1 groundwater remediation of a highly contaminated bedrock site - the oxygen infusion phase - j....
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1
GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION OF A HIGHLY CONTAMINATED
BEDROCK SITE
- The Oxygen Infusion Phase -
J. MorrowD. Side
By:
2
Gas station/auto repair 1940s-1999
Heavy residential/commercial area in SE Pennsylvania
Eight USTs removed between 1994-1999
Catastrophic petroleum hydrocarbon release, 1995
Surrounding properties include:
• Commercial & Industrial sites with water supply wells
• Residential properties with water supply wells
• PA Turnpike
3
Location
1273 DeKalb Pike
USGS
4
Bedrock
•Begins 7-10’ below ground surface
•Sandstone w/interbedded shale
Three saturated zones
•15’ to 50’
•60 to 75’
•80’ to 93’?
Groundwater flow, north w/components west and south
5
Hydraulic conductivity - 600’/day, avg.
Water table elevation changes 8 feet
Gradient - 0.09 (average)
Velocity - 0.2 to 2 ft/day
Direction - mixed, complex
Likely multiple source areas of contamination
6
1995-’98 - Site characterization
1995-’02 - LNPL removal
Late ’98 - Install pump/treat remediation w/bioreactor
Early ’02 - Install second bioreactor using on-site WSW
October ’02 - Installed 2 iSOCs in on-site monitoring wells. A third iSOCs added Feb. ‘03
October ’03 - installed 6 infusion wells w/iSOCs upgradient of plume
• Total of 9 iSOCs
7
iSOC pilot phase was encouraging.
12 months after initiating the pilot phase, 6 new infusion wells were added employing a total of 9 iSOC O2 infusion points.
Source area contaminant reductions have been excellent both for BTEX and MTBE.
As cleanup has progressed, selective iSOC infusion points have been relocated to optimize contaminant reductions.
8
Initial pump/treat system used extraction wells within the source area. Results were only modestly successful due to low hydraulic conductivity.
Installation of second pump/treat bioreactor used a water supply well (WSW) as the extraction well; pumping rates between 5 and 10 gpm were achieved. Good hydraulic control was obtained and excellent treatment of off-site contamination. Source area contamination was only marginally affected.
Supplemental remediation for onsite contamination was indicated. iSOC was selected initially for a pilot study.
9
Air as source 7-10 mg/l
Pure O2 (when diffused) 18-20 mg/l
O2 via iSOC
42 mg/l @ 5’ head
111 mg/l @ 50’ head
10
What it looks like
Hydrophobic, micro porous O2 delivery system
Extraordinary surface area, 7000 m2/m3
Rugged materials and construction
11
12
PA Bedrock SiteO2 Control Systems For 9 iSOCS
13
PA Bedrock Site O2
Storage
14
Field Tests
• pH, DO, ORP, NO31-, PO4
3-
Laboratory
• BOD5, TOC, COD
• Heterotrophic Plate Counts
• enzymes
• COCs
15
COCs and field tests - monthly for 18 months
Biochemical parameters
• BOD, TOC, COD, HPC - quarterly, selective wells
Enzymes - two rounds, selective wells
16
Final installation of iSOC coincided with peak drought in SE Pennsylvania
Subsequently it started raining, groundwater elevations increased 6’ to 10’
Some MWs displayed dramatic increases in COCs
17
B U R TS AU TOR EP AIR
S H ED
CARWAS H
1265 DEK AL B P IK E
1257 DEK ALB P IK E
P ROP E RT Y L IM IT
S H ED
WAS T EOIL
FO RM ER D IESE L D ISPENS ER
FO RM ER D IESE L U STFORM ERKIOSK
FO R M ER PU M P ISLAN DS
DEK ALB P IK E (ROU TE 202)
M W -1
M W -2
M W -3
M W -4
M W -5
M W -6
M W -7
M W -8
M W -9
M W -10
W SW -A
W SW -B
W SW -C
M W -11
M W -12
M W -13
M W -14
STREAMP
A T
UR
NP
IKE
G W FLO W
DRINKINGH2O W ELLS
G W FLO W
1.0 ACRE SITE
PA Bedrock Site with Surrounding Features
18
260.23277.14
263.60
274.69
267.23
266.17
279.83 274.27
267.42
256.65
255.99 257.11
218.26
266.65
251.01
270.42
257.61
M W -1M W -2
M W -3
M W -4
M W -5
M W -6
M W -7 M W -8
M W -9
M W -10
M W -11 M W -12
M W -13
M W -14
W SW -A
W SW -B
W S W -C
259.86276.86
260.49
271.60
266.83
265.50
275.84 261.75
264.10
256.80
257.03 257.66
258.73
266.91
250.72
265.69
257.52
M W -1M W -2
M W -3
M W -4
M W -5
M W -6
M W -7 M W -8
M W -9
M W -10
M W -11 M W -12
M W -13
M W -14
W S W -A
W SW -B
W SW -C
B U R T'S A U TOR E PA IR
CA R W AS H
1265 DE
KA
LB P
IKE
MA
SO
NA
RY
BU
ILDIN
G
1257 D EK ALB P IK E
DE
KA
LB
PIK
E - R
OU
TE
202
PR
OP
ER
TY
LIMIT
SH
ED
B UR T'S A U TOR EP AIR
CA R W AS H
1265 DE
KA
LB P
IKE
MA
SO
NA
RY
BU
ILDIN
G
1257 DE KA LB P IKE
DE
KA
LB P
IKE
- RO
UT
E 2
02
PR
OP
ER
TY
LIMIT
SH
ED
P A B E D R O C K S I T E
S tatic C on dtion s( A pr il 2 0 0 2 )
P u m p/T r eat C on d it ion s( S eptem ber 2 0 0 3 )
G r ou n dw ater F low
G ro u n d w a ter flow
19
Isoconcentration maps
DO plume progression
Selective BTEX, MTBE trends
Selective hydrograph
20
MW-1
MW-2
MW-3
MW-4
MW-5
MW-6
MW-7
MW-8
MW-9
MW-10
WSW-A
WSW-B
WSW-C
MW-11
MW-12
MW-13
MW-14
IW-1
IW-2
IW-3
IW-4
IW-5IW-6
613.6
4.35
0
0
0
0
0
0
2489
0
390.2
0
0
0
0
0.4
0
13866
0
0
0
4.440
MW-1
MW-2
MW-3
MW-4
MW-5
MW-6
MW-7
MW-8
MW-9
MW-10
WSW-A
WSW-B
WSW-C
MW-11
MW-12
MW-13
MW-14
IW-1
IW-2
IW-3
IW-4
IW-5IW-6
3588
ND
ND
14
1
14
3420
539
19364
ND
633
ND
4.4
ND
ND
10005
ND
56
44
83
ND
161442
MW-1
MW-2
MW-3
MW-4
MW-5
MW-6
MW-7
MW-8
MW-9
MW-10
WSW-A
WSW-B
WSW-C
MW-11
MW-12
MW-13
MW-14
495
5733
0
208
0
0
10581
8374
24100
0
649
0
0
0
0
8188
50
BURTS AUTOREPAIR
SHED
CARWASH
1265 DEKALB PIKE
1257 DEKALB PIKE
PROPERTY LIMIT
SHED
WASTEOIL
BURTS AUTOREPAIR
SHED
CARWASH
1265 DEKALB PIKE
1257 DEKALB PIKE
PROPERTY LIMIT
SHED
WASTEOIL
BURTS AUTOREPAIR
SHED
CARWASH
1265 DEKALB PIKE
1257 DEKALB PIKE
PROPERTY LIMIT
SHED
WASTEOIL
BTEX MapsO2 Infusion Phase
9 months, 3 iSOCs +
BaselineZero iSOCs
20 months, 3 iSOCs +14 months, 6 iSOCs
800 ppb
5,000 ppb
10,000 ppb
20,000 ppb
August 2003
August 2002
July 2004
3 months, 6 iSOCs
21
M W -1
M W -2
M W -3
M W -4
M W -5
M W -6
M W -7
M W -8
M W -9
M W -10
W SW -A
W SW -B
W SW -C
M W -11
M W -12
M W -13
M W -14
IW -1
IW -2
IW -3
IW -4
IW -5IW -6
2000
368
12000
33
109
19.4
12800
235
5780
8
456
N D
18.5
N D
N D
2910
N D
48.4
451
1780
27
14103.2
M W -1
M W -2
M W -3
M W -4
M W -5
M W -6
M W -7
M W -8
M W -9
M W -10
W SW -A
W SW -B
W SW -C
M W -11
M W -12
M W -13
M W -14
1,030
3,770
14,300
646
156
4
6,290
12,500
17,100
N A
8,292
N D
1.38
N D
N D
6,570
3,000
71
1060
10200
0
0
0
9570
7
1880
0
261
0
0
0
0
0
0
8350
1980
17
0
150
M W -1
M W -2
M W -3
M W -4
M W -5
M W -6
M W -7
M W -8
M W -9
M W -10
W SW -A
W SW -B
W SW -C
M W -11
M W -12
M W -13
M W -14
IW -1
IW -2
IW -3
IW -4
IW -5IW -6
B U RT S AU TOREP AIR
S H ED
C ARWAS H
1265 DEK AL B P IK E
1257 DEK AL B P IK E
P ROP ERT Y L IM IT
S H ED
WAS T EOIL
B U RT S AU TOREP AIR
S H ED
CARWAS H
1265 DEK AL B P IK E
1257 DEK AL B P IK E
P ROP ERT Y L IM IT
S H ED
WAS T EOIL
B U R TS AU TOREP AIR
S H ED
CARWAS H
1265 DEK AL B P IK E
1257 DEK ALB P IK E
P R OP ER T Y L IM IT
S H ED
WAS TEOIL
FO R M ER D IES EL D ISP EN SER
FO R M E R D IE SE L U STF O R M ERKIO SK
F O R M ER P U M P IS LA N D S
500 ppb
2,000 ppb
8,000 ppb
12,000 ppb
M TBE M apsO 2 Infusion Phase
B aselineZero iSO C s
9 m onths, 3 iSO C s +3 m onths, 6 iSO C s
20 m onths, 3 iSO C s +14 m onths, 6 iSO C s
August 2003
July 2004
August 2002
22
MW-1
MW-2
MW-3
MW-4
MW-5
MW-6
MW-7
MW-8
MW-9
MW-10
WSW-A
WSW-B
WSW-C
MW-11
MW-12
MW-13
MW-14
IW-1
IW-2
IW-3
IW-4
IW-5IW-6
0.7
46.3
7.4
0.2
7.2
5.5
42.8
0.6
1.9
0.5
0.8
1.8
6.8
0.30.5
MW-1
MW-2
MW-3
MW-4
MW-5
MW-6
MW-7
MW-8
MW-9
MW-10
WSW-A
WSW-B
WSW-C
MW-11
MW-12
MW-13
MW-14
IW-1
IW-2
IW-3
IW-4
IW-5IW-6
1.9
50.5
48.9
3.7
8.0
6.4
36.9
2.8
38.4
34.3
44.9
40.2
8.7
33.040.3
MW-1
MW-2
MW-3
MW-4
MW-5
MW-6
MW-7
MW-8
MW-9
MW-10
WSW-A
WSW-B
WSW-C
MW-11
MW-12
MW-13
MW-14
IW-1
IW-2
IW-3
IW-4
IW-5IW-6
1.4
42.0
42.7
44.3
1.3
40.1
1.4
1.2
0.8
7.4
41.7
44.2
42.9
6.0
1.57.5
Dissolved OxygenDO Plume Progression
BURTS AUTOREPAIR
SHED
CARWASH
1265 DEKALB PIKE
1257 DEKALB PIKE
PROPERTY LIMIT
SHED
WASTEOIL
FORMER DIESEL DISPENSER
FORMER DIESEL USTFORMERKIOSK
FORMER PUMP ISLANDS
BURTS AUTOREPAIR
SHED
CARWASH
1265 DEKALB PIKE
1257 DEKALB PIKE
PROPERTY LIMIT
SHED
WASTEOIL
FORMER DIESEL DISPENSER
FORMER DIESEL USTFORMERKIOSK
FORMER PUMP ISLANDS
BURTS AUTOREPAIR
SHED
CARWASH
1265 DEKALB PIKE
1257 DEKALB PIKE
PROPERTY LIMIT
SHED
WASTEOIL
FORMER DIESEL DISPENSER
FORMER DIESEL USTFORMERKIOSK
FORMER PUMP ISLANDS
10 ppm
20 ppm
30 ppm
40 ppm
50 ppm
1 monthw/3 iSOCs
16 months, 3 iSOCs +
9 months, 9 iSOCs
23 months, 3 iSOCs +16 months, 6 iSOCs
March 2003
December 2003 July 2004
23
PA BEDROCK SITE - MW3
OXYGEN INFUSION PHASE
MTBE & BTEX TRENDS, AVERAGE FOR QUARTER
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Q2-02 Q3-02 Q4-02 Q1-03 Q2-03 Q3-03 Q4-03 Q1-04 Q2-04 Q3-04Sampling Period0
50
100
150
200
250
B T E X
M T B E
Baseline
Install 2 iSOCS
Install 3rd iSOC
Install 4-9 iSOCs
Pilot Phase Full Scale Phase
24
PA BEDROCK SITE - MW9
OXYGEN INFUSION PHASE
MTBE & BTEX TRENDS, AVERAGE FOR QUARTER
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
Q2-02 Q3-02 Q4-02 Q1-03 Q2-03 Q3-03 Q4-03 Q1-04 Q2-04 Q3-04
Sampling Period
MT
BE, p
pb
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
BTEX
, ppb
BTEX
MTBE
BaselineInstall 2 iSOCS Install
3rd iSOC
Install 4-9 iSOCs
Pilot Phase Full Scale Phase
25
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Q2-02 Q3-02 Q4-02 Q1-03 Q2-03 Q3-03 Q4-03 Q1-04 Q2-04 Q3-04
Sampling Period
MTB
E, pp
b
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
BTEX
, ppb
BTEX
MTBE
BaselineInstall 2 iSOCS
Install 3rd
iSOC Install 4-9 iSOCs
Pilot Phase Full Scale Phase
PA BEDROCK SITE - MW7
OXYGEN INFUSION PHASE
MTBE & BTEX TRENDS, AVERAGE FOR QUARTER
26
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
Q1-03 Q2-03 Q3-03 Q4-03 Q1-04 Q2-04 Q3-04
Sampling Period
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
BTEX
MTBE
PA BEDROCK SITE - IW1
OXYGEN INFUSION PHASE
MTBE & BTEX TRENDS, AVERAGE FOR QUARTER
27
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
Q1-03 Q2-03 Q3-03 Q4-03 Q1-04 Q2-04 Q3-04
Sampling Period
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
BTEX
MTBE
PA BEDROCK SITE - IW2
OXYGEN INFUSION PHASE
MTBE & BTEX TRENDS, AVERAGE FOR QUARTER
28
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
Q1-03 Q2-03 Q3-03 Q4-03 Q1-04 Q2-04 Q3-04
Sampling Period
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
BTEX
MTBE
PA BEDROCK SITE - IW5
OXYGEN INFUSION PHASE
MTBE & BTEX TRENDS, AVERAGE FOR QUARTER
29
PA BEDROCK SITE - IW6
OXYGEN INFUSION PHASE
MTBE & BTEX TRENDS, AVERAGE FOR QUARTER
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Q1-03 Q2-03 Q3-03 Q4-03 Q1-04 Q2-04 Q3-04
Sampling Period
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
BTEX
MTBE
30
Pump and treat system was highly successful in establishing hydraulic control and in treating off site contamination where hydraulic conductivity is high.
On site contamination where hydraulic conductivity is low and initial groundwater contamination was highest have been markedly reduced by iSOC installation. Prior to effective use of oxygen infusion, groundwater contamination on site remained high despite 3 years of pump and treat.
On site oxygen infusion substantially reduced contamination by increasing DO levels and by creating multiple pathways for oxygen diffusion.
31
Free phase petroleum was discovered April 2003 in two of six newly installed infusion wells. Some source contamination evidently is entrapped within fractures of bedrock intersected by the wells.
Recalcitrant areas of on site groundwater contamination appear to result in areas where there is a good hydraulic connection to source areas.
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