1 psychology 320: psychology of gender and sex differences lecture 3
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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences
Lecture 3
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Introduction
1. What is gender? (continued)
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By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:
1. generate examples of intersexuality and gender variance.
2. discuss the causes, symptoms, and therapeutic options for Turner’s syndrome and Androgen Insensitivity syndrome.
3. describe third genders identified in other cultures.
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• Examples of intersexuality:
What is gender? (continued)
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• Results from a missing or damaged X chromosome (XO) in females.
Turner’s Syndrome
• Individuals with Turner’s syndrome develop female external genitalia, but do not develop functional
ovaries.
• Incidence: 1/2500 – 1/5000 live births.
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• Symptoms:
Short statureWebbed neckLymphedemaShield shaped chest Widely-spaced nipples Low hairline Atypical ears Cubitus valgus
Increased weightReproductive sterilityAmenorrheaPoor breast development Horseshoe kidneyVisual impairments Cardiovascular malformationsSpatial perception deficits
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Webbed neck
Shield-shaped chest
Widespread nipples
Atypical ears
An Infant with Turner’s Syndrome
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A Child with Turner’s Syndrome
A = Webbed neck
B = Cubitis valgus
C = Lymphedema
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An Adult with Turner’s Syndrome
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• Therapeutic options: Growth hormone, estrogen replacement therapy.
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• Occurs among XY individuals whose cells are insensitive to androgens.
• Due to the presence of a Y chromosome, androgen-secreting testes develop in the fetus; however, the body does not respond to these androgens.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
• As a result, external genitalia appear female.
• Prevalence: 1/13,000 – 1/65,000
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• Symptoms:
AmenorrheaReproductive sterilityUndescended testes Shortened vaginaLittle or no body hair
• Tend to exceed societal standards of beauty for females.
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Adults with AIS
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• Therapeutic options: Masculinizing hormones are ineffective; vaginoplasty may be performed.
Most individuals with AIS report satisfaction with a female gender identity.
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• Examples of gender variance:
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The “Two-Spirit” of the First Nations
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The “Hijras” of India
19The “Muxe” of Mexico
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The Fa’afafine of Samoa
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Introduction
1. What is gender? (continued)
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