1 cs 101 / 101-e aaron bloomfield chapter 1: hardware

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CS 101 / 101-E

Aaron Bloomfield

Chapter 1: Hardware

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What is a computer?

• Not a rhetorical question!• “A device that computes, especially a

programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information”– From American Heritage® Dictionary of the English

Language, 4th Edition

• By definition, a (properly functioning) computer will always produce the SAME output given the same input

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The first computers

• Scales – computed relative weight of two items– Computed if the first item’s weight was less than,

equal to, or greater than the second item’s weight

• Abacus – performed mathematical computations– Primarily thought of as Chinese, but also Japanese,

Mayan, Russian, and Roman versions– Can do square roots and cube roots

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Computer Size

ENIAC then…

ENIAC today…

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Computer Organization

Input Devices

CentralProcessing Unit

Memory

Output Devices

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Computer Organization

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

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Computer Organization

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

3.06 billion operationsper second

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Computer Organization

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

512 million bytes ofmemory that can betransferred at double

the normal rate

A byte is 8 bits

A bit is a 0 or a 1

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Computer Organization

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

Stores 200 billionbytes of data. You want high RPM and

low seek time.0.009 seconds is

average

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Computer Organization

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

17” on the diagonal.Resolution up to1,280 by 1,024

pixels

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Computer Organization

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

Microprocessor fordisplaying images with

64 million bytes ofmemory. More memorysupports more colorsand higher resolution

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Computer Organization

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

Reads DVDs 16 timesfaster than a basic DVD

drive. Can hold up to8 billion bytes of data

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Computer Organization

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

Can read and writeCDs. Can hold 650

million bytes of dataReads at 48 timesfaster and writes

24 times faster thana basic drive

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Computer Organization

Can send or receiveup to 56 thousand

bits per second

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

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Computer Organization

Computer operatingsystem using a

graphical interface

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

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Computer Organization

Can send or receivedata at two rates –

10 or 100 million bytesper second

• Computer advertisement specification– Intel® Pentium 4 Processor

at 3.06GHz with 512K cache– 512MB DDR SDRAM– 200GB ATA-100 Hard Drive

(7200 RPM, 9.0 ms seek time)– 17” LCD Monitor– 64MB NVIDIA GeForce4

MX Graphics Card®– 16x Max DVD-ROM Drive– 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Drive– 56K PCI Telephony Modem– Windows XP Home Edition®– 10/100 Fast Ethernet Network Card

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Home network

ISP

Router

LaptopComputer

Cable modem

Internet

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Backbones

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Network communication

• Communication protocol– Set of rules that govern how data is sent and received

• TCP/IP– Exchanging packets of information over the Internet

• FTP– Exchanging files between computes

• SMTP– Exchanging email over the Internet

• POP– Exchanging email between mail reader and the ISP

• HTTP– Exchanging files over the WWW

• SSL– How information is to be encrypted

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First Programming Languages

• Ada Lovelace (1833)– Programmed of Babbage’s analytical engine

• ENIAC (1945)– Programmed by plugging wires

• Binary– 10010001010100101010101)

• Assembly

• FORTRAN (1954)

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Java Lineage

• C (1972) by Dennis Ritchie

• C++ (1985) by Bjarne Stroustrup

• Java (1991) by James Gosling and others at Sun Microsystems