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9/19/18
1
Enrique Acha
IEEE Sección Morelos
Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
September 18-20, 2018
9/19/18
AC or DC?
§ Thomas A. Edison or Nikola Tesla?
9/19/18
§ HVAC systems reconfigurations§ LVDC systems reconfiguration§ AC and DC µgrids§ Smart Grids
Content
9/19/18
HVAC Systems Reconfigurations
9/19/18
600 kV DC
Local generation and compensation
2200 MW
330 kV
Hydro-generation
431 km
220 kV
330 kV
8×270 MW thyristor bridges
8×270 MW thyristor bridges3600 A
(b)
210 kmLocal generation and compensation
800 MW
98 km
123 km
Hydro-generation
330 kV
330 kV220 kV
2 × 350 mm2
ACSR conductors
(a)
ABCD
Conventional AC transmission system layout in Fig. 10.13(a) in page 272 of J. Arrillaga – HVDC Transmission, IEE monograph
Converted AC transmission system to an AC and DC transmission system in Fig. 10.13(c) in page 272 of J. Arrillaga – HVDC Transmission, IEE monograph, IET, 1983 and 1988.
Original solution put forward in K.M. Jones and M.W. Kennedy, “Existing AC transmission facilities converted for use with dc”, IEE Conf. Publ. 107 on “High Voltage DC and/or AC power transmission”, London, 1973, pp. 253-260
9/19/18
(c)
330 kV220 kV
210 km 98 km 123 km
600 kV DC
4×180 MW VSCs
4×180 MW VSCs
2400 A
Local generation and compensation
2800 MW
Hydro-generation
431 km
600 kV DC
8×270 MW thyristor bridges
8×270 MW thyristor bridges2400 A
Reconverted AC transmission system to an all-DC transmission system using three bipoles, two bipoles using classical HVDC transmission (thyristor bridges and phase control) and one bipole using modern HVDC transmission (IGBT bridges and PWM control), with the option to tap on intermediate load and generation
9/19/18
LVAC Systems Reconfigurations
9/19/18
Possibilities of Low-Voltage DC Distribution Systems in Finland
20 kV
20/1 kV 1/0.4 kV
1/0.4 kV
1/0.4 kV
20 kV
20/0.4 kV
20/0.4 kV
20/0.4 kV
20 kV
20/1 kV
1.5 kV DC DC/AC inverter at every customer
T. Kaipia, P. Salonen, J. Lassila, J. Partanen, ”Application of Low Voltage DC-Distribution System – A Techno-Economical Study”, 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), Vienna, 21-24 May 2007. Low Voltage Directive (LVD 72/73/EEC) covering 75 to 1500 V DC.
9/19/18
Possibilities of Low-Voltage DC Distribution Systems in Finland
§ The components used in DC-distribution systems would be almost the sameas in AC-distribution systems except for the power electronic inverters
§ In Finland, current standards allow low-voltage underground cables to beused in DC systems if system voltage between two conductors is not higherthan 1.5 kV and between earth and conductor is not higher than 0.9 kV.
§ Assuming that AC cables can be used with no change inDC-distribution applications then the four conductors ofthe three-phase system may be arranged in variousways to transport power in DC form
Possible connection solutions for the unipolar configuration
L L
LN
V(a)
L L L
N
V(b)
L
N
V(c)
L
V
L
(d)
L
V
-V
L
N
Bipolar configuration
(e)
9/19/18
Possibilities of Low-Voltage DC Distribution Systems in Finland
+
VDC
-
IDC
-IDC
Unipolar DC system
+
VDC
-
IDC
-IDC
+
VDC
-Bipolar DC system
9/19/18
AC and DC µGrids
9/19/18
According to the CIGRÉ C6.22 Working Group, Microgrid Evolution Roadmap: “microgrids are electricity distribution systems containing loads and distributed energy resources, (such as distributed generators, storage devices, or controllable loads) that can be operated in a controlled, coordinated way either while connected to the main power network or while islanded”
9/19/18
500 kW
33 kV
11 kV
1
Source: Freris and Infield –Renewable Energy
2302 kW and 689 kVAr
2
3
45
6
7
8
10
11
12
16
14
13
15
17400 V
PCC
1297m
304m
626m
391m
738m
492m
583m
1000m
1110m
539m
1154m
652m791m
583m
539m1253m
OH2
AC µGRID IN ISLANDED MODE
AC µGrids with DC DERs and Feeding into AC Loads
9/19/18
33 kV
11 kV
1
500 kW
Total load is2302 kW
2
3
45
6
7
8
10
11
1216
14
13
15
17400 V
1297m
304m
626m
391m
738m
492m 583m
1000m
1110m
539m
1154m652m
791m
583m
539m
1253m
DC µGrids Feeding into DC Loads
DC µGRID IN ISLANDED MODE
9/19/18
Modelos
9/19/18
1 1 DCj
aV k m e Eϕ=
+
EDC
-
CDC
φma
1VI’’2 I’2
I2
jBeq
VALVE SET
CDC
jX1V0
G0
R1
+
EDC
-
11 : ak m ϕ∠1V 1I vRV
vRI
00 =I
21
*11
*'1
*1120
*1120
j)(
)Re(
VBIVIIVIV
IVIV
eq+=−=
=
sw
2
act2
nom2
0 GIIG ⇒⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛⋅
( )( )
1 11
2 21 10 01 sw 1
cos jsin
cos jsin ( j )0
vR vRa
a a eq
Y k m YI VVk m Y G k m Y BI
ϕ ϕ
ϕ ϕ
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ − + ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟− − + += ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Voltage Source Converter (VSC) Model
§ A flexible and comprehensive model of a STATCOM is given below,
9/19/18
VSC Model with DC Cable Extension
V0R V0IGDC
I0R I0I
(c)
(a)
+EDC
-ma
V0IV0RGDC
vIV
I’’2 I’2
I2
jBeqCDC
jX1V0I
Gsw
R1
+
EDC
-
11: ak m ϕ∠1V 1I vIV
vII
(b)
9/19/18
0
0
R DC DC DCR
I DC DC DCI
I G G EI G G E
−⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞=⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
The nodal admittance matrix of the combined inverter VSC-cable system is:
where the nodal admittance of the cable is:
Adding the nodal admittance matrix of the rectifier VSC to the nodal expression of the VSC-cable system:
Point-to-Point VSC-HVDC Model
0
2 20 1 11 1
1 11
0
( j )
0
R DC DC DCR
I I IDC aI eqI swI DC aI I DCI
vI I I vIaI I
I G G EI G k m Y B G G k m Y E
I k m Y Y V
ϕ
ϕ
⎛ ⎞ −⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
= − + + + − ∠−⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ − ∠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
1 11
2 21 10 1 1
2 21 10 1 1
1 11
0 0
( j ) 0
0 ( j )
0 0
R RvR aR R vR
R RR aR R aR eqR swR DC DC DCR
I II DCIDC aI eqI swI DC aI I
vII IvI aI I
Y k m YI Vk m Y k m Y B G G GI E
EG k m Y B G G k m YIVk m Y YI
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
ϕ
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ − ∠− ⎛ ⎞⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟− ∠ + + + −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟− + + + − ∠−⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ − ∠ ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
These expressions may be expressed in terms of powers
9/19/18
VSC-HVDC System Models
DC Grid
DS
MG1
MG2
GDC2
GDC1
GDC3
VSC1
VSC2
VSC3
GDC
EDCR EDCI
PDCRvRV vIV
aRm aIm
Rectifier Inverter
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1 1
1 1 1
Im Im
n n n
m
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
VSC,R RR VSC,R
RDC
VSC,R RR VSC,R
VSC,I II VSC,I
IDC
VSC, I VSC,
DC DCR DCI DC DC
F J 0 0 0 ΔΦJ
F 0 J 0 0 ΔΦF 0 0 J 0 ΔΦ
JF 0 0 0 J ΔΦF J J J ΔE
L LM M O M M O M M
L LL L
M M O M M O M ML L
⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
r rr
r r
Δ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥Δ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=−
Δ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ Δ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Δ
AC AC
VSC,R VSC,R
AC/DCVSC,I VSC,I
DC DC
AC/DC AC/DC
F ΨF Φ
JF Φ
F E
F Ψ
M M
M M
14 2 43 1 4 2 43
9/19/18
Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Model
DC ringDS1
DS2
DS3
AC2
AC1
AC3
9/19/18
Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Model
DC ring
DS1
DS2 DS3
AC2
AC1
AC3
DC DC
DC DC
DC
DC
9/19/18
Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC Model
DC ring
DS1
DS2 DS3
AC1
DC DC
DC DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
ctrlstorage
DCDC
ctrlstorage
9/19/18
AC/DC Micro-Grids
Micro-grid 1
v4
v2v1
DS2
VSC2
DC ring
DFIG-based wind farm
DS1
Pab
Pcd
PdePef
Pfa
a
b
c
d
e
f
Pba Pbc
Pcb
Pdc
PedPfe
Paf
VSC1
VSC3
VSC4
VSC5
v5
v6
BESS
Micro-grid 2
9/19/18
VSC type EDC(p.u.) ma
φ(deg)
LTC tap Ploss (MW)
VSCSlack 1.0000 0.8721 -13.3660 1.0354 0.0718VSCPsch 0.9952 0.8151 3.7648 0.9970 0.0066VSCPass 0.9955 0.8842 0 1.0113 0.0281VSCPass 1.0006 0.8612 0 1.0014 0.0571VSCPass 0.9976 0.8824 0 1.0113 0.0282Convergence: ε= 10-6 takes 5 iterations and ε= 10-12 takes 6 iterations
VSC typeEDC (p.u.)
maφ
(deg)LTC tap Ploss (MW)
VSCSlack 1.0000 0.8721 -13.3660 1.0354 0.0718VSCPsch 0.9952 0.8151 3.7648 0.9970 0.0066VSCPass 0.9955 0.8842 0 1.0113 0.0281VSCPass 1.0006 0.8612 0 1.0014 0.0571VSCPass 0.9976 0.8824 0 1.0113 0.0282Convergence: ε= 10-6 takes 5 iterations and ε= 10-12 takes 6 iterations
DC cables PDC (MW) Ploss(kW)send-rec rec-send
a b 1.6616 -1.6582 3.4514b c 2.1582 -2.1523 5.8467c d -0.3476 0.3477 0.1143d e -5.3908 5.4183 27.4889e f 2.4531 -2.4456 7.5132f a -2.5975 2.6038 6.3563
9/19/18
Smart Grids
9/19/18
AC Smart Grid
9/19/18
§ According to the philosophy put forward by the academician Amin and Wollenberg from the University of Minnesota, a good starting point to endow the electrical power grid with a degree of intelligence and not only the reflexes provided by today’s advanced protection systems, is to embed independent processors with a robust operative system, in each component, in each substation, in each power plant
§ These processors or agents must be connected to sensors located in the component itself or in the substation in order to assess its status of operation continuously and to report it to the neighbouring agents through the associated communication circuits. This processor agent is the kernel of the smart grid
How to Endow the Electrical Power Grid with a Degree of Intelligence?
Interruptor
Agent
Power cable
Communication channelSeñales censadas
Communication port
Communication port
9/19/18
§ One of the big challenges facing power grid operators is the so-called blackouts§ It is thought that substation intelligence should be able to ameliorate this
problems. If the power grid were to develop a fault that were to lead to islanding operation and a possible blackout , the communication grid and processor agents would remain intact and able to balance the demand-generation requirement, in an almost instantaneous basis
How to Endow the Electrical Power Grid with a Degree of Intelligence?
B
Isla 1
Isla 2
B
9/19/18
Communications Infrastructure and Protocols for Smart Metering
§ A Typical communications infrastructure for smart metering has threecommunications interfaces: Wide Area Network (WAN), NeighbourhoodArea Network (NAN) and Home Area Network (HAN)
§ A HAN uses wired or wireless communications and networking protocols toenable the interoperability of networked appliances and the interface to aSmart Meter. It includes mechanisms to protect consumer data and themetering system
NAN Smart Meter
Smart appliances
Micro-generation
EVCharger
Energy Storage
HAN
ZigBee is based on the IEEE's802.15.4 personal-area networkstandard. It is an alternative to Wi-Fiand Bluetooth for some applications,including low-powered devices,which do not require a lot ofbandwidth, such as smart sensors
9/19/18
Communications Infrastructure and Protocols for Smart Metering
§ The NAN is charged with transferring the individual consumption readings ofSmart Meters; however, when the Smart Grid is fully developed, the NANshould enable continuous diagnostic messages and real-time messages for thepower system operation support
§ For metering, it is estimated that a household will require less than 100 kBper day and a firmware upgrade may require 400 kB of data to be transferred.The communication technology used for the NAN, such as Zigbee, has a datatransfer rate of 250 kB/s. However, the situation will change drastically ifreal-time or near real-time Smart Grid functions are added
NANSmart Meter
Smart Meter
Smart Meter
.
.
.
.
.
.
Data concentratorWANGateway
Meter data management
Network operators
Energy suppliers
Other actors
HAN
HAN
HAN
9/19/18
State Estimation§ Measurements are collected and fed into a state estimation program. A
measurement z may be seen to be a function h of one or more state variablesx1, x2…. However, there is general agreement that a measurement neverdisplays the exact value and that instead, they represent a result within acertain range of confidence.
§ In a system with more than one simultaneous measurement, each measuredvalue can be seen as the actual value with an associated, unknown, error e.
§ Extrapolating this to a set of m measurements in a system with n statevariables, yields following, generic result:
9/19/18
Test Case§ An AC medium-voltage µgrid with distributed AC and DC DERs. Tom
Rubbrecht, On the State Estimation of Three-Phase Micro-grids withDistributed PV Generators, MSc Thesis, Tampere University of Technology,Tampere, Finland, June 2016
9/19/18
Three Phase Power Flow SolutionsVM (p.u.) Phase A Phase B Phase C
Node 1 1.0500 1.0500 1.0500
Node 2 1.1000 1.0971 1.0972
Node 3 1.0980 1.0974 1.1006
Node 4 1.1664 1.1661 1.1679
Node 5 1.0936 1.0926 1.0894
Node 6 1.1053 1.0982 1.0884
Node 7 1.0933 1.0923 1.0891
Node 8 1.0723 1.0746 1.0800
Node 9 1.0915 1.0929 1.0986
Node 10 1.0908 1.0985 1.1108
Node 11 1.0912 1.0926 1.0983
Node 12 1.1022 1.0995 1.1035
Node 13 1.1124 1.1095 1.1035
Node 14 1.1255 1.1227 1.1268
Node 15 1.0986 1.0963 1.0973
Node 16 1.1187 1.1085 1.1135
VA (deg) Phase A Phase B Phase C
Node 1 0.0 -120.0 120.0
Node 2 -7.2656 -127.4895 112.5715
Node 3 -7.9506 -128.1517 111.8248
Node 4 -10.7687 -130.9733 109.0228
Node 5 -8.1344 -128.2761 111.4854
Node 6 -13.1550 -133.8973 105.2256
Node 7 -8.5975 -128.7393 111.0222
Node 8 -8.3380 -128.5909 111.3568
Node 9 -14.5717 -134.2091 106.3837
Node 10 -8.8012 -129.540 110.8937
Node 11 -7.7035 -127.9063 123.9680
Node 12 4.1815 -115.9593 121.1035
Node 13 -8.1858 -128.3885 111.6280
Node 14 -8.0551 -128.2163 111.6380
Node 15 -12.5842 -133.2800 106.8423
Node 16 -6.4030 -126.5639 113.2903
DC nodes 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
EDC 2.1452 2.0004 1.8771 1.8775 1.9293 2.0000 2.0000
DC nodes 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
ϕ -13.4756 -9.2015 -9.5163 -8.8507 -5.0486 -14.2040 -4.3533
9/19/18
Three Phase State Estimation SolutionsVM (p.u.) Phase A Phase B Phase C
Node 1 1.0499 1.0457 1.0576
Node 2 1.0980 1.0869 1.0943
Node 3 1.0951 1.0873 1.0952
Node 4 1.1680 1.1629 1.1654
Node 5 1.0892 1.0798 1.0837
Node 6 1.0970 1.0788 1.0750
Node 7 1.0849 1.0758 1.0745
Node 8 1.0869 1.0821 1.0905
Node 9 1.0843 1.0797 1.0928
Node 10 1.0869 1.0758 1.0791
Node 11 1.0996 1.0897 1.0987
Node 12 1.1130 1.1081 1.1217
Node 13 1.1286 1.1259 1.1371
Node 14 1.0945 1.0847 1.0915
Node 15 1.1121 1.0919 1.1006
Node 16 1.1433 1.1370 1.1387
VA (deg) Phase A Phase B Phase C
Node 1 0.0 -120.0 120.0
Node 2 -7.8712 -128.2322 112.1799
Node 3 -8.6935 -128.9892 111.3769
Node 4 -11.7596 -132.3128 107.9810
Node 5 -8.8034 -129.2025 111.8042
Node 6 -14.0577 -135.2617 104.6870
Node 7 -9.8507 -130.5558 110.5431
Node 8 -9.1934 -129.4744 110.9344
Node 9 -15.7744 -135.4127 105.6966
Node 10 -10.6496 -130.4787 110.0098
Node 11 -8.4110 -128.7196 111.6721
Node 12 3.9248 -116.2479 103.2365
Node 13 -8.0656 -128.4333 111.4425
Node 14 -8.7638 -129.1297 111.2124
Node 15 -13.4665 -134.5451 106.2696
Node 16 -7.4227 -127.8898 112.7109
DC nodes 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
EDC 2.0031 1.8435 1.8470 1.9940 1.9828 2.0044 1.9922
DC nodes 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
ϕ -15.0865 -11.4386 -11.1997 -8.8297 -6.6137 -15.8607 -5.9590
9/19/18
VSC-HVDC Systems With High Temperature Superconductor Cables
GDC
EDCR EDCI
PDCRvRV vIV
aRm aIm
Rectifier InverterPoint-to-point
EDC
PDCvRV vIV
aRm aIm
Rectifier InverterBack-to-back
DC Grid
DS
MG1
MG2
GDC2
GDC1
GDC3
VSC1
VSC2
VSC3
Meshed multi-terminal VSC-HVDC system
DC Bus
DS
MG1
VSC1
VSC2
MG2
VSC3
Back-to-back multi-terminal VSC-HVDC system
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