1 roots and rules 1.am, amat: love amateur, amatory, amiable 2.ann, enn: year anniversary,...

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Roots and Rules1. am, amat: love amateur, amatory,

amiable2. ann, enn: year anniversary,

superannuated, annuity3. aqu: water aqueduct, aquiculture,

subaqueous

ie Rule—“I” before “e”, except after c, or when it sounds like “a,” as in “neighbor” or “weigh”Examples: fiend, receive, conceit, reignExceptions: leisure, weird, foreign, either, neither, seize, counterfeit, caffeine

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Roots and Rules1. aud, audit: hear audible, audiophile, audit2. capit: head decapitate, capitol, per capita3. cent: hundred cent, centenarian, centiliter

“y” to “i” Rule—If the “y” at the end of a word is preceded by a consonant, change the “y” to “I” before adding an ending (unless the ending begins with an “I”).Examples: replied, merriment, delayedExceptions: paid, said, laid, daily

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Quiz 1Quiz 1Quiz 1Quiz 1Study for Quiz 1, make sure you know Study for Quiz 1, make sure you know

all words in the definitions.all words in the definitions.

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Roots and Rules1. cred, credit: believe; trust credible, accredit,

credulity2. dic, dict: say benediction, contradict, diction3. duc, duct: lead conducive, ductility, induce

Adding Prefixes—the spelling of a word does not change when a prefix is added.Examples: unnecessary, misspell, dissatisfied

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Roots and Rules1. fid: faith; trust confide, fidelity, perfidy2. frater: brother fraternity, fraternize, fratricide3. greg: flock congregate, gregarious, egregious

Adding Suffixes to Words Ending in Silent “e”—1) If the suffix begins with a vowel, drop the silent “e,”

Come + ing=coming use+ able=usable2) When the suffix begins with a consonant, keep the “e,”

Care+ful=careful lone+ly=lonely3) Words ending in “ce” or “ge” keep the “e” when followed by

an “a” or “o”Courageous, peaceable, noticeable, advantageous Exceptions: argument, ninth, truly, judgment

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Roots and Rules1. litera: letter alliteration, literal, literate2. loc: place allocate, locale, dislocate3. loqu, locut: talk circumlocution,

colloquial, eloquent

Doubling the Final consonant: If a suffix begins with a vowel, double the consonant at the end of the word IF a) the word ends in 1 vowel + 1 consonant AND b) the word is accented on the last syllable.Examples: runner, tapped, stopped, beginner, occurrence, opened, referred

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Roots and Rules1. mal: bad maladjusted, maladroit,

malediction2. man: hand manacle, mandate, manufacture3. mater, matr, metr: mother maternal,

matriarch, metronymic

Affect/EffectAffect is a verb, meaning “to influence” Think AV (affect verb)Effect is usually a noun meaning “the result”; occasionally it is a

verb meaning “to bring about” or “to put into effect”Examples: The decision affects me.

The effect of the decision is unknown. The changes will be effected next year.

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Quiz 2Quiz 2Quiz 2Quiz 2Study for Quiz 2, make sure you know Study for Quiz 2, make sure you know

all words in the definitions (some all words in the definitions (some have two).have two).

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Roots and Rules1. mit, miss: send emissary, intermittent, missive2. mor, mort: death mortality, mortify, post-mortem3. mov, mot, mob: move demote, remote,

motivation

Comma with Compound Sentence (also called coordinated sentence)

Use a comma before a conjunction like “and” or “but” ONLY IF there is a complete sentence on BOTH SIDES of the conjunction.

Examples: They went to the party, but they left early. They went to the party but left early.

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Roots and Rules1. nov: new innovation, novel, novice2. omni: all omniscient, omnivorous, omnipresent3. ped: foot pedestrian, impediment, pedometer

Lay/LieLay—“put” lie—“rest

Must have a direct object cannot have a direct object Present tense: lay lie Past tense: laid lay Participle: laid lain

Laying lying Examples: Lay the book down. The cat lies on the rug.

I laid the book down. The cat lay on the rug yesterday. I have laid the book down. The cat has lain on the rug all day.

I am laying the book down. The cat is lying in the sun.

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Roots and Rules1. pos, posit: place composition, repository,

juxtapose2. port, portat: carry deport, portfolio, rapport3. scrip, script: write circumscribe,

nondescript, inscribe

Semicolon (part one)• A semicolon may be used to balance two independent

clauses (sentences) of equal importance, especially if the second begins with a word like “however” or “therefore.”

• Examples: She was intelligent; he was handsome.• They worked for three days on the project; therefore, the

other work remained undone.

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Roots and Rules1. sign: sign assign, insignia, designate2. spec, spect: look aspect, introspection, perspective3. spir, spirat: breathe conspire, expire, inspire

Semicolon (part two)• A semicolon may be used to separate items in a list that

already has commas.• Examples: We visited Chicago, Illinois; Miami, Florida;

and Lima, Ohio.• They elected Selma, president; Fred, vice president;

Zelda, treasurer; and Zeb, secretary.

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Quiz 3Quiz 3Quiz 3Quiz 3Study for Quiz 3, make sure you know Study for Quiz 3, make sure you know

all words in the definitions (some all words in the definitions (some have two).have two).

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Roots and Rules1. tempor: time extemporaneous, temporal,

contemporary2. terra: earth disinter, terrestrial, terrace3. urb: city urban, suburban, interurban

Amount of/number of• Use “number” with things that are countable, if only in

theory. Use “amount” with things that could never be counted.

• Examples: Amount of knowledge, rain, money Number of people, calories, dollars

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Roots and Rules1. vid, vis: see vista, revise, providence2. voc, vocat: call advocate, evoke,

vociferous3. ante: before antebellum, antedated,

anterior

Go, went, gone• Be sure to use “gone” after the helpers “has” or “have.”• Examples: They have gone to the movies.

He has gone to his grandmother’s house.

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Roots and Rules1. bi: two bicameral, bifocals, bipartisan2. circum: around circumference, circumvent,

circumlocution3. contra, contro, counter: against contraband,

contradiction, controvert

So. . .that• If the word “that” fits in a sentence logically somewhere

after “so,” you must write in the “that.”• Examples: I was so tired after working all day that I

couldn’t stand up.The reason she is so unhappy about the change in date is that she can no longer participate.There was a thunderstorm, so the meet was canceled.

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Roots and Rules1. inter: between interlinear, interregnum, intercultural2. intra, intro: within intramuscular, intramurals,

intrastate3. multi: many multiplied, multivalent, multiparous

Commas and Periods with Quotation Marks• Commas and periods ALWAYS go BEFORE quotation

marks.• Examples: We read “The Raven.”

“Go home,” he said. Elmo said that the idea was “true

genius.”

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Quiz 4Quiz 4Quiz 4Quiz 4Study for Quiz 4, make sure you know Study for Quiz 4, make sure you know

all words in the definitions (some all words in the definitions (some have two).have two).

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Roots and Rules1. post: after posthumously, posterity, post-mortem2. pre: before precedence, prejudice, preamble3. retro: back retrogressing, retro rocket, retroactive

Its/It’s• Use “it’s” to mean “it is.” Use “its” as a possessive

word before a noun. • Examples: It’s my car.

The dog lost its bone.

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Roots and Rules1. semi: half semilunar, semicentennials, semidiameter2. sub: under subconscious, subcutaneous, subterranean3. super: above; beyond supersensory, superstructure, supersonic

Raise/rise• Raise (to lift or grow) rise (to move up)• Present: raise rise• Past: raised rose• Participle: raised risen

Raising rising

• Examples: Raise the shades. I rise to speak.• I raised potatoes. The sun rose.• I have raised money. The star has

risen.• We are raising our sights. Our hopes are rising.

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Roots and Rules1. trans: across transpolar, transversal, transgress2. uni: one unicameral, unicorn, unique3. ac, acr: sharp acrimony, acid

Commas with Introductory Dependent (Subordinate) Clauses• Use a comma after a dependent clause that starts a

sentence. The clause begins with a subordinate conjunction (“danger word” in the sophomore text) like “because,” “since,” “although,” “if,” before,” or “unless.”

• Examples: When we have finished here, we will leave. Because you are great, you win the prize.

Since you did your reading, you earned a high grade.

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Roots and Rules1. aer: air aerial, aeronautics, aerodynamics2. agr: field agrarian, agriculture3. ali: another alias, alliance, alimentary

Center around• Things center on, never around.• Example: The problem centers around on

money.

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Quiz 5Quiz 5Quiz 5Quiz 5Study for Quiz 5, make sure you know Study for Quiz 5, make sure you know

all words in the definitions (some all words in the definitions (some have two).have two).

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Roots and Rules1. alter, altr: change alternate, alternative2. anim: spirit; life animosity, animation,

animate3. apt, ept: adjust aptitude, inept

Feel bad• Use “bad” after a form of “feel,” not “badly.”

(Badly indicates a weak sense of touch.)• Examples: I feel bad about what happened.

They felt bad after the game.

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Roots and Rules1. arm: arm; weapon armistice, armament,

armada, armadillo2. art: art; craft artificial, artifact, articulate3. avi: bird aviary, aviator, aviation

Different from—things are different from (or from what) each other, not different than.

• Examples: This is different than from what I

expected. Your room is different than from mine.

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Roots and Rules• bel, bell: war rebel, belligerent, rebellion• ben, bene: well benefit, benevolent• brev: short abbreviate, brevity

• Titles (part one)• The titles of shorter works—essays, stories, chapters,

songs, poems, articles—are put in quotation marks. These are works not published separately.

• Examples: “The Raven” is a famous poem. We studied “The Lady and the

Tiger.” The song is “The Victors.”

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Roots and Rules• carn: flesh incarnate, carnal, carnage• cid, cis: kill; cut precise, incision, concise• civ: citizen civil, civic, civilian

• Titles (part two)• The titles of longer works—books, plays, movies,

magazines, newspapers—are underlined (or italicized). These are works published separately.

• Examples: We studied The Canterbury Tales. Romeo and Juliet is a tragic play.

I read it in the Chelsea Standard.

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Quiz 6Quiz 6Quiz 6Quiz 6Study for Quiz 6, make sure you know Study for Quiz 6, make sure you know

all words in the definitions (some all words in the definitions (some have two).have two).

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Roots and Rules• ego: I egotist, egoist, egocentric• err: wander error, erroneous, erratic• fin: end; limit define, finite, final, infinity

• Colon to introduce a list• Use a colon to introduce a list only when the part of the

sentence up to the colon sounds complete. You cannot place a colon between subject and object or subject and other kind of complement.

• Example: Bring the following items: bread, milk, eggs.There are three reasons: time, money, and volunteers.

• Incorrect: The three things are: time, money, and volunteers.

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Roots and Rules• fort: strong fortify, fortress, fortitude• fus: pour effusive, fusion, fusible• gen: birth; race progeny, genocide, generation

Agreement with Indefinite PronounsThe following pronouns are singular; therefore, all

words that refer to them must be singular: everyone, anyone, someone, everybody, anybody, somebody, everything, anything, something, either, neither, each, every.

Examples: Everyone does his or her work. Either of the answers is correct. Neither of them wants her own show.

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Roots and Rules• grat: please; favor gratify, gratitude, grateful• grav: heavy gravity, grave• jac, jact, jec: throw eject, deject, reject

Apostrophe to show possessionTo form the possessive of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and an s.

Example: a poem’s rhymeTo form the possessive of a plural noun ending in s, add only an

apostrophe.Example: the swimmers’ times

To form the possessive of an irregular plural noun not ending in s, add an apostrophe and an s.Example: the women’s books

To form the possessive of any singular proper noun, add an apostrophe and an s.Example: Mr. Jones’s class

To form the possessive of a plural proper noun, add only an apostrophe.Example: the Smiths’ house

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Quiz 7Quiz 7Quiz 7Quiz 7Study for Quiz 7, make sure you know Study for Quiz 7, make sure you know

all words in the definitions (some all words in the definitions (some have two).have two).

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Roots and Rules• clam: shout exclaim, exclamation• claud, claus: close closet,

claustrophobia• cogn: know incognito, cognition,

cognate

• Try to• Use “to” after “try,” not “and.”• Examples: Try and to be polite.

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Roots and Rules• cord: heart cordial, accord• corp: body corpse, corporal, corporation• cruc: cross crux, crucify, crucible

• The reason is because• Use “that” in a sentence after “reason,” not

“because.”• Example:

– The reason I’m unhappy is because that the dance was canceled.

– I know the reason they are spending so much time on choosing the candidate is because that they are hoping to improve the council.

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Roots and Rules• dent: tooth indent, dental, dentist• dign: worthy dignity, dignify, indignation• doc, doct: teach; prove doctor,

document, docile

• Irregardless• Not a word. Use “regardless.”

Example: I won’t agree, irregardless of what you say.

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Roots and Rules• dom: master domineer, dominant,

dominion• don: bestow donate, donation• du: two duet, dual

• Off of• Say “off,” not “off of.”

Example: The dog fell off of the couch.

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Quiz 8Quiz 8Quiz 8Quiz 8Study for Quiz 8, make sure you know Study for Quiz 8, make sure you know

all words in the definitions (some all words in the definitions (some have two).have two).

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Roots and Rules• junct: join adjunct, junction, conjunction• labor: work elaborate, belabor, laborious• leg: law legal, legislature, legality, legislation

Comma with coordinate adjectivesIf you have two adjectives before a noun, separate the adjectives with a comma IF a) you can reverse the order of the adjectives OR b) you can say “and” between the adjectives.Examples: We had a long, difficult trip.

Elmo is a loud, obnoxious person. We need a few good people.

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Roots and Rules• lev: light; rise levity, levitate• lib: book libel, library• luc: light elucidate, lucid

Apostrophe to form plurals of non-words• Do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an

abbreviation or a number.

Examples: The PhDs don’t know how to work the VCRs.

The practice was common in the 1990s.

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Roots and Rules• magn: large magnify, magnitude• mar: sea mariner, marine, marinate• medi: middle medium, mediate

• As far as• “As far as” must be followed by a verb, such as a

form of “go” or “is” or “are” concerned.

• Examples: As far as money [goes], we have enough.She is qualified as far as academic

background [is concerned].

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Roots and Rules• min: little; less minimum, minor,

diminutive• mon, monit: warn premonition, admonish• mor: custom moral, amoral, immoral

• Use of “however”• “However” is not a conjunction and therefore cannot be

used to join sentences with just a comma. Use a semicolon before “However” when it joins two sentences. Do not use a semicolon if “however” is in the middle of a single sentence.

• Examples: We were there; however, you were not.• The game they played, however, was

phenomenal.

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Quiz 9Quiz 9Quiz 9Quiz 9Study for Quiz 9, make sure you know Study for Quiz 9, make sure you know

all words in the definitions (some all words in the definitions (some have two).have two).

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Roots and Rules• mut: change mutation, mutant• nav: ship navigator, navigation, navel• nomen, nomin: name nominee, nominal

Farther, further• Use “farther” to refer to physical distance.

Use “further” for everything else.• Examples: Detroit is farther than Ann Arbor.

We should look into that further.

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Roots and Rules• ocul: eye monocle, oculist, bifocal• par: equal parity, parallel, par• pater, patr: father patron, paternity, patriarch

Like/As• When making a comparison, use “like” when no verb

follows. If a verb follows, use “as,” “as if,” or “as though.”

• Examples: He looks like a walrus. You look like as if you’ve seen a

ghost. It is like as though you’ve never

been here before.

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Roots and Rules• prim: first prime, primary, primitive• rat, ration: reason rational, ration• rect: right direct, rectify, correct

Then/Than• Use “then” when referring to time. Use

“than” when making a comparison.• Examples: We went to the game. Then we

went for food. This is harder than I thought.

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Roots and Rules• rupt: break erupt, rupture, corrupt• sanct: holy sanction, sanctuary, sanctify,

sanctimonious• seg, sect: cut bisect, segregate, segment, section

Who’s/Whose• Use “who” to mean “who is” or ”who has.” Use

“whose” as a possessive if front of a noun.• Examples: Who’s been there before?

Who’s here for food? I don’t know whose book this is.

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Quiz 10Quiz 10Quiz 10Quiz 10Study for Quiz 10, make sure you Study for Quiz 10, make sure you know all words in the definitions know all words in the definitions

(some have two).(some have two).

48

Roots and Rules• vac: empty vacant, vacate, vacuum• vert, vers: turn revert, convert, overt• vinc, vict: conquer victory, invincible, victim

• Disinterested/uninterested• “Disinterested” means impartial or unbiased.

“Uninterested means you’re not interested at all or have no financial interest.

• Examples: We should ask a disinterested person to be the judge. People don’t attend if they are uninterested.

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Roots and Rules• vit: life vital, vitality, vivid• vulg: common divulge, vulgar, vulgate• anthrop: man anthropocentric, anthropomorphism,

misanthrope

• Use of “only”• The word “only’ must be placed as close as possible

to the word it modifies.• Examples: It only costs ten dollarsIt cost only ten

dollars.She only brings her umbrella when it

rainsShe brings her umbrella only when it rains.

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Roots and Rules• astr: star asterisk, asteroid, astrodome• auto: self autobiography, autocrat, automation• bibli: book bible, bibliography, bibliophile

• Imply/infer• “Imply” means to hint at without saying directly.

“Infer” means to figure out from what someone else says or writes.

• Examples: Her smile implied the outcome would be positive.

I inferred from her smile that the outcome would be positive.

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Roots and Rules• bio: life biodynamics, biopsy, biogenesis• chrom: color chromatic, chromosome, pan chromatic• chron: time chronic, chronicle, synchronize

• Use of although• “Although” cannot be used by itself. It must be used to

introduce an entire clause. If you need a comma after “although,” use “however” or another transition instead.

• Examples: Although they won, they did not break any records.

Although, However, they were happy with the results.

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Quiz 11Quiz 11Quiz 11Quiz 11Study for Quiz 11, make sure you Study for Quiz 11, make sure you know all words in the definitions know all words in the definitions

(some have two).(some have two).

53

Roots and Rules• sequ, secut: follow sequel, sequence, nonsequiter• simil: like simile, similar, assimilate• sol: alone soliloquy, solo, solitary, solitude

• Principal/principle• Use “principle” to refer to a rule or doctrine. Use

“principal” for everything else, including most important, leader of a school, original amount of a loan.

• Examples: I believe in the principle of honesty. She is the principal dancer in the show. We still owe thousands on the principal.

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Roots and Rules• son: sound assonance, sonic, sonar• struct: build construct, destruct, reconstruct• ten: hold tenacious, tenacity

• Commas with interrupting clauses (nonessential clauses)

• If an interrupting expression (such as those beginning with ”who” or “which) is just additional information and not needed to identify the preceding word, add commas around the interrupter.

• Examples: Matilda, who is a great bungee jumper, lives in Dexter.

The woman who is a great bungee jumper lives in Dexter.

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Roots and Rules• tract: draw; pull extract, detract, retract, contract• turb: agitate turbine, turbulent, turbocharger• umbr: shade umbrage, umber, umbrella

• Aggravate/Irritate• In formal usage, “aggravate” means to make

something worse. If you mean “to annoy,” use “irritate.”

• Examples: Saying something rude will only aggravate your problem.

It really aggravates irritates me when you do that.

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Quiz 12Quiz 12Quiz 12Quiz 12Study for Quiz 12, make sure you Study for Quiz 12, make sure you know all words in the definitions know all words in the definitions

(some have two).(some have two).

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Roots and Rules• crypt: secret crypt, cryptogram, cryptographer• cycle: circle; wheel cycle, cyclone, encyclical• dec: ten decade, deciliter, decimal

Flaunt/flout• To “flaunt” means to show off. To “flout” means to

treat with disrespect.• Examples: He flaunts his wealth by parking his

expensive car in a prominent location.

• If you flout the judge’s ruling, you will be cited for contempt.

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Roots and Rules• dem: people demagogue, democracy, epidemic• derm: skin dermatitis, dermatologist, epidermis• dyn: power dynamic, dynasty, hydrodynamics

Allude/refer• “Allude’ means to call attention to indirectly. “Refer”

means to call attention to directly.• Examples: Zeb alluded to the possibility of a

fireworks display.• Refer to the bibliography for more

information.

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Roots and Rules• gram, graph: write autograph, calligraphy, cryptogram• hetero: other heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual• homo: same homochromatic, homogeneous,

homogenize

Cite/site/sight• “Cite” means to mention something as support. “Site” is

a place where something is located. “Sight” is vision.• Examples: You need to cite your sources to avoid

plagiarism.

• That is the site for the new building.

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Roots and Rules• hydr: water hydraulics, hydrophobia, hydrotherapy• log: word; study apology, eulogy, logic• metr, meter: measure barometer, geometry,

metronome

Plurals of words ending in “sis”• To form the plural of a word ending in “sis,” change

the “I” to “e.”

• Examples: analysisanalyses basisbases oasisoases

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Quiz 13Quiz 13Quiz 13Quiz 13Study for Quiz 13, make sure you Study for Quiz 13, make sure you know all words in the definitions know all words in the definitions

(some have two) and you know which (some have two) and you know which rules to underline!rules to underline!

62

Roots and Rules• morph: form amorphous, anthropomorphic,

metamorphosis• neur: nerve neurologist, neuron, neurotic• orth: right; true orthodontics, orthodox,

orthopedics

Use of while• “While” means “at the same time.” If you do not

mean time, use “whereas.”• Examples: While we were singing, they were

dancing. While Whereas Shakespeare was a

playwright, Swift was a novelist.

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Roots and Rules• paleo: ancient Paleolithic, paleontology,

paleozoology• pan: all panacea, Pan-American, pan chromatic• path: disease; feeling antipathy, apathy,

empathy, psychopath

Plurals of words ending in “um”• Form the plural of a word ending in “um” by changing

“um” to “a.”• Examples: curriculumcurricula mediummedia

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Roots and Rules• phil: loving bibliophile, philander,

philanthropy• phon: sound phonetic, phonograph, phonology• physi: nature physical, physician, physiology

Plurals of words ending in “on”• Form the plural of a word ending in “on” by

changing the “on” to “a.”• Examples: phenomenonphenomena

criterioncriteria

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Roots and Rules• pseudo: false pseudoscience, pseudopod,

pseudoclassic• psych: mind; spirit psyche, psychedelic,

psychology• pyr: fire pyre, pyromaniac, pyrexia

Capitalizing directions and family names• Capitalize north, south, east, west and their

variations only when the direction refers to a region of a country. Capitalize words like mom, dad, grandma, etc. when the word replaces the name and is NOT preceded by a possessive word.

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Quiz 14Quiz 14Quiz 14Quiz 14Study for Quiz 14, make sure you Study for Quiz 14, make sure you know all words in the definitions know all words in the definitions

(some have two) and you know which (some have two) and you know which rules to underline!rules to underline!

67

Roots and Rules• arch: chief archangel, archetype, arch fiend• dia: through diathermy, diameter, diaphanous• epi: upon; beside epidermis, epitaph, epicenter

Illusion/allusion/delusion• An “illusion” is a false impression or a deceptive

appearance. An “allusion” is a reference to an idea or story generally known. A “delusion” is a false belief.

• Examples: It is an illusion that the sun rises.• The work has several allusions to

Greek mythology.• He has the delusion that he is

Napoleon.

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Roots and Rules• soph: wisdom philosophy, sophomore, sophisticated• tele: far telecast, telephone, telegraph• the: god atheism, pantheism, theology

Capitalizing languages, religions, school courses.• Always capitalize the names of languages and religions.

Capitalize the names of a school course if it is a language or if it has a number in it.

• Examples: It is not hard to find an Islamic person who speaks English.

• I will take physics and Spanish, but not Algebra III.

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Roots and Rules• eu: good; well euphoria, eulogy, euthanasia• hyper: excessive hypercritical, hyperopic,

hyperthyroidism• hypo: under hypothermia, hypothesis, hypopituitarism

Split infinitive• Generally, do not put any words between “to” and a verb.

Move the word to the most logical place in the sentence.• Examples: I want to really knowI really want to know.• This is how to quickly fix the problemThis

is how to fix the problem quickly.

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Roots and Rules• therm: heat thermometer, thermal,

thermodynamics• amphi: around; on both sides amphibians,

amphitheater• anti: against antipathy, antithesis

Abbreviations• In formal writing, abbreviate only if the reader would

have trouble understanding the full word.• Examples: Mr., Mrs., A.M., P.M., A.D., B.C., PhD., FBI,

CIA• On TV television, the shows end

happily.

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Quiz 15Quiz 15Quiz 15Quiz 15Study for Quiz 15, make sure you Study for Quiz 15, make sure you know all words in the definitions know all words in the definitions

(some have two) and you know which (some have two) and you know which rules to underline!rules to underline!

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Roots and Rules• syn, sym: together synthesis, synchronized,

symphony• agog: leader pedagogue, demagogue• cosm: world; order cosmic, cosmopolitan, cosmos

• “and me” (me as object)• Use “and me” not “and I” when the expression is used

as an object, such as a direct object, an indirect object, or an object of a preposition.

• Examples: Myrtle fired Zeb and I me.• Give the forms to Fred or I me.• Just between you and I me, I think

we’ll win.

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Roots and Rules• kilo: thousand kilocycle, kilometer, kilowatt• meta: change; after metamorphic, metaphors,

metabolism• mono: one monolith, monodrama, monomania

Compliment/complement• “Compliment” means to flatter. “Complement”

means to complete.• Examples: She complimented him on his paper.• The salad complements the meal.

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Roots and Rules• crac, crat: power plutocrat, democrat, aristocrat• erg: work energy, synergistic• gam: marriage monogamy, polygamy, bigamy

• Hopefully• Technically, this word means “with hope,” not “it is

hoped.”• Examples: They went hopefully to the doctor.• Hopefully, we will win We hope we

will win.

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Roots and Rules• neo: new neophyte, neologism, neoclassicism• peri: around perimeter, periphrasis,

peripatetic• poly: many polygon, polysyllable, polytechnic

• Used to, supposed to• Don’t forget the “d.”• Examples: You used to be intelligent.• People are supposed to enjoy

learning new things.

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Quiz 16Quiz 16Quiz 16Quiz 16Study for Quiz 16, make sure you Study for Quiz 16, make sure you know all words in the definitions know all words in the definitions

(some have two) and you know which (some have two) and you know which rules to underline!rules to underline!

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Roots and Rules• gen: race; kind genetics, gene,

progeny, regenerate• geo: earth geometry, geology,

geothermal• gon: corner; angle hexagon, polygon• gyn: woman gynecology, philogynist• hem: blood hemophilia, hemorrhage

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Roots and Rules• iatr: heal geriatrics, pediatrics,

chiropractic• iso: same isobar, isochronal, isometrics• lith: rock monolith, Paleolithic,

lithograph• mega: great megaphone, megaton,

megalith• micro: small microbe, microscope,

microphone

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Roots and Rules• necr: dead necrobiosis, necrology,

necrophobia• nom: law; order economy, astronomy• onym: name antonym, synonym,

homonym• ped: child pedant, pediatrician,

pedagogue• phos, phot: light photograph, photon,

photo kinetic

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Roots and Rules• pod: foot podiatrist, podiatry• poli: city police, metropolis, megalopolis• scop: see; watch Episcopal, bioscope,

microscope• techn: art; skill technique, technician,

technology• zo: animal zoo, zoometry, zoophobia

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Roots and Rules1. gen: race; kind genetics, gene, progeny, regenerate2. geo: earth geometry, geology, geothermal3. gon: corner; angle hexagon, polygon4. gyn: woman gynecology, philogynist5. hem: blood hemophilia, hemorrhage6. iatr: heal geriatrics, pediatrics, chiropractic7. iso: same isobar, isochronal, isometrics8. lith: rock monolith, Paleolithic, lithograph9. mega: great megaphone, megaton, megalith10. micro: small microbe, microscope, microphone11. necr: dead necrobiosis, necrology, necrophobia12. nom: law; order economy, astronomy13. onym: name antonym, synonym, homonym14. ped: child pedant, pediatrician, pedagogue15. phos, phot: light photograph, photon, photo kinetic16. pod: foot podiatrist, podiatry17. poli: city police, metropolis, megalopolis18. scop: see; watch Episcopal, bioscope, microscope19. techn: art; skill technique, technician, technology20. zo: animal zoo, zoometry, zoophobia