10g | 5g | 2.5g | 1g | 100m physical layer phy · 2015-08-25 · • self near end (next) and far...
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© 2015 AQUANTIA CORP. CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY
10G | 5G | 2.5G | 1G |
100M PHYSICAL LAYER
PHY
HOT CHIPS 2015 CONFERENCE
RAMIN SHIRANI
RAMIN FARJAD-RAD
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MEGATRENDS DRIVING NEED FOR NEXT GENERATION
CONNECTIVITY
• Transition to Next Generation Ethernet Solution Required
• Must Alleviate Critical Bandwidth Constraints in Global IT
Infrastructure
Source: Cisco VNI Report, 2015
2014A 2019E
CAGR:
57%
2.5Exabytes / m
24.3Exabytes / m
2 | HOT CHIPS © 2015 AQUANTIA CORP. CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY
| HOT CHIPS © 2015 AQUANTIA CORP. CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY| HOT CHIPS © 2015 AQUANTIA CORP. CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY
ENTERPRISE NETWORK STRUCTURE
• Enterprise networks follow:
Three Tier Design Approach• Proven
• Widespread
• Stable topology
• More than 70% of enterprise
campus wiring = Cat5e/Cat6
• Aquantia ICs increase speeds
on Cat5e/Cat6 links:
• Enterprise access switches
• Wireless APs
Core
Distribution
Access
AP AP AP APAps &
End Devices
cat 5e 46%
cat 6 28%
cat 6A 16%
cat 7 5%cat 7A 4%
3
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WLAN UPGRADE CREATING BOTTLENECK IN ENTERPRISE
NETWORKS
• Legacy wireless access connections dominated by 1000Base-T - 30W PoE
• Wireless transition to 802.11ac (Wave 1 & Wave 2) needs:
• Multi-Gigabit speeds + 60W UPoE
• Aquantia’s 28nm ICs were designed for 5 speeds on 100 meters:
• 10G Cat6A and Cat7
• 5G/2.5G/1G/100M on Cat6A, Cat6, and Cat5e
New AP
Deployments
Require >
1G
802.11ac: 6.9Gbps
802.11n: 600Mbps
802.11a/g:
54Mbps
802.11b: 11Mbps
802.11: 2Mbps
CAT 5e: 5 Gbps
Wiring Closet
Enterprise
Switch
4x1.25G
WIFI Small Cell
>> 1GE
802.11ac Wave 2:
Creating bottlenecks on the AP and
switch
Aquantia: founding
member
• 2.5G/5G electrical &
interoperability
specifications
4
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MULTI-GIGABIT APPLICATION SPACE
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1000BASE-T | 2.5G | 5.0G | 10GBASE-T SIGNALING
• Duplex transmission Echo power >> Received power
• Self Near End (NEXT) and Far End (FEXT) Crosstalk
• Alien crosstalk noise from adjacent cables
• Environment specific interferences (e.g. Enterprise)
Local Transceiver Remote
Transceiver
NEXT FEXT
2500 Mb/s Full Duplex for 10G
Return Loss
EMI
Alien crosstalk
ANEXT AFEXT
SignalSignal
Near End Far End
6
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ESD IMPULSE NOISE IN ENTERPRISE
• ESD events are generally band pass (80MHz to 200 MHz)
• Low duration, frequent in enterprise that interferes with the operation of data rates above 1000BASE-T
• Such interference events increases the bit error rate of an otherwise properly operating data link
• Example enterprise space: Visitors taking a seat & getting up in a public library
Example of ESD Differential noise in
enterprise
Am
plit
ud
e(m
V)
Time (nsec)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
Impulse Noise from Mesh Desk Chair Internal ESD at
2m (Cat 5e UTP)
Vptp = 63 mV, Span (90%) power) = 81 nsec, 220 MHz LP Filter
Applied
7
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CABLING QUALITY: DATA CENTERS VS. ENTERPRISE
• Goal in Enterprise is to extend the life of
existing cabling to the next generation
• Many enterprise cabling setups are qualified
only up to 1000BASE-T (<62MHz)
• Poor cable return loss leads to large impulse
reflections in full-duplex links
• Next generation Data Centers are built
cleanly from scratch with new cabling
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NON-LINEARITY IN TRANSMIT SIGNAL & RETURN
LOSS
9
Tx
Hyb
rid
Rx Linear Echo
Nonlinear Echo
Ma
gn
eti
c
Cn
tr
Cn
tr
Echo Canceller
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10GBASE-T CODING
• 10GBase-T DSQ128 allows 128
combinations
• There are 7 bits/DSQ128 symbol– 3MSBs are uncoded
– 4LSBs are FEC coded through LDPC
• These 3 uncoded bits are most
vulnerable to large impulse noise– Dominant in Enterprise
128 DSQ
3 uncoded bits per coset
4 coded bits per coset
0010 0110 1110 1010
0011 0111 1111 1011
0001 0101 1101 1001
0000 0100 1100 1000
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HOW TO PROTECT ALL TRANSMIT BITS WITH LDPC?
• Gray-coded PAM16 signaling
• PAM 16 = 4 bits per symbol
• 8bits vs 7bits per 2 symbols
• Additional bits per frame used to protect uncoded bits by same
LDPC machinery
• Combination of LSB & MSB bits in the LDPC Frame
• Higher number of encoding bits improves FEC gain by over 1dB
• Robust to non-stationary impulse noise & AFE
imperfections
• Otherwise, a scaled version of 10BASE-T
1111111100000000
0000111111110000
0011110000111100
0110011001100110
b3 b2 b1 b0
1513110907050301-01-03-05-07-09-11-13-15
Gray Coded
11
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DATA MAPPING• 5Gb/s via fully LDPC coded PAM 16
running at 400Ms/s
• 2.5Gb/s via fully LDPC coded PAM 16
running at 200Ms/s
• Fully Encoded PAM16 An FEC
extended to uncoded bits
• Removes errors caused by noise
spikes
• Provides additional margin for ESD
events
• Relaxes the PHY transmit linearity
spec significantly
• Relaxes the magnetic RL
requirementReceive Mapping
CT
R
L D00 7
D18 16
D217 23
D324 31
XGMII Block 0 (First)
CT
R
L D00 7
D18 16
D217 23
D324 31
XGMII Block 1 (Second)
CT
R
L D00 7
D18 16
D217 23
D324 31
D432 39
D140 47
D248 55
D356 63
65B Block
x58 Scrambler 25x 65B FIFO
65B
#1
65B
#2
65B
#3
65B
#4
65B
#5
65B
#6
65B
#24
65B
#25
97
Zeroes
LDPC
(1723,2048)
Encoder1723 bits
65B
#1
65B
#2
65B
#3
65B
#4
65B
#5
65B
#6
65B
#24
65B
#25
97 Random
Bits 325 Check Bits
2048 bits
Nibble
#1
Nibble
#2
Nibble
#3
Nibble
#4
Nibble
#5
Nibble
#6
Nibble
#6
Nibble
#7
Nibble
#510
Nibble
#511
Nibble
#512
PAM-16
Encoder
PAM16
#1
PAM16
#2
PAM16
#3
PAM16
#4
PAM16
#5
PAM16
#6
PAM16
#6
PAM16
#7
PAM
#510
PAM16
#511
PAM16
#512
PAM16
#1
PAM16
#5
PAM16
#505
PAM16
#509PAM16
#2
PAM16
#6
PAM16
#506
PAM16
#510PAM16
#3
PAM16
#7
PAM16
#507
PAM16
#511PAM16
#4
PAM16
#8
PAM16
#508
PAM16
#512
Pair A
Pair B
Pair C
Pair D
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AQUANTIA PHY BLOCK DIAGRAM
• PHY analog & digital blocks
architected to power scale
proportional to data rates
10G/5.0G/2.5G
• Analog power saving
achieved by modifying
performance requirement
• USXGMII SerDes runs at
fixed 10Gbps at all PHY
data rates to simplify
system interface
USXGMII
Line
DSQ128PAM16
XFI 2 XFI
Pass-thru
MAC
I/F
PCS Encoder
PCS Decoder
Scrambler
Descram
LDPCEncoder
LDPCDecoder Framer
FIFO
FramerFIFO
FramerFIFO
FramerFIFO
THPPrecoder
Echo Cancellation
NEXT Cancellation
FEXT Cancellation
DAC /Driver
Hybrid
EQVGAFilter
Line
13
FIFOFramer
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AQUANTIA PHY CHIP (28nm)
• Analog frontend with 5 receive channels and 4 transmit
channels
• 5th receive to sense/cancel in band RFI
• Combination of LC & ring PLLs to cover all required
speeds
• High-Gain LDPC FEC 128DSQ: ~8dB, PAM16: >9dB
• Modular FIR filters combined with convergence engines
• Supporting:
• 1588 & PTP Features, Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE),
MACSEC
• Chip Area: 40mm^2
• Power: 1W, 2W, 3W for 2.5G, 5G, 10G
Receive / Transmit Interface
FIR1 & Update
Engine
FIR2 & Update
Engine
FIR3 & Update
Engine
FIR4 & Update
Engine
FEC
(LDPC)
Physical
Coding
Sublayer
MSACSEC
1588, PTP, and system interface
10G KR
100M &
Gigabit
Engine
ADC2 ADC3 ADC4 ADC5ADC1
DAC
Driver1DAC
Driver2
DAC
Driver3
DAC
Driver4
PLL1
PLL2
XAUI
PLL
VGA4VGA1 VGA3VGA2 VGA5
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IEEE PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FOR 2.5G | 5.0G
• 2.5 Gb/s PHY specified for operation over
• Up to at least 100m on four-pair Class D (Cat5e) balanced copper
cabling on defined use cases and deployment configurations
• 5 Gb/s PHY specified for operation over
• Up to at least 100m on Class E (Cat6) balanced copper cabling on
defined use cases and deployment configurations
• Up to 100m on Class D (Cat5e) balanced copper cabling on defined
use cases and deployment configurations
15
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2.5Gbps ALIEN X-TALK LIMIT LINES (BER<1E-12)
16
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125
2.5GBASE-T 10GBASE-T
2.5Gbps
18dB
10GBASE-T
ANEXT AELFEXT
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125
2.5GBASE-T 10GBASE-T
2.5Gbps
18 dB
10GBASE-T
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5.0Gbps ALIEN X-TALK LIMIT LINES (BER<1E-12)
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
0 50 100 150 200 250
5GBASE-T 10GBASE-T
5Gbps
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
0 50 100 150 200 250
5GBASE-T 10GBASE-T
5Gbps
12dB
12 dB
10GBASE-T
10GBASE-T
AELFEXTANEXT
17
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Cat5e & Cat6 SIGNLE-CABLE PERFORMANCE SETUP
18
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2.5Gbps | 5.0Gbps PERFORMANCE OVER SINGLE CABLE
• 2.5Gbps reach for BER<1E-12
• Over ~195m of Cat5e
• Cable IL = ~42dB@100MHz 18dB exceeding Cat5e limit line
• 5.0Gbps reach for BER<1E-12
• Over ~125m of Cat5e
• Over ~135m of Cat6
• Cable IL = ~43dB@250MHz 9dB exceeding Cat6 limit line
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6around1 CABLE COMPLIANCE RACKS (Cat6A/Cat6/Cat5e)
20
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2.5Gbps/5.0Gbps PERFORMANCE On 6around1 CABLE
• 2.5Gbps reach for BER<1E-12
• Over ~135m of Cat5e (Full length 6@1)
• Cable IL = ~29dB@100MHz Margin to CAT5e Limit= -5dB
• 5.0Gbps reach for BER<1E-12
• Over ~100m of Cat6 (Full length 6@1)
• Cable IL = ~32dB@250MHz Margin to Cat6 Limit= 2dB
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ALIEN X-TALK OF FULL 100M 6around1 CABLE SETUPS
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
dB
ANEXT AELFEXT
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250
100m Cat6A 6around1
100m Cat6 6around1
100m Cat6 6around1
100m Cat6A 6around1
22
5Gbps10Gbps
10Gbps
5Gbps
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IEEE DEFINED WAP ENTERPRISE USE CASE
http://www.ieee802.org/3/NGBASET/email/pdfy0VqAHwlWI.pdf
WA
PLmax = 13m (42ft)
R = 13m (42ft)
X = 18.3m (60ft)TO
TO TO
Hmax = 80m (262ft)
max 6m (20ft)
equipment cord
Active equipment
TO
TR
Typical Uniform Cell Size
Cell sizing (wireless access points placed
anywhere inside the cell)
23
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6around1 CABLE BUNDLED CONFIGURATIONS
http://www.ieee802.org/3/10GBT/public/mar03/vanderlaan_1_0303.pdf
•6@1 Bound by Binders Across
the Cable
•6@1 Tied by Straps every 4ft
(Most Common)
~9dB improvement of alien xtalk
•Unbound Cables
(e.g. Conduits)
20dB improvement in alien xtalk
24
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Cat6 ALIEN X-TALK: TYPICAL ENTERPRISE INSTALLATIONS
• Configuration:
• 24 Cat6 Cables
• Tied every 5 feet
• Tied length <80m
• Victim at center of bundle
• Routed to the ceiling
• X-Talk Measurement meets the
target 5Gbps alien xtalk limit
lines!
Category 6 “Alien” Power Sum NEXT
(plenum bound)
25
35
45
55
65
75
1 10 100 250
dB
MHz
1 10 100 250
25
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/tutorial/nov02/tutorial_2_1102.pdf
5Gbps
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CONCLUSION• The ever growing data requirements in the
cloud and mobility are creating a bandwidth
constraint in global IT infrastructure
• In 2012, Aquantia focused on adding
2.5G/5G speeds on Cat5e/Cat6 Links to
address the next generation wireless access
bottleneck
• Aquantia’s five speed ICs (single, dual, and
quad) are the only commercially available
NBASE-T compliant ICs since 2013
• Five speed ICs from Aquantia has been
shipping in large volumes in all major switch
and AP platforms since 2014
26
© 2015 AQUANTIA CORP. CONFIDENTIAL & PROPRIETARY
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