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AN OVERVIEW OF VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS
Presented by,
E.V.S.S.Vyshnavi, 14251D6514
Guided by Mr.N.Rama Krishna,Assistant professor.
ACRONYMSMANET-Mobile Ad-Hoc network
VANET-Vehicular Ad-Hoc network
DSRC-Dedicated short range communications
WAVE-wireless access for vehicular communications
DSDV-Destination sequence distance vector
EBGR-Edge based greedy routing
DTN-Delay tolerant Network
Non-DTN-Non Delay tolerant Network
1/30
Cont..
GPSR- Greedy stateless perimeter routing
FSR- Fisheye state routing
ADOV- Ad-hoc On-demand DistanceVector
DSR- Dynamic source routing
2/30
CONTENTS
Introduction
Vehicular ad-hoc networks
Standards
Network architecture
Characteristics
Routing protocols
Difference between topology and position based protocols
Simulation parameters
Conclusion and future scope3/30
INTRODUCTIONAd-hoc does not relay on any pre existing infrastructure.
Each node participates in routing .
Ad –hoc network is dynamic in nature .
Multiple ‘nodes’ connected by ‘link’.
4/30Fig 1: Ad-hoc network
Cont..Main application is “MANET” [2].
Continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less
network.
One of the main application is “VANET” [1].
5/30
Fig 2: MANET
Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (“VANET”)
Communication between vehicles and roadside
equipment.
Mobile nodes-Vehicles.
Different types of communication
Vehicle to vehicle communication
Vehicle to road side communication
6/30
Standards DSRC
Spectrum-5.9 Mhz Band width- 75Mhz Modulation – OFDM,2-PSK,4-PSK Coverage area – 1000mts (max)
WAVE Spectrum-5.9Ghz Bandwidth -10MHz
8/31
Network architecture Pure ad hoc networkCellular networkHybrid network
Fig 4:Pure ad hoc network
9/31
Characteristics of VANET’sHigh mobilityRapidly changing network topologyUnbounded network sizeFrequent exchange of informationTime criticalSufficient energyBetter physical protection
11/31
Routing protocols
VANET’s
Unicast Broadcast Multicast/geocast Cluster
•Based on the routing information ,the routing protocols are
classified into
12/31
Fig 7 : classification of routing protocols
Unicast routing protocols
Fundamental operation – route from source-to-destination.
Fig 8:Unicast routing 13/31
Cont..The unicast routing protocols are classified as
Unicast
Topology based Position based
proactive Reactive
DSDV,FSR ADOV,DSR
DTN Non -DTN
GPSR,EBGR
14/30
Fig 9: classification of unicast routing protocols
Topology based routing protocols
Every node have
Routing tables for storing link information.
Global topology information.
Updated frequently
15/30
i.Proactive routing protocols
These are also known as table driven protocols.
Routing table – updates when there is change .
The shortest path algorithms are used to find out which
route is chosen.
16/30
DSDV: Destination sequence distance vector routing protocol [1] [5]
First routing protocol
Table contains
Shortest distance
First node on the shortest path
Routes to the destination is readily available at every node at
all times.
Destination no. Next node no. Distance Sequence number
17/30
Fig 10 : Table format of node
Cont…
Exchange of tables between nodes at regular intervals.
Table updates are of two types :
Incremental updatesFull dumps
18/30
19/30Fig 11 :Route establishment in DSDV
Dest Next node Distance Seq no
2 2 1 22
3 2 2 26
4 5 2 32
5 5 1 134
6 6 1 144
7 2 3 162
8 5 3 170
9 2 4 186
10 6 2 142
11 6 3 176
12 5 3 190
13 5 4 198
14 6 3 214
15 5 4 256
Table 1 :routing table for node 1
Routes all destinations are available
Change in local topology
N
Y
Forward the packets
start
Forward the packets
updates are initiated by destination with sequence no,.
If seq. no >
previous one
A
A
Table is either updated or holds it for best metric
NReject the
packet
Forward the packets to destination
Y
Fig 12:Flow chart of DSDV protocol
20/30
ii. Position based protocols
Routing decisions - geographic position of the vehicles.
This does not require establishment or maintenance of routes.
Requires location services to determine the position of the
destination.
Every node continuously sends beacon packets.
There are two types
◦ DTN
◦ Non – DTN
21/30
Cont..
Non- DTN
Mindelay protocols.
EBGR: Edge based greedy routing algorithm [1] [4]
Used for unicast and broad cast.
Optimize packet behavior.
22/30
Cont..
The EBGR algorithm has three basic functional units.
The Neighbor Node Identification (NNI)
The Node Direction Identification (NDI)
The Edge node Selection (ENS)
Distance calculation (DC)
Direction of motion identification (DMI)
Reckoning Link Stability(RLS)
23/30
Difference between topology and position based routing protocols
24/30
Table 2 : Difference between topology and position based routing protocols
i. Throughput
• Compared to DSDV,EBGR have better performance
26/30
EBGR
DSDV
Fig 14: Throughput Vs no. of packets
ii. End to End Delay
•Overall delay is more in EBGR compared to DSDV DSDV
EBGR
Fig 15: End to End delay Vs no. of packets
iii . Packet delivery ratio
27/30
DSDV
EBGR
•Packet delivery ratio is efficient in EBGR compared to DSDV
Fig 16: Packet delivery ratio Vs no. of packets
Challenging issues in VANET’sTechnical challenges
i. Network management
ii. Congestion and collision control
iii. Environmental impact
iv. Security
Social and economic challenges
28/30
Conclusion
In VANET’s , the description of architecture , protocols and
simulation results of unicast protocols of vehicular ad hoc networks,
followed by the characteristics the implementation of applications at
present and in future are discussed.
29/30
Future scope
•Efficiency of routing protocols will be improved.
Security of vehicles , communication will be improved to larger
extent.
VANET cloud is another technology which will be used in VANET’s
30/30
References
[1] Venkatesh, A Indra, R Murali “Routing Protocols for Vehicular Adhoc
Networks (VANETs): A Review” –IEEE journal “Journal of Emerging Trends in
Computing and Information Sciences "an 2014
[2] http://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_3/5_May2013/V3I5-0267.pdf
[3] “Parametric Analysis Of Vanet’s Routing Protocols” . International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 Issue 7, July - 2013 .
[4] “ Efficient Packet Forwarding Approach in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Using EBGR Algorithm” . IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues,
Vol. 7, Issue 1, No. 3, January 2010
[5] C.Shiva ram murthy and B.S.Manoj “Ad hoc networks and wireless sensor
networks “.
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