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1 of 50Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu© South-Western 2004Survey of Accounting, 2/e Chapter 2, ACCT125
ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING FUNDAMENTALS FOR FUNDAMENTALS FOR
MANAGERSMANAGERS
University of Management and Technology1901 North Fort Myer Drive
Arlington, VA 22209Voice: (703) 516-0035 Fax: (703) 516-0985
Website: www.umtweb.edu
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Task Force Clip Art Task Force Clip Art included in this electronic included in this electronic presentation is used with presentation is used with
the permission of New the permission of New Vision Technology of Vision Technology of
Nepean Ontario, Canada.Nepean Ontario, Canada.
3 of 50Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.edu© South-Western 2004Survey of Accounting, 2/e Chapter 2, ACCT125
Chapter 2Chapter 2
The Cash Basis of AccountingThe Cash Basis of Accounting
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ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
1. Describe the basic elements of a financial accounting information system.
2. Describe the cash and accrual bases of accounting.
3. Use the cash basis of accounting to analyze, record, and summarize transactions for a corporation’s first period of operations.
4. Use the cash basis of accounting to prepare financial statements for the first period of operations.
After studying this After studying this chapter, you should chapter, you should
be able to:be able to:
After studying this After studying this chapter, you should chapter, you should
be able to:be able to:
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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
5. Use the cash basis of accounting for recording transactions and preparing financial statements for a second period of operations.
6. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the cash basis of accounting.
7. Describe and illustrate how vertical analysis can be used to analyze and evaluate a company’s performance.
6 of 50Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.eduChapter 2, ACCT125
1Describe the basic elements of a financial accounting information system.
Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective
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AssetsAssets = LiabilitiesLiabilitiesStock-
holders’ Equity
Stock-holders’ Equity
+
The rights of creditors
The rights of the stockholders
The The Accounting Accounting EquationEquation
The The Accounting Accounting EquationEquation
Balance SheetBalance Sheet
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Describe the cash and accrual bases of accounting.2
Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective
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Under the cash basis of accounting, a business
records only transactions involving increases or
decreases in cash.
Under the cash basis of accounting, a business
records only transactions involving increases or
decreases in cash.
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Under the accrual basis of accounting, revenue is recorded as it is earned and an expense is
recorded when incurred.
Under the accrual basis of accounting, revenue is recorded as it is earned and an expense is
recorded when incurred.
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Use the cash basis of accounting to analyze, record, and summarize transactions for a corporation’s first period of operations.
3Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective
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On September 1, 2003, Dr. Lee
Landry organized a professional
corporation to practice general
medicine.
On September 1, 2003, Dr. Lee
Landry organized a professional
corporation to practice general
medicine.
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a. Dr. Landry deposits $6,000 in a bank a. Dr. Landry deposits $6,000 in a bank account in the name of Family Health account in the name of Family Health Care, P.C. in return for shares of stock Care, P.C. in return for shares of stock in the corporation.in the corporation.
a. Dr. Landry deposits $6,000 in a bank a. Dr. Landry deposits $6,000 in a bank account in the name of Family Health account in the name of Family Health Care, P.C. in return for shares of stock Care, P.C. in return for shares of stock in the corporation.in the corporation.
Capital Stock 6,000 Investment by
Dr. Landry
Cash6,000 a.
Assets Stockholders’ Equity=
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b. Family Health Care borrowed b. Family Health Care borrowed $10,000 from First National Bank.$10,000 from First National Bank.
b. Family Health Care borrowed b. Family Health Care borrowed $10,000 from First National Bank.$10,000 from First National Bank.
Capital Stock 6,000
Cash6,000 a.
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities +
b. 10,000 10,000
Bal. 16,000 10,000 6,000
Notes Payable +=
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c. Family Health Care buys land for c. Family Health Care buys land for $12,000 cash.$12,000 cash.
c. Family Health Care buys land for c. Family Health Care buys land for $12,000 cash.$12,000 cash.
Capital Stock Cash
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities +
Bal. 16,000 10,000 6,000
Notes Payable +=
c. –12,000 12,000
Bal. 4,000 12,000 10,000 6,000
+ Land
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d. During the first month of operations, d. During the first month of operations, Family Health Care earns patient fees of Family Health Care earns patient fees of $5,500, receiving the amount in cash.$5,500, receiving the amount in cash.
d. During the first month of operations, d. During the first month of operations, Family Health Care earns patient fees of Family Health Care earns patient fees of $5,500, receiving the amount in cash.$5,500, receiving the amount in cash.
Capital StockCash + Land
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities + Notes Payable +=
d. 5,500 Revenue 5,500 Bal. 4,000 12,000 10,000 6,000
Retained Earnings
Bal. 9,500 12,000 10,000 6,000 5,500
e. The expenses for the month were as follows: e. The expenses for the month were as follows: wages, $1,125; rent, $950; utilities, $450; wages, $1,125; rent, $950; utilities, $450; interest, $100; miscellaneous, $275.interest, $100; miscellaneous, $275.
e. The expenses for the month were as follows: e. The expenses for the month were as follows: wages, $1,125; rent, $950; utilities, $450; wages, $1,125; rent, $950; utilities, $450; interest, $100; miscellaneous, $275.interest, $100; miscellaneous, $275.
Capital StockCash + Land
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities + Notes Payable +=
e. –2,900 Wages expense –1,125Rent expense –950
Utilities expense –450Interest expense –100
Misc. expense –275
Retained Earnings
Bal. 9,500 12,000 10,000 6,000 5,500
Bal. 6,600 12,000 10,000 6,000 2,600
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f. Family Health Care pays $1,500 to f. Family Health Care pays $1,500 to stockholder (Dr. Landry) as dividends.stockholder (Dr. Landry) as dividends.
f. Family Health Care pays $1,500 to f. Family Health Care pays $1,500 to stockholder (Dr. Landry) as dividends.stockholder (Dr. Landry) as dividends.
Capital StockCash + Land
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities + Notes Payable +=
f. –1,500 Dividends –1,500
Retained Earnings
Bal. 6,600 12,000 10,000 6,000 2,600
Bal. 5,100 12,000 10,000 6,000 1,100
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1. The effect of every transaction is an increase or a decrease in one or more of the accounting equation elements.
2. The two sides of the accounting equation are always equal.
3. The stockholders’ equity is increased by amounts invested by stockholders and by revenues. It is decreased by expenses and dividends. Let’s visualize this.
The following apply to all types The following apply to all types of businesses:of businesses:
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Capital Stock Retained Earnings
Stockholders’ Stockholders’ InvestmentsInvestments
RevenuesRevenues ExpensesExpenses DividendsDividends
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITYSTOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
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Use the cash basis of accounting to prepare financial statements for the first period of operations.
4Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective
Fees earned$5,500
Operating expenses:Wages expense $1,125Rent expense 950Utilities expense 450Interest expense 100Miscellaneous expense 275 Total operating expenses 2,900
Net income$2,600
Family Health Care, P.C.Income Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2003
Revenue and expense amounts taken from the Retained Revenue and expense amounts taken from the Retained Earnings column in Exhibit 2 of the textbook.Earnings column in Exhibit 2 of the textbook.
Revenue and expense amounts taken from the Retained Revenue and expense amounts taken from the Retained Earnings column in Exhibit 2 of the textbook.Earnings column in Exhibit 2 of the textbook.
Net income for September $2,600Less dividends 1,500Retained Earnings, September 30, 2003 $1,100
Family Health Care, P.C.Retained Earnings Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2003
The net income is taken from the income The net income is taken from the income statement (previous slide) and the amount of statement (previous slide) and the amount of
dividends from the Retained Earnings dividends from the Retained Earnings column in Exhibit 2 of the textbook.column in Exhibit 2 of the textbook.
The net income is taken from the income The net income is taken from the income statement (previous slide) and the amount of statement (previous slide) and the amount of
dividends from the Retained Earnings dividends from the Retained Earnings column in Exhibit 2 of the textbook.column in Exhibit 2 of the textbook.
AssetsCash
$ 5,100Land
12,000Total assets
$17,100Liabilities
Notes payable$10,000
Stockholders’ EquityCapital stock $6,000Retained earnings 1,100
7,100Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$17,100
Family Health Care, P.C.Balance Sheet
September 30, 2003All account balances All account balances were taken from the were taken from the
bottom row of Exhibit 2, bottom row of Exhibit 2, except except Retained Retained
Earnings.Earnings.
All account balances All account balances were taken from the were taken from the
bottom row of Exhibit 2, bottom row of Exhibit 2, except except Retained Retained
Earnings.Earnings.
Retained EarningsRetained Earnings balance is taken from the balance is taken from the
retained earnings retained earnings statement.statement.
Retained EarningsRetained Earnings balance is taken from the balance is taken from the
retained earnings retained earnings statement.statement.
AssetsCash
$ 5,100Land
12,000Total assets
$17,100Liabilities
Notes payable$10,000
Stockholders’ EquityCapital stock $6,000Retained earnings 1,100
7,100Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity
$17,100
Family Health Care, P.C.Balance Sheet
September 30, 2003
Total assets equal total liabilities Total assets equal total liabilities plus stockholders’ equity.plus stockholders’ equity.
Total assets equal total liabilities Total assets equal total liabilities plus stockholders’ equity.plus stockholders’ equity.
Cash flows from operating activities:Cash received from customers $ 5,500Deduct cash payments for expenses 2,900Net cash flow from operating activities $ 2,600
Cash flows from investing activities:Cash payments for acquisition of land (12,000)
Cash flows from financing activities:Cash from sale of cap. stock $ 6,000Cash from notes payable 10,000 $16,000Deduct cash dividends 1,500Net cash flow from financing activities 14,500
Net increase in cash $ 5,100September 1, 2003 cash balance 0September 30, 2003 cash balance $ 5,100
Family Health Care, P.C.Statement of Cash Flows
For the Month Ended September 30, 2003
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Use the cash basis of accounting for recording transactions and preparing financial statements for a second period of operations.
5Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective
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a. Received fees of $6,400 in cash.a. Received fees of $6,400 in cash.a. Received fees of $6,400 in cash.a. Received fees of $6,400 in cash.
Capital StockCash + Land
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities + Notes Payable +=
a. 6,400 Revenue 6,400
Retained Earnings
Bal. 5,100 12,000 10,000 6,000 1,100
Bal. 11,500 12,000 10,000 6,000 7,500
b. Paid expenses in cash as follows follows: b. Paid expenses in cash as follows follows: wages, $1,370; rent, $950; utilities, $540; wages, $1,370; rent, $950; utilities, $540; interest, $100; miscellaneous, $220.interest, $100; miscellaneous, $220.
b. Paid expenses in cash as follows follows: b. Paid expenses in cash as follows follows: wages, $1,370; rent, $950; utilities, $540; wages, $1,370; rent, $950; utilities, $540; interest, $100; miscellaneous, $220.interest, $100; miscellaneous, $220.
Capital StockCash + Land
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities + Notes Payable +=
e. –3,180 Wages expense –1,370Rent expense –950
Utilities expense –540Interest expense –100
Misc. expense –220
Retained Earnings
Bal. 11,500 12,000 10,000 6,000 7,500
Bal. 8,320 12,000 10,000 6,000 4,320
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c. Family Health Care pays $1,000 to c. Family Health Care pays $1,000 to stockholders (Dr. Landry) as dividends.stockholders (Dr. Landry) as dividends.
c. Family Health Care pays $1,000 to c. Family Health Care pays $1,000 to stockholders (Dr. Landry) as dividends.stockholders (Dr. Landry) as dividends.
Capital StockCash + Land
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities + Notes Payable +=
c. –1,000 Dividends –1,000
Retained Earnings
Bal. 8,320 12,000 10,000 6,000 4,320
Bal. 7,320 12,000 10,000 6,000 3,320
Fees earned $6,400Operating expenses:
Wages expense $1,370Rent expense 950Utilities expense 540Interest expense 100Miscellaneous expense 220 Total operating expenses 3,180
Net income $3,220
Family Health Care, P.C.Income Statement
For the Month Ended October 31, 2003To review the source of To review the source of this amount, click the this amount, click the green button below.green button below.
To review the source of To review the source of this amount, click the this amount, click the green button below.green button below.
Revenue
To review the source of To review the source of expenses, click the orange expenses, click the orange
button below.button below.
To review the source of To review the source of expenses, click the orange expenses, click the orange
button below.button below.
Expenses
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Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the cash basis of accounting.
6Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective
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The primary advantage of the cash basis of
accounting is its simplicity.
The primary advantage of the cash basis of
accounting is its simplicity.
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The primary disadvantage of the cash basis is that
revenues and expenses may not be properly matched on the income statement.
The primary disadvantage of the cash basis is that
revenues and expenses may not be properly matched on the income statement.
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Describe and illustrate how vertical analysis can be used to analyze and evaluate a company’s performance.
7Learning ObjectiveLearning Objective
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Statements can be compared by computing a percentage of each item
within a statement to a total within the statement.
Statements can be compared by computing a percentage of each item
within a statement to a total within the statement.
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This type of analysis is called vertical analysis.
This type of analysis is called vertical analysis.
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Assets:Cash and cash equivalents $ 307,785Short-term investments 25,450Accounts receivable 239,885Inventories 278,981Property, plant, and equipment 684,379Other assets 229,168TOTAL ASSETS $1,765,648
$307,785$1,765,648
17.4%
Vertical Analysis—Balance SheetVertical Analysis—Balance Sheet
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Assets:Cash and cash equivalents $ 307,785Short-term investments 25,450Accounts receivable 239,885Inventories 278,981Property, plant, and equipment 684,379Other assets 229,168TOTAL ASSETS $1,765,648
$25,450$1,765,648
17.4%1.4
Vertical Analysis—Balance SheetVertical Analysis—Balance Sheet
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Assets:Cash and cash equivalents $ 307,785Short-term investments 25,450Accounts receivable 239,885Inventories 278,981Property, plant, and equipment 684,379Other assets 229,168TOTAL ASSETS $1,765,648
17.4%1.4
13.615.838.8
13.0100.0%
Vertical Analysis—Balance SheetVertical Analysis—Balance Sheet
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Liabilities:Accounts payable $ 91,225Dividends payable 42,741Income and other taxes payable 68,467Long-term liabilities 157,127Other liabilities 129,891 Total liabilities $ 489,451Stockholders’ equity: Total stockholders’ equity 1,276,197 TOTAL LIAB. & S.E. $1,765,648
$91,225$1,765,648
5.2%
Vertical Analysis—Balance SheetVertical Analysis—Balance Sheet
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5.2%2.43.98.9
7.427.7%
72.3100.0%
Liabilities:Accounts payable $ 91,225Dividends payable 42,741Income and other taxes payable 68,467Long-term liabilities 157,127Other liabilities 129,891 Total liabilities $ 489,451Stockholders’ equity: Total stockholders’ equity 1,276,197 TOTAL LIAB. & S.E. $1,765,648
Vertical Analysis—Balance SheetVertical Analysis—Balance Sheet
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Assets:Cash and cash equivalentsShort-term investmentsAccounts receivableInventoriesProperty, plant, and equipmentOther assetsTOTAL ASSETS
17.4%1.4
13.615.838.8
13.0100.0%
2001
19.1%1.9
12.216.138.5
12.3100.0%
2000
Vertical Analysis—Comparative Vertical Analysis—Comparative Balance SheetsBalance Sheets
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5.2%2.43.98.9
7.427.7%
72.3100.0%
Liabilities:Accounts payable
Dividends payable
Income and other taxes payable
Long-term liabilities
Other liabilities
Total liabilities
Stockholders’ equity: Total stockholders’ equity
TOTAL LIAB. & S.E.
2001
4.6%2.53.99.8
7.328.1%
71.9100.0%
2000
Vertical Analysis—Comparative Vertical Analysis—Comparative Balance SheetsBalance Sheets
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Net sales $2,429,646Cost of sales 997,054Gross profit $1,432,592Selling and administrative exp. 919,236Operating income $ 513,356Other income (expense) 14,010Income before income taxes $ 527,366Income taxes 164,380Net income $ 362,986
100.0%
$997,054$2,429,646
41.1
Vertical Analysis—Income Vertical Analysis—Income StatementStatement
46 of 50Visit UMT online at www.umtweb.eduChapter 2, ACCT125
Net sales $2,429,646Cost of sales 997,054Gross profit $1,432,592Selling and administrative exp. 919,236Operating income $ 513,356Other income (expense) 14,010Income before income taxes $ 527,366Income taxes 164,380Net income $ 362,986
100.0%
$1,432,592$2,429,646
58.9%
Vertical Analysis—Income Vertical Analysis—Income StatementStatement
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Net sales $2,429,646Cost of sales 997,054Gross profit $1,432,592Selling and administrative exp. 919,236Operating income $ 513,356Other income (expense) 14,010Income before income taxes $ 527,366Income taxes 164,380Net income $ 362,986
100.0%41.158.9%
37.821.1%
0.621.7%
6.814.9%
Vertical Analysis—Income Vertical Analysis—Income StatementStatement
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Net salesCost of salesGross profitSelling and administrative exp.Operating incomeOther income (expense) Income before income taxesIncome taxesNet income
100.0%41.158.9%
37.821.1%
0.621.7%
6.814.9%
2001100.0%
42.157.9%
36.321.6%
0.722.3%
7.015.3%
2000
Vertical Analysis—Income Vertical Analysis—Income StatementStatement
a. Received fees of $6,400 in cash.a. Received fees of $6,400 in cash.a. Received fees of $6,400 in cash.a. Received fees of $6,400 in cash.
Capital StockCash + Land
Assets
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities + Notes Payable +=
a. 6,400 Revenue 6,400
Retained Earnings
Bal. 5,100 12,000 10,000 6,000 1,100
Bal. 11,500 12,000 10,000 6,000 7,500
Return to income statement
b. Paid expenses in cash as follows follows: b. Paid expenses in cash as follows follows: wages, $1,370; rent, $950; utilities, $540; wages, $1,370; rent, $950; utilities, $540; interest, $100; miscellaneous, $220.interest, $100; miscellaneous, $220.
b. Paid expenses in cash as follows follows: b. Paid expenses in cash as follows follows: wages, $1,370; rent, $950; utilities, $540; wages, $1,370; rent, $950; utilities, $540; interest, $100; miscellaneous, $220.interest, $100; miscellaneous, $220.
Cash + Land
Assets
e. –2,900 Wages expense –1,370Rent expense –950
Utilities expense –540Interest expense –100
Misc. expense –220
Capital Stock
Stockholders’
Equity= Liabilities + Notes Payable +=
Retained Earnings
Bal. 11,500 12,000 10,000 6,000 7,500
Bal. 8,320 12,000 10,000 6,000 4,320
Return to income statement
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