11/8/13 bellringer: test mistakes finish sugar, salt, fat - discuss begin enzymes notes homework:...

11/8/13

Bellringer: Test Mistakes

Finish Sugar, Salt, Fat - Discuss Begin Enzymes Notes

Homework: Read Biology Book 5.5 – 5.8 Summarize 2+ sentences each section

Test Mistakes

Find 4 mistakes you made on the test

Answer the question correctly and explain the mistake that you made

Title Your Notes: ENZYMES

11/13/13 Bellringer: Affect vs. Effect

Go Over HW

Continue Enzyme Notes

Affect vs. Effect

Write down the two equations below

Affect = Impact

Effect = Results

Affect or Effect???

1) Beckie’s hair was ___________ by the rain

2) The _________ of the rain on Jessica’s hair was eye-popping!

3) How does temperature ________ water cohesion?

4) What is the ____________ of changing the temperature of the water?

11/14/13 Goals Revisited…

Goals RevisitedGoals Revisited Revisiting Goals from Week #1 of School

Annotate where necessary

Are some goals already completed? Are some goals impossible (can be

adjusted) Can some goals be elevated?

Lets come up with a Standard to annotate our goals.

Completed? Too hard? Too easy? Switching plans?

Chemical Reactions/Enzymes Example:

H + O2 → H2Oreactants product

Chemical Reactions/Enzymes Energy: The ability to do “work” There are many forms of energy, but they all do the

same thing, which is make atoms move faster! Energy Types: Sound, heat, light, motion

Cells are constantly carrying out any number of chemical reactions that involve energy

Chemical Reactions: any bodily reaction that leads to the formation or destruction of chemical bonds You start with reactants, and you end with products Energy either gets released or stored

Chemical Reactions/Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical

reactions in cells Catalyst: something that speeds up a

chemical reaction, but is not used up by it All chemical reactions require a certain

amount of energy to get started, called activation energy

Enzymes catalyze by lowering the amount of activation energy necessary

2 types of Chemical Rxns

1. Exergonic reaction (exothermic):

Always releases energy (and heat)

break apart molecules (break bonds)

Ex: Cellular Respiration

2 types of Chemical Rxns Cont’d

2. Endergonic reaction (endothermic):

Always absorbs or ‘stores’ energy, absorbs heat

build molecules (form bonds)

Ex: Photosynthesis

Enzymes are substrate specific, based on the shape of the enzyme

Substrate: a reactant which binds to an enzyme to start a reaction

Enzymes

Example Sucrase is an enzyme that binds to

sucrose and breaks the disaccharide into fructose and glucose.

Enzyme Names Enzyme names always end in “ASE” They are named after the sugar they break

down Ex: Sucrase breaks down sucrose, lactase

breaks down lactose

Enzymes/Active Sites

Substrates sit in the active site of an enzyme

Active site: a pocket on the surface of the enzyme that fits the substrate

Induced fit: The way the active site changes shape to "embrace" the substrate

4 Factors affect Enzyme Activity

HEAT pH Substrate Concentration Enzyme Concentration

1) Temperature MORE ENERGY = MORE MOVEMENT!

As temp increases, collisions between substrates and active sites occur more frequently as molecules move faster; thus increasing reaction rate

However, if it gets TOO hot, the enzyme changes shape (denatures)and doesn’t work anymore

1) pH Enzymes have an optimal pH too! This is because pH can change the shape

of an enzyme, thus changing its function This falls between pH 6 - 8 for most

enzymes. (except for stomach enzymes)

3) Substrate Concentration Reaction rate

increases until all enzymes are busy breaking down substrate

4) Enzyme Concentration Increasing enzyme

concentration allows more interactions with substrate molecules which increases the rate of the reaction

ATP

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) powers nearly all forms of cellular work

ATP is made of one adenine, one ribose, and three negatively charged phosphates

The energy in an ATP molecule lies in the bonds between its phosphate groups

ATP

Chemical work Mechanical work Transport work

PP

P

P

P

P

PADP

Reactants

Product

Molecule formed Protein moved Solute transported

Motorprotein

Membraneprotein Solute

ATP The bonds connecting the phosphate groups

are broken by hydrolysis Hydrolisis = EXERGONIC!!!

ATP + Water = ADP + 1 phosphate + ENERGY That energy can now be used for something else

Adenosine Triphosphate

Phosphategroup

P P P

H2O

Hydrolysis

ATP ADPRibose

Adenine

Adenosine diphosphate

P P P Energy

ATP + Water = ADP + Energy

ATP Hydrolysis can be coupled to any endergonic

reaction through phosphorylation A phosphate group is transferred from ATP to

another molecule (ex: transport protein) It brings the energy with it

Cellular work can be sustained, because ATP is a renewable resource that cells regenerate If ATP is phosphorylated, energy is added back to it

with the phosphate, and it can then restart the process

Energy fromexergonicreactions

ATP

ADP P

Energy forendergonicreactions

Hy

dro

lys

is

Ph

os

ph

oy

lati

on

Metabolism Metabolism: The thousands of chemical reactions

carried out by cells IN OTHER WORDS… Our metabolism is how fast we

go through ATP in our body If we have a high metabolism, we go through ATP fast and

use the energy from food quickly If we have a low metabolism, we go through ATP slowly, and

keep the energy from food Energy coupling: When energy released from

exergonic reactions is used to drive endergonic reactions

Bellringer Define Chemical reaction What is energy coupling? Define activation energy.

Bellringer Get out the Enzyme WS (it has the terms to

know at the top) What concepts/questions/areas are difficult

for you? If you took this quizzam today, what would

you get?

Bellringer Tell me the optimal pH range for each of the enzymes

Bellringer What topic is your group doing for today’s lab? What materials do you need?

Bellringer How many points is the bridge project worth? What is due today? What is due tomorrow? How was your break?

Bellringer Define endergonic and exergonic reaction How could you tell if a reaction was ender or

exergonic?

Bellringer Review: Define enzyme and catalyst Tell me what 2 of the graphs are telling us

Bellringer Name and briefly describe the 4 factors that

impact enzyme activity Describe what is happening in the reaction

below

H2O2 H2O + O2

Catylase

THE STRUCTURE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

The formula for Hydrogen Peroxide is H2O2

The chemical equation that peroxidase/catylase helps along is

catylase

H2O2 → H2O + O2

Bellringer Give me your definition of metabolism What are bonds “made of”? Review: Define hydrolisis