1 extensive reading mark brierley shinshu university

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Extensive Reading

Mark BrierleyShinshu University

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What is ER?• Extensive Reading• Graded reading• SSR• 「多読」• … 「楽読」• Side reading

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“Students reading a lot of easy, enjoyable books” 「読みやすく、楽しめる本をたくさん読むこと。」

- Marc Helgesen (2005).

What is ER?

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“The royal road to learning”( 学習への王道 )夏目 漱石

What is ER?

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What is ER?「英語を極めたければ、毎日数時間は英

語を読め」松本亨

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Why ER?• Input hypothesis

- Stephen Krashen (1985)

• Vocabulary and collocation- Paul Nation and Rob Waring (1997)

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Top Ten WordsTHE AND TO A

OF I

HE WAS SHE IT

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What percentage of English is written with these words?

25%

What are the most common words in English?

What are they in Japanese?

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What does “to” mean?• I’m about to go to Tokyo to attend to

some business.

• about to• to [place]• to [infinitive]• to attend to

Words and text coverageWords and text coverage

0102030405060708090

100

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Vocabulary size

%

•themselves...everything...immediately...understand...afterwards...conversation...appearance...particular...circumstances...impossible...considered...altogether...countenance...opportunity...determined...especially...acquaintance...particularly...expression...difficulty...understood...satisfaction...confidence...consequence...difference...frightened...something...gentleman...sometimes...therefore...certainly...continued...different...character...knowledge...necessary...beautiful...presently...attention...beginning...happiness...gentlemen...perfectly...everybody...mentioned...affection...exclaimed...companion...breakfast...afternoon...otherwise...condition...situation...following...advantage...miserable...surprised...direction...generally...satisfied...tomorrow...proceeded...according...anything...together...answered...returned...business...pleasure...yourself...children...appeared...thinking...question...possible...remember...daughter...interest...thoughts...followed...received...whatever...happened...observed...suddenly...creature...standing...expected...distance...occasion...remained...speaking...marriage...presence...feelings...pleasant...entirely...thousand...strength...probably...repeated...father's...handsome...supposed...resolved...consider...surprise...carriage...believed

...scarcely...directly...position...kindness...although...laughing...opposite...mistress...stranger...somebody...finished...wouldn't...mother's...promised...dreadful...shoulder...whenever...somewhat...greatest...couldn't...servants...thought...himself...without...nothing...another...herself...through...perhaps...against...because...between...morning...however...looking...towards...brought...replied...believe...present...whether...evening...suppose...chapter...country...husband...certain...already...friends...feeling...account...neither...subject...company...opinion...brother...entered...married...general...silence...turning...forward...several...strange...purpose...pleased...trouble...sitting...getting...there's...besides...hundred...minutes...carried...instead...natural...further...obliged...knowing...fortune...talking...spirits...stopped...leaving...promise...comfort...captain...laughed...reached...walking...waiting...exactly...service...putting...society...perfect...journey...arrived...engaged...respect...history...mention...clothes...settled...running...allowed...outside...hearing...serious...farther...changed...o'clock...passing...greater...reading...anybody...started...meaning...servant...keeping...finding...anxious..

.conduct...telling...passion...meeting...offered...matters

...private...justice...letters...holding...delight...weather...written...kitchen...persons...quarter...ashamed...quickly...

writing...quietly...touched...smiling...watched...manners...calling...little...should...before...though...having...looked...better...always

...seemed...enough...indeed...mother...myself...rather...father...people...things...almost...moment...friend...turned...called...manner...course....

.matter...really...passed...behind...person...making...within...answer...let.reason...pretty...others...that's...either...taking...walked...strong...nate..

hardly...saying...wanted...return...fellow...afraid...honour...ground...except...seeing...second...window...sister...longer...wonder…

..during...dinner...across...doctor...living...wished...silent...common...likely...length...street...become..giving...

struck...church...object..ladies...former...corner...spirit...horses...

notice...figure...twenty...months...broken...secret..

.minute...showed...pounds...nearly...school...heaven...beauty...desire...effect...caught...regard...follow...spoken...raised...future...temper...appear.　.easily...unless...expect...sudden...latter...garden...

honest...you'll...bright...danger...proper...talked...public...forget...speech...slowly...sooner

...gentle...placed..

once…love...knew...lady...room..

.sure...door...told...till...felt...both...side...seen

...who...gone.

Word concentric circles

There are many English words!

Words we understandWords we can use

Words we have seen

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What are these?

• What are they called in Japanese?• 漢字で書いてください！

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Vocabulary Questions• What is wine made from?• Pinot noir, cabernet sauvignon and

chardonnay are varieties of _______?• What is 葡萄 in English?• What is the common name for vitis

vinifera?

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Do you know the word?• How do you spell it?• What is it in Japanese?• What does it mean?

Japanese Word

EnglishWord

Japanese Word English

Word

EnglishWord

Japanese Word

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Do you know the word?• What nuances does it have?• How do you use the word?• What situations do you use it in?• Which words does it like?

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Noun-verb Collocations• 靴を履く　• コートを着る • めがねをかける

• Wear shoes• Wear a coat• Wear glasses

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More collocations• パンを焼く • 卵を焼く• 魚を焼く

• Bake bread• Fry an egg• Grill a fish

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More collocations• have a cold

• make a mistake

• take a train

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Collocation• Words “hunt in packs”

– (Thornbury, 1998)

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Top tenTHE AND TO A

OF I

HE WAS SHE IT

I DO N'T KNOW I DO N'T THINK I DO N'T WANT THE END OF THE DO N'T WANT TO I 'M GOING TO FOR THE FIRST TIME THE REST OF THE AT THE END OF IN THE MIDDLE OF

I DO N'T THERE WAS A ONE OF THE IT WAS A DO N'T KNOW I DID N'T I 'M NOT I CA N'T YOU DO N'T HE DID N'T

OF THE IN THE IT WAS TO THE ON THE AT THE DO N'T HE WAS TO BE AND THE

123456789

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Probability• “the”: 1 in 20 words

• “of”: 1 in 50 words– “of the”: 1 in 200 words

• (not 1 in 1,000 words)

– “the of”: never!

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Probability• “the”: 1 in 20 words

• “of”: 1 in 50 words

• “one”: 1 in 400– “One of the” 　 1 in 3,000 words

• (not 1 in 400,000)

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Collocation graphCollocation length in top 1,000 "words"

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

1 2 3 4

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Experiment• You will see four sentences in

Japanese. Each will appear for the same time. Try to read each sentence.

• Are you ready?

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• 各文章は、四秒半で消えます。

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• 辞書を引かないで無茶苦茶に英書をたくさん読むがよい

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• 難句集というものは一方に偏していわば軽業の稽古である

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• おまわりさんはおいしいハンバーガーをがぶりとかみつきました。

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• そうりだいじんはこくさいかいぎでじゅうようなはつげんをしました。

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Which was easier?• 辞書を引かないで無茶苦茶に英書をた

くさん読むがよい

• 難句集というものは一方に偏していわば軽業の稽古である

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Which was easier?• おまわりさんはおいしいハンバーガー

をがぶりとかみつきました。

• そうりだいじんはこくさいかいぎでじゅうようなはつげんをしました。

• 総理大臣は国際会議で重要な発言をしました。

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夏目漱石『現代読書法 　』 （ 1906年）

• “ 英語を修むる青年はある程度まで修めたら辞書を引かないで無茶苦茶に英書を沢山読むがよい、少し解らない節があって其処は飛ばして 読んでいってもドシドシと読書していくと終いには解るようになる、又前後の関係でも了解せられる、其れでも解らないのは滅多に出ない文字である、要するに 英語を学ぶ者は日本人がちょうど国語を学ぶような状態に自然的習慣によってやるがよい、即ち幾変となく繰り返し繰り返しするがよい、ちと極端な話のようだ が之も自然の方法であるから手当たり次第読んでいくがよかろう。

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• 彼の難句集なども読んで器械的に暗唱するのは拙い、殊に彼のようなものの中から試験問題等 出すというのはいよいよつまらない話である、何故ならば難句集などでは一般の学力を鑑定することは出来ない、学生の綱渡りが出来るか否やを視るぐらいなもので、学生も要するにきわどい綱渡りはできても地面の上が歩けなくては仕方のない話ではないか、難句集というものは一方に偏していわば軽業の稽古である。試験官などが時間の節約上且つは気の利いたものを出したいというのであんな者を出すのは、ややもすると弊害を起こすのであるから斯様なもののみ出すのは宜しくない。

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もし

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本

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を

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読む

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とき

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に

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、

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一語

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一語

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読んで

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行く

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なら

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全体

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の

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意味

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を

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理解

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する

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こと

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は

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できない

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でしょう

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。

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Collocations• You can only read quickly if you have

seen words and collocations many times.

• You can only see words and collocations many times if you read quickly!

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The brain is a forgetting machine

• R ＝ Memory• S ＝ Strength of impression• t ＝ time

– Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885

The Forgetting Curve

Words and text coverageWords and text coverage

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%

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Extensive Reading• “Extensive” in ER

= “a lot”• “A lot” depends on how much you have

read• 1,000,000 words

– A native speaker in one year

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Start climbing!

槍ヶ岳3,180　m

松本　　　600　m14th　

Floor60　m

In 6 years of study at junior and senior high school, students have reached 14th floor of Tokyo building

After a year at Shinshu university, most students have reached Matsumoto

If Mount Yari is 500,000 words...

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What do you need?• Books• Time• Permission to enjoy reading

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Sakai-sensei’s 3 Rules1. No dictionaries2. If you don’t know a word,

ignore it3. If it’s boring, stop reading

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1. No dictionariesThey cause frustrationThey don’t help you remember

Choose books you can enjoy without a dictionary!

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2. If you don’t know a word, ignore it!

Concentrate on what you DO knowRead faster, and read more　Choose books you can enjoy skipping

through!

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3. If it’s boring, stop readingDon’t try too hardThere are many other books to readYou can read it later

Stop reading as soon as possible!

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Don’t try!• Just read...

Writing abilityWriting ability T13

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 10 20 30

Books Read Correlation 0.58

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Why are you studying English?• For exams?• For your life?

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Improving in English• There is no short cut!

• There is an easy way, and an enjoyable way.

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参考• http://www.seg.co.jp/sss/• http://tadoku.org/• http://www.benikomason.net/students/f

ree_voluntary_reading.html

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• Thornbury, Scott 'The Lexical Approach: a journey without maps?' MET Vol7 No4 Oct 1998