1. tuscarora and indian woods history

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

Tuscarora Tuscarora andand

Indian Woods HistoryIndian Woods History

Department of HistoryDepartment of History

The Tuscarora of North Carolina: The Tuscarora of North Carolina: A Brief History Before Contact With A Brief History Before Contact With

EuropeansEuropeans

The Peace The Peace Maker and Maker and

the and the and Tuscarora Tuscarora

Migration to Migration to North North

Carolina Carolina

After 1,000 AD they moved east and After 1,000 AD they moved east and separated into what became known as separated into what became known as the Six Nations or Iroquois Confederacy.the Six Nations or Iroquois Confederacy.

Six Nations:

1. Mohawk2. Oneida3. Onondaga4. Cayuga5. Seneca6. Tuscarora

and their allies

TuscarorTuscarora Nation a Nation Clans Clans Before Before ContactContact

Turtle Turtle ClanClan

Deer ClanDeer ClanBear ClanBear Clan

Eel ClanEel Clan

Beaver ClanBeaver Clan

Snipe Snipe ClanClan

Wolf ClanWolf Clan

Big Northern Big Northern CitiesCities

By 1500 the By 1500 the Tuscarora were Tuscarora were living in eastern living in eastern North Carolina North Carolina and trading and trading goods such as goods such as “seashells” as “seashells” as far north as far north as Canada, West Canada, West as Kentucky and as Kentucky and Tennessee and Tennessee and south as south as Georgia.Georgia.

The Tuscarora The Tuscarora and First Contact With Europeansand First Contact With Europeans

1492 - 1711 1492 - 1711

Portuguese, Portuguese, French, Dutch, French, Dutch,

Swedes and Swedes and EnglishEnglish in the in the

Northeastern Northeastern WoodlandsWoodlands

First Explorers in the AmericasFirst Explorers in the Americas1494 to 15681494 to 1568

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus -1492 Caribbean-1492 Caribbean Giovanni CabotoGiovanni Caboto -1497 Newfoundland-1497 Newfoundland Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci-1499-1501 E. South America-1499-1501 E. South America Pedro Alvarez CabralPedro Alvarez Cabral -1500 Brazil-1500 Brazil Vasco Nunez de BalboaVasco Nunez de Balboa -1513 Isthmus of Panama-1513 Isthmus of Panama Juan Ponce de LeonJuan Ponce de Leon -1513 Puerto Rico and Florida-1513 Puerto Rico and Florida Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan -1519-1522 Brazil E. South -1519-1522 Brazil E. South

AmericaAmerica Hernando CortesHernando Cortes -1519-1536 Mexico, California-1519-1536 Mexico, California Giovannida VerrazanoGiovannida Verrazano -1524 NE North America-1524 NE North America Panfilo de NarvaezPanfilo de Narvaez -1528 Gulf of Mexico-1528 Gulf of Mexico Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Caca -1528-1536 Texas, New Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Caca -1528-1536 Texas, New

Mexico, MexicoMexico, Mexico

First Explorers in the AmericasFirst Explorers in the Americas1531 to 1568 Continued1531 to 1568 Continued

Francisco PizarroFrancisco Pizarro -1531-1535 Western South -1531-1535 Western South AmericaAmerica

Jacques CartierJacques Cartier -1534-1541 Eastern Canada-1534-1541 Eastern Canada Hernando de SotoHernando de Soto -1539-1542 SE. North America-1539-1542 SE. North America Francisco Vasquez de Coronado -1540-1542 SW North Francisco Vasquez de Coronado -1540-1542 SW North

AmericaAmerica Juan Rodriguez CabrilloJuan Rodriguez Cabrillo -1542 California-1542 California LunaLuna -1560 SE North America-1560 SE North America Juan PardoJuan Pardo -1566- 1568 SE North America-1566- 1568 SE North America

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

French French Map of Map of

NortheasNortheast in 1660 t in 1660

mapmap

1646 1646 French French map of map of Atlantic Atlantic coastcoast

French Map of Native Americans of French Map of Native Americans of the Ohio Valley 1632the Ohio Valley 1632

French Map French Map from 1646from 1646

North Carolina – the first North Carolina – the first area the English attempted area the English attempted to settle to settle

The first area the English The first area the English introduced Whites (1587) introduced Whites (1587) and Africans (1586) and Africans (1586) 33 33 years before Africans are years before Africans are introduced into introduced into Jamestown, Virginia in Jamestown, Virginia in (1619)(1619)

Both Africans and Both Africans and Whites merged with the Whites merged with the Coastal Indians and the Coastal Indians and the Tuscarora to create some Tuscarora to create some of the first mixed-race of the first mixed-race people in North America people in North America between 1586 and 1619between 1586 and 1619

Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the English 1584-1586

Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the English 1584-1586

Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the English 1584-1586

Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the

English 1584-1586. He spreads disease and death through costal

North Carolina,

In 1586 Sir Francis Drake releases over 300 African Maroon soldiers on Roanoke Island 33 years before the arrival of Africans to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. These Maroons most likely created Maroon Communities or were absorbed by the coastal Algonquian Indians and latter the Tuscarora 1 year before the “Lost Colony” in 1587.

Depiction of Tuscarora Attack on Ralph Lane’s Expedition on the Roanoke River in 1586.

Lane’s Exploration of “Virginia” for the English 1584-1586. He spreads disease and death through costal North Carolina,

II. North Carolina Nations. North Carolina Nations– Eastern North Carolina Coastal Nations at first contactEastern North Carolina Coastal Nations at first contact

-the Poteskeet (northeastern North Carolina)-the Poteskeet (northeastern North Carolina)-the Pasquatank (northeastern North Carolina)-the Pasquatank (northeastern North Carolina)-the Yeopim or Weapemoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Yeopim or Weapemoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Chowan or Chowanoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Chowan or Chowanoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Roanoke or Roanoac (northeastern North Carolina)-the Roanoke or Roanoac (northeastern North Carolina)-the Moratoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Moratoc (northeastern North Carolina)-the Hatteras or Croatoan (southeastern outer banks)-the Hatteras or Croatoan (southeastern outer banks)-the Pamlico or Pomuik (southeastern North Carolina-the Pamlico or Pomuik (southeastern North Carolina-the Neuse or Neusico (southeastern North Carolina)-the Neuse or Neusico (southeastern North Carolina)-the Coree, (southeastern outer banks)-the Coree, (southeastern outer banks)-the Woccon, (southeastern outer banks)-the Woccon, (southeastern outer banks)-the- Cape Fear (southeastern outer banks)-the- Cape Fear (southeastern outer banks)-the Machapunga and Mattamuskeet (African mix) (Secotan)-the Machapunga and Mattamuskeet (African mix) (Secotan)-the Bear (Bay) River Indian (African mix) (Pomuik)-the Bear (Bay) River Indian (African mix) (Pomuik)-the Lumbee Indians (Tuscarora and African mix)-the Lumbee Indians (Tuscarora and African mix)

II. The English Establishment of the II. The English Establishment of the Southern Colonies Southern Colonies and Challenges to the English in the region 1584 to 1660and Challenges to the English in the region 1584 to 1660

Virginia NationsVirginia Nations -the Powhattan Confederation (southeastern VA)-the Powhattan Confederation (southeastern VA)

-the Matiponi (northern tidewater)-the Matiponi (northern tidewater)-the Pamunkey (northern tidewater)-the Pamunkey (northern tidewater)

-the Nottoway (southeastern coastal plains)-the Nottoway (southeastern coastal plains) -the Meherrin (southern eastern coastal plains)-the Meherrin (southern eastern coastal plains) -the Monacan (central Piedmont)-the Monacan (central Piedmont)

-the Cherokee (southwestern corner)-the Cherokee (southwestern corner)-the Tutelo-Saponi (central Piedmont)-the Tutelo-Saponi (central Piedmont)-the Saponi (northern Piedmont)-the Saponi (northern Piedmont)-the Occaneechi (southern Piedmont)-the Occaneechi (southern Piedmont)-the Nahyssan (central Piedmont)-the Nahyssan (central Piedmont)-the Manahoac (northern Piedmont)-the Manahoac (northern Piedmont)

I. North Carolina Nations continuedI. North Carolina Nations continued– North Carolina Piedmont Nations at first contactNorth Carolina Piedmont Nations at first contact

-the Upper and Lower Tuscarora (costal plains)-the Upper and Lower Tuscarora (costal plains)-the Shakori or Saura (northern Piedmont)-the Shakori or Saura (northern Piedmont)-the Occaneechi (northern Piedmont)-the Occaneechi (northern Piedmont)-the Keyauwee (central Piedmont)-the Keyauwee (central Piedmont)-the Sissipahaw (central Piedmont)-the Sissipahaw (central Piedmont)-the Eno (central Piedmont)-the Eno (central Piedmont)-the Haliwia (central Piedmont)-the Haliwia (central Piedmont)-the Saponi (central Piedmont)-the Saponi (central Piedmont)-the Tuetlos (northern Piedmont)-the Tuetlos (northern Piedmont)-the Waxhaw (southern Piedmont)-the Waxhaw (southern Piedmont)-the Peedee (southern Piedmont)-the Peedee (southern Piedmont)-the Waccamaw (southeast coastal Plains)-the Waccamaw (southeast coastal Plains)

– North Carolina Mountain NationsNorth Carolina Mountain Nations-the Eastern Band Cherokee (southwestern mountains)-the Eastern Band Cherokee (southwestern mountains)-the Catawba (southwestern Piedmont)-the Catawba (southwestern Piedmont)

English map of Virginia 1677English map of Virginia 1677

Map of Virginia (North Carolina) in 1630 Spanish and Map of Virginia (North Carolina) in 1630 Spanish and English diseases have impacted region by the 1600s. English diseases have impacted region by the 1600s.

1636 map of English Colonies on 1636 map of English Colonies on Atlantic CoastAtlantic Coast

North Carolina – the first North Carolina – the first area the English attempted area the English attempted to settle to settle

The first area the English The first area the English introduced Whites (1587) introduced Whites (1587) and Africans (1586) and Africans (1586) 33 33 years before Africans are years before Africans are introduced into introduced into Jamestown, Virginia in Jamestown, Virginia in (1619)(1619)

Both Africans and Both Africans and Whites merged with the Whites merged with the Coastal Indians and the Coastal Indians and the Tuscarora to create some Tuscarora to create some of the first mixed-race of the first mixed-race people in North America people in North America between 1586 and 1619between 1586 and 1619

By 1500 the By 1500 the Tuscarora were Tuscarora were living in eastern living in eastern North Carolina North Carolina and trading and trading goods such as goods such as “seashells” as “seashells” as far north as far north as Canada, West Canada, West as Kentucky and as Kentucky and Tennessee and Tennessee and south as south as Georgia.Georgia.

The Tuscarora of North Carolina absorbed Whites, Blacks The Tuscarora of North Carolina absorbed Whites, Blacks and Coastal Native Americans (reduced by disease and war) and Coastal Native Americans (reduced by disease and war) from 1586 to 1619.from 1586 to 1619.

TuscaroraTuscarora

Coastal Coastal Native Native

Americans Americans absorbedabsorbed

Africans Africans absorbedabsorbed

Poor Whites Poor Whites absorbedabsorbed

In 1586 Sir Francis Drake releases over 300 African Maroon soldiers on Roanoke Island 33 years before the arrival of Africans to Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. These Maroons most likely created Maroon Communities or were absorbed by the coastal Algonquian Indians and latter the Tuscarora 1 year before the “Lost Colony” in 1587.

The Tuscarora absorbed the Africans, Whites The Tuscarora absorbed the Africans, Whites and others Native Americans reduced by and others Native Americans reduced by disease and war with the English.disease and war with the English.

Mixed-Race Indians of Mixed-Race Indians of North Carolina and North Carolina and Virginia 1587 to 1711Virginia 1587 to 1711

1. Machpunga, NC1. Machpunga, NC2. Bear River, NC2. Bear River, NC3. Matemeskett, NC3. Matemeskett, NC4. Chowanoc, NC4. Chowanoc, NC5. Yeopim, NC5. Yeopim, NC6. Hatteras, NC6. Hatteras, NC7. Coree, NC7. Coree, NC8. Neuse, NC8. Neuse, NC9. Pamlico, NC9. Pamlico, NC10. Tuscarora, NC10. Tuscarora, NC11. Meherrin, VA11. Meherrin, VA12. Nottoway, VA12. Nottoway, VA13. Nanticoke, VA13. Nanticoke, VA14. Delaware, VA14. Delaware, VA

The Divide between the Northeastern The Divide between the Northeastern and Southeastern Indian Nations and Southeastern Indian Nations

and the Tuscarora War 1607 to 1713and the Tuscarora War 1607 to 1713

The

Northeastern Woodland Nations:

The Iroquois Confederacy: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,

Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora Along with the Meherrins,

Nottaway, Monacans

_____________________ The

Southeastern Woodland Nations:

(or Five Civilized Tribes)

Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole

Along with the Yamasee and Catawba

English Movement into Indian Lands English Movement into Indian Lands in Virginia and the Carolinasin Virginia and the Carolinas

North Carolina and Virginia North Carolina and Virginia Mixed-Race Peoples, 1619 - 1711Mixed-Race Peoples, 1619 - 1711

VA and NC Settlements and PlantationsVA and NC Settlements and Plantations– Indentured Servants and SlavesIndentured Servants and Slaves– WhitesWhites– BlacksBlacks– IndiansIndians

VA and NC Swamps (Great Dismal and Alligator)VA and NC Swamps (Great Dismal and Alligator)– Maroons and Mixed Indians (runaway slaves)Maroons and Mixed Indians (runaway slaves)– WhitesWhites– BlacksBlacks– IndiansIndians

Frontier SettlementsFrontier Settlements– Free Blacks, Poor Whites and IndiansFree Blacks, Poor Whites and Indians– White and Black TradersWhite and Black Traders– Runaway SlavesRunaway Slaves

Native Nations contain Mixed-Race People (Indian, Black and White heritage)Native Nations contain Mixed-Race People (Indian, Black and White heritage)

I. The Growth of English North American I. The Growth of English North American Indian Slavery 1664 to 1670Indian Slavery 1664 to 1670

A. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their A. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their mother who were enslaved for lifemother who were enslaved for life

B. 1664 – All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery is B. 1664 – All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery is defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland)defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland)

C. 1664 – Interracial marriage banned; any free woman C. 1664 – Interracial marriage banned; any free woman who marries a slave will serve that slave’s who marries a slave will serve that slave’s master until her husband dies, and their master until her husband dies, and their

children will be enslaved (Maryland)children will be enslaved (Maryland)D. 1667 - Slaves could be baptized without being set D. 1667 - Slaves could be baptized without being set freefreeE. 1669 – No punishment is given if punished slave dies E. 1669 – No punishment is given if punished slave dies F. 1670 – Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed to F. 1670 – Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed to

purchase Christian indentured servants. purchase Christian indentured servants.

II. The Growth of English North American II. The Growth of English North American Indian Slavery 1680 to 1691Indian Slavery 1680 to 1691

A. 1670 – Indians captured elsewhere and sold as A. 1670 – Indians captured elsewhere and sold as slaves slaves to Virginia are to serve for life; those to Virginia are to serve for life; those captured in Virginia, until the age of 30, if captured in Virginia, until the age of 30, if children, or for 12 years, if grownchildren, or for 12 years, if grownB. 1680 – In order to prevent “Negro Insurrections” : B. 1680 – In order to prevent “Negro Insurrections” : No No Slave may carry arms or weapons; no slave Slave may carry arms or weapons; no slave may leave his or her master without written may leave his or her master without written permissions; any slave who “lifts up his hand” permissions; any slave who “lifts up his hand” against a Christian will receive thirty lashes; against a Christian will receive thirty lashes; any any slave who runs away and resists arrest slave who runs away and resists arrest maybe maybe killed lawfullykilled lawfullyC. 1682 – All servants who were “Negroes, Moors, C. 1682 – All servants who were “Negroes, Moors, Mulattoes or Indians” were to be considered Mulattoes or Indians” were to be considered slaves at the time of their purchase if neither slaves at the time of their purchase if neither their their parents nor country were Christianparents nor country were Christian

The English in the The English in the Southeast:Southeast:

1. Maryland1. Maryland2. Delaware2. Delaware3. Virginia3. Virginia4. North Carolina 4. North Carolina 5. South Carolina5. South Carolina6. Georgia6. Georgia

By 1710 large numbers of Tuscarora from eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia were being kidnapped and sold into slavery as part of the notorious “Native American Slave Trade.” This was one of the major causes of the Tuscarora War - one of the bloodiest wars in Colonial American History (1711 to 1713).

The Tuscarora “War Council" at the start of the war. Although only one African is pictured here there were actually two. Both were

released and given their freedom. One joined with the Tuscarora during the war and the other returned to whites after the war.

Tuscarora War, 1711-1713.

The Tuscarora “War Council" at the start of the war. Although only one African is pictured here there were actually two. Both were

released and given their freedom. One joined with the Tuscarora during the war and the other returned to whites after the war.

The Tuscarora defeat at “Fort Neyuheruke” in 1713

Cherokees, Creeks, Catawba, Yamasee and colonists killed one-third of the Nation, and took one-third as slaves. Hundreds of

Tuscarora were killed and burned alive in the fort.

Lands Conquered by the Iroquois Confederacy Lands Conquered by the Iroquois Confederacy with Dutch and English guns 1609 to 1701with Dutch and English guns 1609 to 1701

Map of Iroquois Empire in 1701-Map Map of Iroquois Empire in 1701-Map made 1747made 1747

Cherokee Retreat from Six Cherokee Retreat from Six NationsNations

Many of the Tuscarora settled among the Five nations and their Allies in the Ohio Valley between 1713 to 1762 they became

the Sixth Nation of the “Iroquois Confederacy.” The most powerful Native Alliance in the history of North America.

The Tuscarora as the Sixth Nation of The Iroquois Confederacy.

1722 to 1763

Lands Conquered by the Iroquois Confederacy Lands Conquered by the Iroquois Confederacy with Dutch and English guns 1609 to 1701with Dutch and English guns 1609 to 1701

The

Northeastern Woodland Nations:

The Iroquois Confederacy: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,

Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora Along with the Meherrins,

Nottaway, Monacans

_____________________ The

Southeastern Woodland Nations:

(or Five Civilized Tribes)

Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole

Along with the Yamasee and Catawba

Mixed-Race Indians of Mixed-Race Indians of North Carolina and North Carolina and Virginia 1587 to 1711Virginia 1587 to 1711

1. Machpunga, NC1. Machpunga, NC2. Bear River, NC2. Bear River, NC3. Matemeskett, NC3. Matemeskett, NC4. Chowanoc, NC4. Chowanoc, NC5. Yeopim, NC5. Yeopim, NC6. Hatteras, NC6. Hatteras, NC7. Coree, NC7. Coree, NC8. Neuse, NC8. Neuse, NC9. Pamlico, NC9. Pamlico, NC10. Tuscarora, NC10. Tuscarora, NC11. Meherrin, VA11. Meherrin, VA12. Nottoway, VA12. Nottoway, VA13. Nanticoke, VA13. Nanticoke, VA14. Delaware, VA14. Delaware, VA

I. The Growth of Mixed Race Peoples and I. The Growth of Mixed Race Peoples and Slavery in English North America 1619 to 1723Slavery in English North America 1619 to 1723

A. 1619 - First Africans arrive as indentured servants inA. 1619 - First Africans arrive as indentured servants in Jamestown, VAJamestown, VAB. 1640 - Distinctions made between African and WhiteB. 1640 - Distinctions made between African and White indentured servantsindentured servantsC. 1640 - Masters are required to arm everyone in their C. 1640 - Masters are required to arm everyone in their households except Africanshouseholds except AfricansD. 1660 - Africans were routinely enslaved for life inD. 1660 - Africans were routinely enslaved for life in coloniescoloniesE. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their E. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their mother who were enslaved for lifemother who were enslaved for lifeF. 1662 - Double fine charged for any Christian who F. 1662 - Double fine charged for any Christian who commits fornication with an Africancommits fornication with an African

G. 1664 – All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery is G. 1664 – All slaves serve for life; that is, slavery is defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland)defined as a lifelong condition (Maryland)H. 1664 – Interracial marriage banned; any free H. 1664 – Interracial marriage banned; any free woman woman who marries a slave will serve that who marries a slave will serve that slave’s slave’s master until her husband dies, and their master until her husband dies, and their children will be enslaved (Maryland)children will be enslaved (Maryland)I. 1670 – Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed to I. 1670 – Free Blacks and Indians are not allowed to purchase Christian indentured servants. purchase Christian indentured servants. J. 1670 – Indians captured elsewhere and sold as J. 1670 – Indians captured elsewhere and sold as slaves slaves to Virginia are to serve for life; those to Virginia are to serve for life; those captured in Virginia, until the age of 30, if captured in Virginia, until the age of 30, if children, or for 12 years, if grownchildren, or for 12 years, if grown

I. The Growth of Mixed Race Peoples and I. The Growth of Mixed Race Peoples and Slavery in English North America 1619 to 1723Slavery in English North America 1619 to 1723

A. 1619 - First Africans arrive as indentured servants inA. 1619 - First Africans arrive as indentured servants in Jamestown, VAJamestown, VAB. 1640 - Distinctions made between African and WhiteB. 1640 - Distinctions made between African and White indentured servantsindentured servantsC. 1640 - Masters are required to arm everyone in their C. 1640 - Masters are required to arm everyone in their households except Africanshouseholds except AfricansD. 1660 - Africans were routinely enslaved for life inD. 1660 - Africans were routinely enslaved for life in coloniescoloniesE. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their E. 1662 - The children followed the condition of their mother who were enslaved for lifemother who were enslaved for lifeF. 1662 - Double fine charged for any Christian who F. 1662 - Double fine charged for any Christian who commits fornication with an Africancommits fornication with an African

The Enslavement of Women and The Enslavement of Women and Children and the Origins of the Children and the Origins of the

Tuscarora WarTuscarora War1711-17131711-1713

-South Carolina Nations-South Carolina Nations -the Waccamaw (northeastern South Carolina)-the Waccamaw (northeastern South Carolina)

-the Santee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Santee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Seewee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Seewee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Wando (eastern South Carolina)-the Wando (eastern South Carolina)-the Stono (south eastern South Carolina)-the Stono (south eastern South Carolina)-the Combahee (south eastern South Carolina)-the Combahee (south eastern South Carolina)-the Yamasee (south eastern South Carolina)-the Yamasee (south eastern South Carolina)-the Cusso (southern South Carolina)-the Cusso (southern South Carolina)-the Westo (southern South Carolina)-the Westo (southern South Carolina)-the Ashepoo (south eastern South Carolina)-the Ashepoo (south eastern South Carolina)-the Edisto (south eastern South Carolina)-the Edisto (south eastern South Carolina)-the Kiawah (eastern South Carolina)-the Kiawah (eastern South Carolina)-the Peedee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Peedee (northeastern South Carolina)-the Cheraw (northern South Carolina)-the Cheraw (northern South Carolina)-the Waxhaw (northern South Carolina)-the Waxhaw (northern South Carolina)-the Wateree (central South Carolina)-the Wateree (central South Carolina)-the Congaree (central South Carolina)-the Congaree (central South Carolina)

Many of the Tuscarora settled among the Five nations and their Allies in the Ohio Valley between 1713 to 1762 they became

the Sixth Nation of the “Iroquois Confederacy.” The most powerful Native Alliance in the history of North America.

Chiefs of the Six NationsChiefs of the Six Nations

Large numbers of Tuscarora from eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia were also kidnapped and sold into slavery as part of the notorious “Native American Slave Trade.” This was one

of the major causes of the Tuscarora War one of the bloodiest in Colonial American History it lasted from 1711 to 1713.

The Expansion of White settlements in

Eastern North Carolina following the Tuscarora War.

In 1715 the Tuscarora were

pushed out of Eastern North Carolina and

into the Piedmont and Mountains of Virginia

and North Carolina when North Carolina

ordered:

“the entire destruction of ye said nation of Indians as if there had never been

a peace made with them.”

Enslavement and slaughter followed.

After the Tuscarora War in 1715 the Tuscarora were

forced to leave Eastern North Carolina or be killed

or enslaved.

Many Settled in the Piedmont of

North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland until 1722.

Others settled in Pennsylvania, New York,

New Jersey, Ohio, Louisiana and Canada.

They would later move to West Virginia, Ohio,

Kentucky, Illinois and Oklahoma.

The Tuscarora established communities from South Carolina to Canada that harbored runaway slaves and helped smuggle African, Indian and Mixed slaves out of Virginia and the Carolinas.

The Five Nations Noted after the war that the Tuscarora were scattered :

“like smoke in the wind.“

Tuscarora Present Wampum Belt toTuscarora Present Wampum Belt to “Five Nations” and Become “Five Nations” and Become

the “Sixth Nation” of the the “Sixth Nation” of the Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy

II. The Growth of English North American II. The Growth of English North American Slavery Slavery 1705 to 1723 1705 to 1723A. 1705 – Mulatto is defined as “the child of an A. 1705 – Mulatto is defined as “the child of an

Indian, Indian, the child, grandchild, or great the child, grandchild, or great grandchild of a grandchild of a negro”negro”B. 1705 – Africans, mulattoes, and Indians are B. 1705 – Africans, mulattoes, and Indians are

prohibited from holding office or prohibited from holding office or giving grand giving grand jury testimonyjury testimonyC. 1705 – Slaves are forbidden to own livestockC. 1705 – Slaves are forbidden to own livestockD. 1711-1713 –The Tuscarora War & their D. 1711-1713 –The Tuscarora War & their enslavementenslavementE. 1722 – William Byrd draws dividing line E. 1722 – William Byrd draws dividing line between VA & between VA & NC separating NC separating Northeastern Indians from Northeastern Indians from Southeastern Southeastern IndiansIndians

North Carolina and Virginia North Carolina and Virginia Tuscarora, 1715 - 1722Tuscarora, 1715 - 1722

VA and NC Settlements and PlantationsVA and NC Settlements and Plantations– Used Tuscarora as SlavesUsed Tuscarora as Slaves

VA and NC Swamps (Great Dismal and Alligator)VA and NC Swamps (Great Dismal and Alligator)– Tuscarora settle with Maroons (run away slaves) and Mixed Tuscarora settle with Maroons (run away slaves) and Mixed

Indians in swamps and mountains (Mingos) Indians in swamps and mountains (Mingos) VA and NC Frontier SettlementsVA and NC Frontier Settlements

– Tuscarora settle with other Indians, Free Blacks and White Tuscarora settle with other Indians, Free Blacks and White Traders and settlersTraders and settlers

NC and VA Native Nations NC and VA Native Nations – Tuscarora settle with Five Nations (Mohawk, Oneida, Tuscarora settle with Five Nations (Mohawk, Oneida,

Onondagas, Cayuga and Seneca) and their allies (Delaware, Onondagas, Cayuga and Seneca) and their allies (Delaware, Shawnee, Nanticoke, Mingo, Monacan)Shawnee, Nanticoke, Mingo, Monacan)

Native Native American American and Whites.and Whites.

Tuscarora Were Taken as Slaves by Indians and Whites

1711 to 1713

Cherokees

Tuscarora Diaspora

Creeks Yamasee

CatawbasWhite SlaversSC, NC & VA

Many scatted into the Swamps of eastern North Carolina and the Piedmont of North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland Others enslaved

Native Native American American and Whites.and Whites.

The Tuscarora Settle Among and Mix with all of the Five Nations and their Allies

1713 to 1722

Seneca

Tuscarora Diaspora

Cayuga Onondagas Oneidas Mohawks

Tri-racial Isolates

6th Nation

Mingo Delaware ShawneeNanticokeMonacan

Native Native American American and Whites.and Whites.

The Tuscarora Diaspora 1713 to 1722

Seneca

Tuscarora Diaspora

Cayuga Onondagas Oneidas Mohawks

Tri-racial Isolates

6th Nation

Lack DutchRed Legs Lumbee Jackson WhitesMelungeons Creoles

Black Dutch Protégée

IV.IV. The “Seven Nations” of Canada or Seven Villages The “Seven Nations” of Canada or Seven Villages ––in alliance with the Frenchin alliance with the French

The Seven VillagesThe Seven Villages NationsNations A. Jeune-Lorette (Wendake) -1673A. Jeune-Lorette (Wendake) -1673 HuronHuron B. Becancour (Wolinak) -1600B. Becancour (Wolinak) -1600 AbenakiAbenaki C. Odanak -1725C. Odanak -1725 Abenaki Abenaki D. Kanesetakse -1716D. Kanesetakse -1716 Mohawk, *AnishinaabegMohawk, *Anishinaabeg E. Kahnawake -1690sE. Kahnawake -1690s MohawkMohawk F. Akwesasne -1750sF. Akwesasne -1750s MohawkMohawk

G. Oswegatchie -1749G. Oswegatchie -1749 OnondagaOnondaga

Anishinaabeg -(Algonquin and Nipissing mix)

After the Tuscarora War in 1715 the Tuscarora were

forced to leave Eastern North Carolina or be killed

or enslaved.

Many Settled in the Piedmont of

North Carolina, Virginia and Maryland until 1722.

Others settled in Pennsylvania, New York,

New Jersey, Ohio, Louisiana and Canada.

They would later move to West Virginia, Ohio,

Kentucky, Illinois and Oklahoma.

After the Tuscarora War and Colonial

Order the Tuscarora were forced to leave

North Carolina on the

“Tuscarora Trail”

or

“Death Trail.”

Hundreds die.

They also take runaway slaves with

them.

Beginning of the “Underground

Railroad” in 1715

Northeastern Woodland Nations:

The Iroquois Confederacy: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga,

Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora Along with the Meherrins,

Nottaway, Monacans

*Non Slave Holding Indians

_____________________

Southeastern Woodland Nations:

(or Five Civilized Tribes)

Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole

Along with the Yamasee and Catawba

*Slave Holding Indians

In 1722

To stop the fighting between the Iroquois Confederacy and the Cherokee, Creek, and

Catawba

William Byrd of Virginia drew the

dividing line between

the two groups.

The current border between North

Carolina & Virginia and Tennessee &

Kentucky.

Native Americans Settle and continue

to fight in the Great Appalachian

Valley:

1. Mohawk2. Oneida3. Onondaga4. Cayuga5. Seneca6. Tuscarora7. Shawnee8. Delaware----Against-----1. Cherokee2. Creek3. Catawba

Tuscaroras, Cherokees and other Natives in the Appalachian Mountains mix with Scotch-Irish and Germans settlers in the 1700s:

1. Pennsylvania2. Maryland3. Virginia 4. North Carolina5. Tennessee6. South Carolina

Peoples Peoples Possibly Possibly connected to connected to the “Tuscarora the “Tuscarora Diaspora”Diaspora” 1. Melungeons1. Melungeons2. Lumbees2. Lumbees3. Jackson 3. Jackson WhitesWhites4. Creoles4. Creoles5. Brass Ankles5. Brass Ankles6. Red Legs6. Red Legs7. Black Dutch7. Black Dutch8. Redbones8. Redbones9. Portuguese9. Portuguese

Native Americans

AfricansEuropeans

THE TUSCARORA AND THE THE TUSCARORA AND THE

CREOLIZATION OF AMERCIACREOLIZATION OF AMERCIA

Indian Woods Reservation Indian Woods Reservation Established in 1717Established in 1717

Indian Woods: Indian Woods: Bertie County, North Carolina Bertie County, North Carolina

Bertie County, North Carolina

Indian Woods Reservation Indian Woods Reservation Established in 1717Established in 1717

Indian Woods, 1717-1803.

The Historic Importance of the The Historic Importance of the “Tuscarora” and “Indian Woods” “Tuscarora” and “Indian Woods”

to Native-American, African-to Native-American, African-American, American and American, American and

North Carolina HistoryNorth Carolina History

Tuscarora (Native American)

AfricanEuropean

MIXED RACE OR CREOLIZED PEOPLES MIXED RACE OR CREOLIZED PEOPLES

OF “INDIAN WOODS”OF “INDIAN WOODS”

V. The Growth of English North American V. The Growth of English North American Slavery Slavery 1705 to 1723 1705 to 1723A. 1705 – Mulatto is defined as “the child of an A. 1705 – Mulatto is defined as “the child of an

Indian, Indian, the child, grandchild, or great grandchild the child, grandchild, or great grandchild of a of a negro”negro”B. 1705 – Africans, mulattoes, and Indians are B. 1705 – Africans, mulattoes, and Indians are prohibited from holding office or giving grand prohibited from holding office or giving grand jury jury testimonytestimonyC. 1705 – Slaves are forbidden to own livestockC. 1705 – Slaves are forbidden to own livestockD. 1705 – “Christian white” servants cannot be D. 1705 – “Christian white” servants cannot be whipped whipped nakednakedE. 1711-1713 –The Tuscarora War & their E. 1711-1713 –The Tuscarora War & their enslavementenslavementF. 1715 – Slavery Legalized in North CarolinaF. 1715 – Slavery Legalized in North CarolinaF. 1722 – William Byrd draws dividing line between F. 1722 – William Byrd draws dividing line between VA & VA & NC separating Northeastern Indians from NC separating Northeastern Indians from Southeastern IndiansSoutheastern IndiansG. 1723 –Free Blacks explicitly excluded from militiaG. 1723 –Free Blacks explicitly excluded from militiaH 1723 – Free Blacks denied the right to voteH 1723 – Free Blacks denied the right to vote

Some Tuscarora family names in NY, NJ, NC, IL, IN, OH, MD, PENN, SC, GA, TN. OK,TN, LA, TX MISS, ALa

Gibson Freeman Bond Cherry Lowery Locklear Payne Chavis Williams Goins Mullins Moore Bunch Walton Collins Jacob Outlaw Jenkins Taylor Miller Johnson Weaver Hunter Mitchell Jones Newsome Cooper Rascoe Speight Pierce

Indian Woods Baptist Church

as an Iroquois Longhouse.”

The “Gospel Oak” a trading post for the Tuscarora remaining in Indian Woods after 1717 and site of the “Great Slave Conspiracy” of 1802.

The Rascoe sisters The Rascoe sisters From Indian Woods From Indian Woods and some other families:and some other families:

1. Rascoe1. Rascoe2. Bond2. Bond3. Freeman3. Freeman4. Allen4. Allen5. Brown5. Brown6. Smallwood6. Smallwood7. Mitchell7. Mitchell8. Pugh8. Pugh9. Cherry9. Cherry10. Outlaw10. Outlaw11. Walton11. Walton12. Manning12. Manning13. Jones13. Jones14. White14. White

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University

Tuscarora Tuscarora andand

Indian Woods HistoryIndian Woods History

Department of HistoryDepartment of History