11. fat soluble vitamins
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E and K
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Also known as retinol, retinal, retinoicacid
Vitamin A is found in the body incompounds known as retinoids: retinol,retinal, and retinoic acid.
These have functional roles invision, healthy epithelial cells, andgrowth.
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Vitamin A deficiency is a major healthproblem in the world.
Toxicity is often associated with abuse of
supplements. Plant foods provide carotenoids, such as
beta-carotene, some of which have vitaminA activity.
Animal foods provide compounds that areeasily converted to retinol.
Retinol binding protein (RBP) allows vitamin A
to be transported throughout the body.
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Roles in the Body
Vitamin A in Vision
Helps to maintain the cornea
Conversion of light energy into nerveimpulses at the retina
Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive pigmentof the retina that contains a proteincalled opsin.
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Roles in the Body
Vitamin A in Protein Synthesis andCell Differentiation
Through cell differentiation, vitamin A allowscells to perform specific functions.
Epithelial cells
Epithelial tissues on the outside of the
body form the skin.
Epithelial tissues on the inside of thebody form the mucous membranes.
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Vitamin A maintains
healthy cells in the
mucous membranes.
Without vitamin A, the
normal structure and
function of the cells in
the mucous membranes
are impaired.
Mucus Goblet cells
Stepped Art
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Roles in the Body
Vitamin A in Reproduction andGrowth
Sperm development in menNormal fetal development in women
Growth in children
Remodeling of the bone involves osteclasts,
osteoblasts, and lysosomes.
Osteoclasts are cells that destroy bone growth.
Osteoblasts are cells that build bones.
Lysosomes are sacs of degradative enzymes that
destroy bones.
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Roles in the Body
Beta-Carotene as an Antioxidant
Beta-carotene helps protect the body
from diseases, including cancer.
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Vitamin A Deficiency
Blindness
Xerophthalmia Xerosis is the first stage where the cornea becomes
dry and hard.
Keratomalacia is the softening of the cornea.
Keratinization Epithelial cells secrete a protein called keratinthehard, inflexible protein of hair and nails.
Changes in epithelial cells results in keratinization,rough, dry and scaly skin.
Deficiency disease is called hypovitaminosis A
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Xerophthalmia
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Vitamin A Toxicity
Can occur with concentrated amounts ofthe preformed vitamin A from animal
foods, fortified foods, or supplements. Consuming excessive amounts of beta-carotene from
supplements can be harmful.
Bone Defects
Increased activity of osteoclasts causes weakened bonesand contributes to osteoporosis and fractures.
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Vitamin A Toxicity Birth Defects
Teratogenic risk is possible, resulting in abnormalfetal development and birth defects.
Vitamin A supplements are not recommended thefirst trimester of pregnancy.
Not for Acne Massive doses for teens are not effective on acne. Accutane is made from vitamin A, but is chemically
different. It is toxic during growth and can causebirth defects.
Retin-A fights acne, the wrinkles of aging, and other
skin disorders.
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Vitamin A Toxicity
Toxicity is called hypervitaminosis A
Chronic toxicity symptoms include liverabnormalities.
Acute toxicity symptoms include blurred vision,nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headaches, andpressure in the skull.
Upper level for adults: 3000 g/day
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene
Vitamin A Recommendations (2001 RDA)
Expressed as retinal activity equivalents(RAE) because sources include all forms ofretinoids and beta-carotene
RDA men: 900 g RAE/day
RDA women: 700 g RAE/day
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Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene Vitamin A in Foods
Retinol is found in fortified milk, cheese,cream, butter, fortified margarine, and eggs.
Beta-carotene
Spinach and other dark green leafyvegetables (chlorophyll pigment masks thecolor)
Deep orange fruits like apricots andcantaloupe
Deep orange vegetables like squash,carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin
White foods are typically low in beta-carotene.
Liver is rich in vitamin A.
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a nonessential nutrientthat acts like a hormonein the body.
The body can make vitamin D withhelp from sunlight.
In the skin:
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Fig. 11-9, p. 377
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin
D3(active form) Stepped Art
In the liver:
Ultraviolet
light fromthe sun
In the
kidneys:
Vitamin D3
(an inactive form)
Hydroxylation
Foods
In the skin:
7-dehydrocholesterol
(a precursor made in the
liver from cholesterol)
Previtamin D3
25-hydroxy vitamin D3
Hydroxylation
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Vitamin D
Roles in the Body
Vitamin D in Bone Growth
Helps to maintain blood levels of
calcium and phosphorusWorks in combination with othernutrients and hormones
Vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin K
Parathormone and calcitoninCollagen
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,and fluoride
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Vitamin D
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Vitamin D
Roles in the Body
Vitamin D in Other Roles
Immune system
Brain and nervous system
Pancreas, skin, muscles, cartilage,and reproductive organs
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D Deficiency
Factors that contribute to deficiency
Dark skin
Breastfeeding withoutsupplementation
Lack of sunlightUse of nonfortified milk
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Vitamin D Deficiency
RicketsAffects mainly children worldwide
Deficiency symptoms
Inadequate calcification of bones
Growth retardation
Misshapen bones- bowing of the legs
Enlargement of the ends of long bones
Deformities of ribs,
Lax muscles (resulting in a protrudingabdomen) and muscle spasms
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Vitamin D Deficiency
Osteomalacia
Affects adults
Soft, flexible, brittle, deformed bonesProgressive weakness
Pain in pelvis, lower back, and legs
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Vitamin D Deficiency
Osteoporosis Loss of calcium from the bones due to
inadequate synthesis of vitamin D
Results in a reduced bone density
The Elderly
Deficiency is likely due to inadequate
production and activation of vitamin D, adecreased consumption of milk, and havinglittle time in the sun.
There is an increased risk for bone loss and
fractures.
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Vitamin D
Vitamin D Recommendations (1997Adequate Intake) and Sources
AI 5 g/day for adults 19-50 years old
AI 10 g/day for adults 51-70 years old AI 15 g/day for adults if older than 70 years
of age
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Vitamin D Recommendations
Vitamin D in Foods
Fortified milk, butter, and margarine
Cereals
Chocolate mixes
Veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fishand their oils (Cod liver oil)
Vegans may need fortification orsupplements if they do not haveadequate sun exposure.
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Vitamin D Recommendations
Vitamin D from the Sun
Synthesized in the body fromcholesterol
SPF of 8 or above prevents thesynthesis of vitamin D from sunlight.
Can be obtained from tanning beds
depending on type of UV radiation.
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Rickets Belt
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Vitamin E
There are four different tocopherolcompounds, but only the alpha-tocopherolhas vitamin E activity in human beings.
Vitamin E as an Antioxidant Stops the chain reaction of free radicals
Protection of polyunsaturated fatty acidsand vitamin A
Protects the oxidation of LDLs
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Vitamin E Deficiency
Primary deficiency due to inadequateintake is rare
Erythrocyte hemolysis
Occurs in premature infants
Hemolytic anemia can be treated withvitamin E.
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Vitamin E
Vitamin E Deficiency - Symptoms Loss of muscle coordination and reflexes
Impaired vision and speech
Nerve damage
Erythrocyte hemolysis (breaking open of red blood cells)
Supplements do not prevent or cure musculardystrophy.
Fibrocystic breast disease responds to vitamin E
treatment.
Intermittent claudication responds to vitamin Etreatment.
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Vitamin E in Foods
Polyunsaturated plant oils such as margarine, saladdressings, and shortenings
Leafy green vegetables
Wheat germ
Whole grains Liver and egg yolks
Nuts and seeds
Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
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Vitamin K
Also known as phylloquinone, menaquinone,menadione, and naphthoquinone
Vitamin K is unique in that half of human needs
are met through the action of intestinal bacteria.
Vitamin K is essential in bloodclotting.
deficiency can cause uncontrolled bleeding.
Deficiencies can occur in newborn infants and
people taking antibiotics.
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Vitamin K
Roles in the Body
Synthesis of blood-clotting proteins
Synthesis of bone proteins that regulate blood
calcium Without vitamin K, a hemorrhagic disease may
develop.
Hemophilia is a hereditary disorder and is not
cured with vitamin K.
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Vitamin K
Vitamin K Deficiency
Symptoms include hemorrhaging
Secondary deficiencies may occur with useof antibiotics.
Newborn infants receive a single dose ofvitamin K at birth because of a sterile
intestinal tract.
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Vitamin K
Vitamin K Recommendations (2001 AI)and Sources AI men: 120 g/day
AI women: 90 g/day
Vitamin K Sources Bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract
Significant Food Sources
Liver
Leafy green vegetables and cabbage-type vegetables
Milk
The Fat Soluble Vitamins In
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The Fat-Soluble Vitamins--In
Summary
The function of fat-soluble vitaminsdepends on the presence of other fat-soluble vitamins.
There are many interactions of fat-solublevitamins with minerals.
It is important to eat a wide variety offoods every day.
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Antioxidant Nutrients in
Disease Prevention
Antioxidant Nutrients in Disease
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Antioxidant Nutrients in Disease
Prevention
Oxidants are compounds in the body thatoxidize other compounds.
Antioxidants have a role in preventing
oxidation, and thus assist in theprevention of chronic disease.
Researchers and medical experts are stillclarifying the roles of these nutrients in
relationship to health and disease.
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Free Radicals and Disease
Produced by normal body processes andenvironmental factors such as ultraviolet light, airpollution and tobacco smoke
Free radicals are highly unstable due to unpaired
electrons and are often damaging.
Antioxidants stabilize free radicals and protectagainst oxidative stress.
Cognitive performance, aging, cancer, arthritis,cataracts and heart disease may be protectedwith antioxidants.
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Defending against Cancer
Antioxidants may protect DNA.
Fruits and vegetables have antioxidants
such as vitamin C and beta-carotene.
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Defending against Heart Disease
Fruits and vegetables strengthenantioxidant defenses against LDLoxidation.
Vitamin E defends against LDL oxidation,inflammations, arterial injuries and bloodclotting.
Vitamin C may protect against LDLoxidation, raises HDL, lowers totalcholesterol and improves blood pressure.
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Food, Supplements, or Both?
Food and diet
Reduce saturated or trans-fat
Select foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
Fruits and vegetables offer antioxidants among other
vitamins and minerals. High in whole grains and low in refined grains
Exercise, control weight and eliminate smoking toprevent disease.
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Food, Supplements, or Both?
Supplements
Not enough data to confirm benefits ofsupplements only
Contents of supplements are limiting
Still need research to define optimum anddangerous levels with supplements
At high levels, supplements may act asprooxidants.
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Food, Supplements, or Both?
High-antioxidant foods
Fruitspomegranates, berries and citrus
Vegetableskale, spinach and Brusselssprouts
Grainsmillet and oats
Legumespinto beans and soybeans
Nuts- walnuts
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