1 the pharmacy quality alliance: promoting high-value health care via transparency in pharmacy...
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The Pharmacy Quality Alliance:Promoting High-Value Health Care
via Transparency in Pharmacy Performance
Dave Domann, MS, R.Ph
Johnson & Johnson
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OBJECTIVES::
Describe PQA’s mission and its stakeholders
Discuss the status of PQA initiatives to develop and test performance measures for pharmacies
Delineate various uses of the PQA measures
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Ensuring Quality in Healthcare
“The fundamental challenge in health care is how to jump-start a new kind of competition – competition on results in improving health and serving patients.”
Redefining Health Care – Michael Porter, Elizabeth Olmsted Teisberg
Porter ME, Teisberg EO, Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results. Harvard Business School Press, Boston Massachusetts, 2006.
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The Mission of the PQA is to:
Improve health care quality and patient safety through a collaborative process in which key stakeholders agree on a strategy for measuring performance at the pharmacy and pharmacist-levels; collecting data in the least burdensome way; and reporting meaningful information to consumers, pharmacists, employers, health insurance plans, and other healthcare decision-makers to help make informed choices, improve outcomes and stimulate the development of new payment models.
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Who’s at the PQA Table?
Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA)
• PQA was formed in April 2006
• CMS was instrumental in creation of PQA, but does not control PQA
• Self-sustaining through dues of > 60 member organizations
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Steering Committee Organizations
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) The Brookings Institution AARP Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) American Society of Consultant Pharmacists America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, (CMS) Express Scripts, Inc. GlaxoSmithKline National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations National Association of Chain Drug Stores (NACDS) National Community Pharmacists Association (NCPA) Pitney Bowes Teva Pharmaceuticals USA
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Pharmacy Quality Alliance’s Four Primary Groups
Director
Quality MetricsResearch
Coordinating CouncilData Aggregation
and Reporting
Director of Practice Improvement
Education &Communications
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PQA Activities - 2006
PQA formed in April 2006 From April through November 2006:
– Conducted environmental scan for existing measures of pharmacy performance
– Developed guidelines for public reports, and pharmacy feedback reports, about pharmacy performance
– Formed workgroups and cluster groups to develop measure concepts
– Endorsed 37 measure concepts– Developed plans for further development and testing of
measures
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PQA Activities - 2007
Contracted with NCQA and APC to develop specifications for claims-based measures of performance and pilot test the measures.
Contracted with American Institutes for Research (AIR) and UNC School of Pharmacy to develop and pilot-test a questionnaire for consumers (CAHPS-Pharmacy)
PQA’s Starter Set of Measures - 2007
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1. Proportion of Days Covered: Beta Blockers
2. Proportion of Days Covered: (ACEI/ARB)
3. Proportion of Days Covered: Calcium Channel Blockers
4. Proportion of Days Covered: Dyslipidemia Medications
5. Proportion of Days Covered: Diabetes Meds (Sulphonylureas, Biguanides, TZDs)
6. Gap in Therapy: Beta Blockers
7. Gap in Therapy: (ACEI/ARB)
8. Gap in Therapy: Calcium Channel Blockers
9. Gap in Therapy: Dyslipidemia Medications
10. Gap in Therapy: Diabetes Medications (Sulphonylureas, Biguanides, TZDs)
11. Diabetes: Excessive Doses of Oral Medications
12. Diabetes: Suboptimal Treatment of Hypertension
13. Asthma: Suboptimal Control
14. Asthma: Absence of Controller Therapy
15. High‐Risk Medications in the Elderly
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PQA Adherence / Persistence Measures
• A significant gap is defined as 30 days or greater
• Individual measures focus on a specific drug class (e.g., beta blockers)
Measure Title
Measure Description/Definition
Gap in Therapy
Percentage of prevalent users who experienced a significant gap in medication therapy.
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Single Gap
Index Fill Refill DueActual
Refill Date
Single Gap = 37
days
90 day supply
Jan 15 Apr 15 May 22
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PQA Appropriateness Measure: Suboptimal Treatment of HT in Diabetes
Suboptimal treatment:Diabetes
Percentage of patients dispensed medications for diabetes and hypertension who are not receiving an ACEI or ARB.
Measure Title Measure Description/Definition
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Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems
Developed by American Institutes for Research – University of North Carolina
CAHPS Pharmacy Survey
CAHPS results are used to
Assess the patient-centeredness and quality of care from the patient’s perspective,
Facilitate consumer choice; and
Improve quality of care.
What’s Next for PQA ?
Demonstration Projects– Phase I 2008-09– Phase II 2009-11
Selection of Generation II measures
Educational programs for pharmacists, students, and other stakeholders
Participation in Quality Alliance Steering Committee (QASC)
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Demonstration Projects
Phase I demonstration projects will focus on determining:
Resource requirements for aggregating data Generating pharmacy performance reports Gaining feedback about the reports from
pharmacy personnel
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Demonstration Projects
Four Project Areas Health Plan, or Prescription Drug Plan (PDP), generating
performance reports for its network of pharmacy providers
A coalition of Health Plans, or PDPs, that work together to create aggregate performance reports for pharmacies in a geographic region
Community pharmacy corporation that creates an internal performance report system
Other models for pharmacy performance report generation and dissemination
PQA Demonstrations
• Call for Proposals was released early February
• 17 brief proposals received
• 10 invited to submit full proposals
• 3-5 will be funded (final selection made in May)
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PQA Demonstrations
• NCQA will provide technical assistance
• AHRQ will fund an “evaluation contractor”
• Phase I should be completed in mid-2009, and Phase II should start soon after
• Phase II will focus on performance improvement20
Cluster Groups - 2008
Cardiovascular Disorders
Consumer Feedback and Assessment
Cost of Care Diabetes Respiratory Disorders Medication Adherence
Medication Reconciliation
Mental Health MTM Services Patient Safety / e-
prescribing Prevention and
Wellness
Educational Programs
Educational Modules for Pharmacy School Curricula
Continuing Education Programs for Pharmacists
PQA Speakers Bureau to Communicate Pharmacy Quality Measurement to Quality Improvement Audiences
How will PQA measures be used?
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Potential Uses of PQA measures
• Quality/Performance Improvement• Tested in Phase II demonstrations
• Public Reporting / Consumer Empowerment
• Contract & Network Decisions
• Pay for Performance (P4P)
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Public Reports
• Information on hospital and physician quality is increasingly available to the public.
• CMS may provide expanded performance information on drug plan finder in 2008
• Drug plans, or regional coalitions, may start providing pharmacy reports in near future.
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Public reports could be embedded in drug plan websites…
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PharmacyQuality.com
Pharmacy Performance:What’s Your Grade?
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Compare Pharmacies
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Find My Pharmacy
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Network Decisions
• Pharmacies that score above a threshold of quality could be included in a high performance network for a health plan (with higher payment for products / services)
• Pharmacies that consistently perform poorly could be eliminated from the network (risk adjustment will be crucial for this decision).
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Will PQA lead us to P4P Models in Pharmacy?
In P4P, financial incentives are linked to quality measures. Thus, potentially, pharmacies that score higher on PQA measures could get a bonus or higher dispensing fees, under a different financial model.
Hospitals, physicians, and home health have all been testing P4P models of payment, but the results have been mixed. P4P appears to stimulate improvement in some indicators but not all, and the long-term effect on health outcomes is not yet known.
Pharmacy P4P Example: Current Performance
MedicationAdherence
MedicationSafety
Appropriateness:Asthma / Diabetes
# of patients 200 300 100
# Quality measures
7 3 4
Composite Quality Score
60% (120 adherent pts)
90% (270 pts meet criteria)
93%(93 pts meet criteria)
Incentive $ 10/pt (for adherent pts)
$ 2/pt $ 3/pt
Bonus Payment $10 x 120 = $ 1,200 $4 x 270 = $ 1,080 $3 x 93 = $ 279
This example is presented for illustration only!
PQA has not endorsed any model for pharmacy P4P
Pharmacy P4P Example:Improvement Model
MedicationAdherence
MedicationSafety
Appropriateness:Asthma / Diabetes
# of patients 200 300 100
Score in 2006 60% 90% 93%
Score in 2007 70% 93% 92%
Incentive $ 1/ pt / 1% increase $ 0.50 / pt / 1% inc $ 2 / pt / 1% increase
Bonus Payment $1 x 200 x 10 = $2000
$0.5 x 300 x 3 = $ 450
$ 2 x 100 x 0 = $ 0
This example is presented for illustration only!
PQA has not endorsed any model for pharmacy P4P
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Implications
“I don't fear pay for performance. I fear pay for performance for measures that don't really matter.”
Benjamin Brewer, MD
Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2008
– What are “quality” quality measures?– Who is responsible/accountable for the care?– Who is the quality “attributable” to?
Physician, Nurse, Patient, Pharmacist, Health Plan, PBM?
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Questions??....Always welcomed!
For more information:
www.pqaalliance.org
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