CA
AG
G G T
T
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism(SNP)
C C CT T T
3 Genotypes
2 AllelesTC
Finding DNA differences responsible for theheritability of traits
Get DNA GenotypeSNPs
Correlate SNPswith traits
Genome-wide association(GWA)
Single nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP)
Genome-wide polygenic scores
Many polygenic scores of psychological traitsare already available
02468
1012141618202224
Schizophrenia Bipolardepression
Majordepressive
disorder
Educationalachievement
Intelligence Readingability
Va
ria
nce
exp
lain
ed(%
)
Mental illnesses Mental abilities
10
2015
50
7%10%
15%
2%3%
10%
Resilience
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Get my DNAGenotypemy SNPs
Create my polygenicscores and compare
Where are mypolygenic scores?
Distribution of height
My height196 cm
(99th percentile)
Num
bero
find
ivid
uals
My phenotypic height
Polygenic scores for height in population
90th percentile
Num
bero
find
ivid
uals
My polygenic score for height
50%
2%
98%
50%0% 2% 98%Height polygenic score
Heig
htpe
rcen
tiles
me
Height by deciles of polygenic score
75th percentile of height
25th percentile of height
Hei
ghtP
erce
ntile
s
Deciles for Height Polygenic Score Distribution of weight
My BMI = 30 (114 kg)70th percentile
Num
bero
find
ivid
uals
My body mass index (BMI)
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Polygenic scores for BMI in population
My polygenic score94th percentileN
umbe
rofi
ndiv
idua
ls
My polygenic score for BMI
My BMI70th percentile
Polygenic scores in population
Schizophrenia(85%)
Num
bero
find
ivid
uals
Educationalachievement
(94%)
Bipolardisorder
(22%) Alzheimerdisease
(39%)
Major depressivedisorder
(33%)
Alzheimerdisease?
My polygenic scores for psychological traits
DNA.Land
Smith, D. J., Escott-Price, V., Davies, G., Bailey, M. E., Colodro-Conde, L., Ward, J.,... & Hagenaars, S. P. (2016). Genome-wide analysis of over 106 000 individualsidentifies 9 neuroticism-associated loci. Molecular psychiatry, 21, 749–757.
DNA.Land Research implications of polygenic scores: Novel topics
▲Achievement differences between selective and non-selectiveschools
Smith-Woolley …von Stumm … Plomin (2018)Science of Learning
Emily Smith-Woolley
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▲Symptoms▲Qualitative diagnosis
Impact of polygenic scores on clinical psychology
Before After▲Causes▲Quantitative dimensions
Polygenic scores are normally distributed
Polygenic scores
Num
bero
find
ivid
uals
There are no common disorders,just quantitative traits
Polygenic scores
Commondisorders
Plomin et al (2009). Common disorders are common traits.Nature Reviews Genetics.
Num
bero
find
ivid
uals
▲Symptoms▲Qualitative diagnosis▲Cures▲One-size-fits-all treatments
▲Negative genomics
Impact of polygenic scores on clinical psychology
Before After▲Causes▲Quantitative dimensions▲Prediction and prevention▲Individually tailored
interventions▲Positive genomics
From negative to positive genomics
Polygenic scores
Commondisorders??
• Promise• Strength• Ability• Resilience
• Problem• Weakness• Disability• Vulnerability
Genetics and education:implications
What follows if we accept the evidence for the importance ofgenetics?
Genetics: the elephant in the classroom
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No necessary policy implications
▲ Policy depends on values as well as knowledge
▲ Better decisions with knowledge than without (evidence-basededucation)
Genetics and education: implications
Do we stop teaching children?No! ‘Heritable’ does not mean ‘innate’
-- Children have to be taught to read
‘Heritable’ does not mean ‘immutable’-- Probabilistic propensities-- ‘What is’ not ‘what could be’
Genetics and education: implications
Justify social inequality? Educate the best, forget the rest?
▲ No! The essence of democracy is that people are treated equallydespite their differences
Genetics and education: implicationsDemocratic values and genetics
n Equality of educational opportunityn Social mobilityn Maximise potentialn Personalised learning
All will increase heritability!
Heritability is an index of equality of educational opportunity.
A genetic way of thinking about education
n Recognition of and respect for individual differencesn Education is not just a curriculum imposed on studentsn Students select, modify and create their experiences in part
based on genetic propensities
Passive model ofimposed environments
(instruction)
Active model ofshaped environments
(education)
Choice, opportunities, personalised learning
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How genetics shapes what welearn
Professor Robert Plomin,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology andNeuroscience
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