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TwoSues
Reading Pictures Exploring Visual Literacy
Hertfordshire Schools Library Service Thursday 13th October 2011
Inspiring and practical training for school libraries
Visual Literacy
Human beings first attempts at passing information on to future generations took the form of paintings.
The oldest known cave painting is that of the Chauvet Cave, dating to around 30,000 BC
From Cave Paintings
To early script in the form ofhieroglyphics
The Ancient Egyptians along with many others told stories in pictures
Through hand written Illuminated manuscripts
To Gutenberg and the printing press
Trace the development from pictures to words and pictures to
today when....
“All of us are watchers - of television, of time clocks, of traffic on the freeway - but few of us are observers. Everyone is looking, not many are seeing." - Peter M. Leschak
Video
Visual messages are all around us
In the form of ...
Books
Magazines
Websites
Videos/Computer Games
Diagrams
earth
moon orbit`searth
last (third)quarter
gibbous moon
full moon
gibbous moon
first quarter
crescent
new moon
crescent
waning Moon
waxing Moon
SUN
Documentaries
Printed Or electronic
Fiction Or Non-Fiction
Books with things to do
Three dimensional pop up books
Three dimensional objects
itius.net
Paintings
Maps
Today the ratio of visual image to text is increasing...
We no longer expect pupils to be inspired by this.......
Book pages are now presented like web pages
The same with Newspapers
Light reading in 1908
The world pupils inhabit has become increasingly visual
‘Young people learn more than half of what they know from visual information, but few schools have an explicit curriculum to show students how to think critically about visual data.’
Mary Alice White, researcher at Columbia Teachers’ College
So what do we mean by Visual Literacy ?
glendabaker.net
Visual Literacy
Visual literacy is the ability to interpret, negotiate, and make meaning from information presented in the form of an image. Visual literacy is based on the idea that pictures can be “read” and that meaning can be communicated through a process of reading.John Debes, co-founder of the International Visual Literacy Association, 1969 (Wikipedia 2010)
• Words are used to recall things we have seen and experienced
• Different parts of the brain are used when we are exposed to words and pictures
• Combination of visuals and text increases comprehension
Draw a cat
Civet cat
Children are increasingly dependent on visual images as a way of learning
Many children find it easier to visualise images rather than read words
TV, film, computer games are a bigger part of their lives than the written word
As a result are more visually literate
Who benefits from including visual images ?
• Special needs• English as a second
language• Visual learners• Reluctant readers
and learners• Boys• In fact, most people!
So visual literacy has become more important
• Visual images are becoming a predominate form of communication
• Pupils need to be able to make critical judgements when looking at and using images
• There are no guide lines to help interpret images the meaning results from the context
“Our students must learn to process both words and pictures. To be visually literate they must learn to “read” (consume and interpret) images and write (produce and use) visually rich communications” Frey Nancy and Douglas Fisher
It is important that pupils learn to question images in the same way they question written
text.
Seeing cannot always be believing
Developing critical thinking skills through images
• Pupils are able to interpret images on a literal level• The higher order thinking skills of analyzing,
synthesizing, and interpreting the image does not come naturally
• To do this the viewer must be helped to develop the necessary abstract thinking skills
Goldstone 1989
Thinking Skills in the National Curriculum
• Information processing• Reasoning skills• Enquiry skills• Creative thinking skills• Evaluation skills
Department for Children, Schools & Families 2009
• What happened ?• Who were the people involved ?• When did it happen ?• Where did it happen ?• Why did it happen ?• How did it happen?Answers bring up more questions i.e. What were the motives ? What
influenced those involved? What were the consequences of their decisions?
Objective Questions – dates, places, namesSubjective Questions- opinion – motives, influences
Using the 5 Ws (&H) at all levels
Using Pictures to Encourage Questioning Skills
In groups – have a look at the picture and ask as many questions as you can about itWhat do you know ? What do you want to find out?
Now look at all your questions:1. Which 3 questions are most interesting to
you ?2. If you were a newspaper reporter, which 3
questions do you think are the most important ? Why ?
3. How would you find out the answers to your questions?
Images can be manipulative
ScaleFrameDimensionDepthBackground/ForegroundColour
LightJuxtaposition of imagesPerspectiveLocationSize of items
The way the image is presented affects themessage the creator wishes to impart
Questions that need to be asked when studying images
• What message are the images trying to convey?
• Do you agree with the way the message is being depicted?
• Where has the information come from?• What has been left out?• What is the relationship between the image
and the text?• What effect does the size of the images have?
Interpreting the image
Caption 1:On a hot summer day in 1947, these spectators watch the final moments of a tense baseball game. Some fans are yelling in disapproval at the umpire because they don’t like the decision.
Interpreting the image
Caption 2:Entertainer Paul Robeson sings to labourers working at the racially integrated Moore Shipyards in Oakland, California on 21st September 1942.
Interpreting the image
Caption 3:A mournful crowd gathers to watch the funeral procession of Dr. Martin Luther King, Junior, drive past.
Interpreting the imageDid it seem that all the captions could fit the image or did some make more sense than others ?
Did hearing three captions about the same image make it more confusing to figure out what was really happening ? Why or why not ?
Words can sway how we think about the picture. Captions help us “pin down” meaning. Captions and our own expectations influence what we see or read into an image.
The right caption was: Entertainer Paul Robeson singing to labourers
How can visual images help literacy
• Stimulates creativity and inspires children to write their own stories
• Develops empathy • Encourages children to explore texts further by
making information or stories more accessible• Develops social and cultural awareness• Develops thinking and questioning skills
Inspire creativity
Close up images can inspire poetryhaikus are a “close-up”
Copper Coin
Ball point nib
Knife blade
Use images to develop pupils’ social and cultural knowledge
Cartoons canhighlight topical subjects for discussion
Gerald Scarfe depicts Prince Charles as a genetically modified weed
Why?
Background knowledge is needed
Bad
Bad news I’m afraid Adam
you’re a monkey!
monkey Would you Adam and Eve it? Adam and Eve it
Cultural knowledge is assumed
Charles Darwin
Chris Riddell
Use images to pass on personal information and develop self
awareness
Based on a Victorian parlour game, each contributor described themselves with
images of their favourite things.
Donald Urquhart
Emma Chichester Clarke
Mary Fedden
Eric Clapton
Add LVS work on this
What are you like ?
• Helps get to know new pupils• Helps pupils to analyse themselves• Less threatening than “write about yourself” –
children can be given the option• Anthony Browne says “everyone can draw!”• Great joint project with Art department• What would you draw ?
Using film
• Children spend a lot of time watching TV and film this is not going to change so we need to tap into this resource
• Sequencing, predicting, recounting, supposition• Music, light, sound and colour create mood• The camera is the eye of the viewer, angles, close
ups, long shots resting on details all in form the viewer and add atmosphere
• What are your reactions ?• What adjectives would you use to
describe the couple driving, the policeman ?
• Work in small groups to write bullet points for what happens next
• Could form the basis of a lesson in which students develop their ideas into a piece of creative writing
“The Motorist” film from BFI with activity:
Write a sentence explaining what you think the film is about – how do your interpretations differ
link
Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley
Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley
Need the rest of these slides
Graphic novels & comic booksin the curriculum
• All use 'sequential art’ frames with speech bubbles• Cinematic format reflects film and computer games • Have visual ‘permanence’ unlike film, time moves at the
pace of the reader• Manga originated in Japan and subversively reads from right
to left from back to front which appeals to pupils• No longer seen as controversial a growing number are
suitable for children (list of publishers and titles in pack)
Comics, Graphic Novels and
Manga
One of the earlier graphic
novels
Will Eisner coined the phrase ‘graphic novel 'in
1978 to describe his collection of short stories
‘A contact with God’
•
Graphic Artists Sid Jacobson and Ernie Colon produced a version of ‘9/11
Commission Report’ as a comic book
Jacobson maintained ‘the
graphic art format helps
people particularly
younger readers, to grasp what
happened’
Marjane Satrapi’s Graphic Novel
‘Persepolis’ gave her the freedom to
tell a wider audience her tale
of revolution in Iran
Words and pictures help to make more difficult texts accessible
‘Self Made Hero’ has produced Manga versions
of Shakespeare’s plays
‘It is a very visual medium. We thought that Manga would work well with Shakespeare because he wrote the stories to be played out on a stage rather than just read aloud. Manga brings that visual element into play’
Emma Hayley Self Made Hero
Classical Stories
Biographies
Classic Crime
‘I was chatting to one of our less able Y10 boys a few days ago, and he starting discussing a ‘Midsummer Nights Dream’ throwing in references to the characters, plot, etc. This surprised me (especially since he's not in a group which 'does‘ Shakespeare) , but turns out he got the info and interest - if not a love for Will from reading Gaiman's 'Sandman' comics.’
Adrian Thompson
Evidence from one school librarian
Outlaw: The Legend of Robin
HoodWritten by Tony
Lee Illustrated by Sam Hart
Now there are Graphic Novels to suit both boys
and girls of all ages
Glister Series by Andi Watson
Increased interest in reading
Increase literacy in all senses
Ability to discuss art and writing
Create interest in a variety of literary
genre and range of topics
Increased understanding of popular culture
Development of language skills and
vocabulary
Understanding meaning in visual
phenomena
Graphic Novelsnow have a valid
place in the Library!
• Invite staff from local comic book shop to give a talk• Have a session with an artist drawing Manga • Compare a graphic version with original work of literature• Organise a book talk around your collection• Get pupils involved in selection of new titles, start a discussion
on censorship• Start a Graphic Novel book group• Pupils produce their own comic book. There are free online
websites - makebeliefscomix.com• Invent your own super hero reflects classical heroes from the
past on - heromachine
How to Exploit Your Collection
Manga deals with almost every theme imaginable, not just sci-fi and fantasy.’
Manga is linked to the Japanese animation style known as ‘Anime’...
drawn animation which will be familiar to pupils from film and TV Excellent introduction to Japanese
culture
Using Picture Books
An illustrated book is one in which the words provide the story which is
only decorated by the illustrations
Either a wordless story told only in pictures or one in which pictures and
words work together
A picture book is one in which pictures play a significant role in the
telling of the story
• Printed word and pictures together are effective when telling stories and delivering information
• Use across the curriculum • Use when introducing a new topic so add to book
boxes • Pictures can be read on lots of different levels so
have something for all ages and abilities
“What is the use of a book” thought Alice “without pictures”
http://www.epbcii.org/
Other languages and cultures
War and Peas
A simple explanation of sustainability
George saves the world by lunchtime
Geography
Scan of George saves the world by lunchtime – children to write down everything they find and what they would do with it
"Learning how to
look is a skill we
don't value highly
enough.
“These are not books to be left behind as we grow older. I would like to encourage the act of looking.”
Picture books are special. They are not like anything else. The best ones leave a tantalising gap between the pictures and the text— a gap that is filled by the reader’s imagination.’
Paintings on the walls tell another part of the story
Jokes or surrealist elements in background always have a relevance to the story
Ordinary objects morph into fantastic ones
Use of cinematic icons such as King Kong and Marilyn Monroe
Paintings on the walls tell another part of the story
• Get paintings from Hertfordshire art collection Escher to complement Anthony Brown
• Use Picture This and also get pictures from Herts if possible
• References to art, culture, and ideas enrich the story and make his books ideal for opening conversations
• Ask the question ‘What is surrealism?’• Talk about the symbolism• There are many different ways to interpret the stories the
pictures often telling a different story from the words thus developing the imagination
• A sophisticated level of humour, characterization and plot mean the books appeal to children and adults
Skills Developed
End of Anthony Browne
Picture This
‘Blake's drawings have taken Rosen's personal text and made it universal, a template for grief and recovery’Guardian
Example of the Power of Words and Pictures
• How do the pictures make you feel?• Cartoonish pictures soften what is a very emotional subject• Sadness is depicted in four drawings where the background
gets greyer and greyer until suddenly it’s raining.• Beneath a drawing of him smiling the statement 'This is me
being sad’• Make comparison between the words and the pictures
How Blake Interprets Rosen’s Sadness
The Heart and the Bottle
The Heart in the Bottle
Picture
Link to app ad –
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wc3fghSJvBM
Alice app
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gew68Qj5kxw&NR=1
An Amusing Slant on Nature
Frank and funny. Takes young children, skipping and whooping, out from under the gooseberry bush.Independent
"This is a picture book for the twenty-first century child: visually and emotionally sophisticated, accessible, and inspired." --ALA Booklist
“Gaiman has one creepy imagination, and his goose bump-inducing tale is given full visual throttle by McKean’s illustrations”Independent
There are sneaking, creeping, crumpling noises coming from
inside the walls’
Lucy’s fears are
ignored by her family
It is atmospheric, sinister, scary
and funny
Use of photography,
painting, drawing and
collage
USING STORIES WITH NO WORDS
Benefit of no words
• Pupils have to look for visual clues to create a meaningful story line
• This requires sophisticated thinking and develops imagination.
• Experience has to be read in the pictures so a need to engage and get involved emotionally
The homely and familiar The new and strange
Shaun Tan The Arrival
• Get pupils to write their interpretation of the story• Use the illustrations to explore narrative structure• Think about what happened before the story begins• For PSHE start a discussion on poverty and wealth• Speech bubble the narrative• Tell the story from the point of view of different
characters• Make a play of the story
Ideas for the Arrival
Opens Discussion On Many Levels
• Inspired by Raymond Briggs ‘Snowman’• Deals with the problem of ‘belonging’• No text so no guidance like a new immigrant with
no language or knowledge of customs• Opens discussion on new realities – a new school,
job, relationship or country• Set out in same format as Graphic Novel
• Discuss what medium has been used - watercolour, pen and ink, collage etc...
• How has the artist created mood with colours and light• How are the images placed on the page• Read the story without showing pictures and get pupils to
draw their ‘mind pictures’• How has illustration changed over the years? • Research an illustrator• Compare books across the age range• More ideas at Book Trust ‘Big Picture’ and ‘House of
Illustration
Ideas for Using Picture Books
• Short listed books form backbone of good collection of picture books and illustrated texts
• Website offers help in analysing picture books• Local and national involvement• In school voting creates interest in illustration• In school competitions – bookmarks, posters• http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/greenaway
Kate Greenaway Award
Using Non-Fiction texts
• Use non fiction picture books with all ages to present new topics
• Printed word and pictures used together can be very effective at delivering information
• Helps pupils grasp the essence of more complex subjects by working from simpler examples
• Make use of factual comic books and manga• Include in book boxes
Maps and Diagrams
Imagine you are a giant looking
down into your bedroom or
kitchen draw a map – you
have to ‘visualise’ to do this
Finding your way round the library
• Examples of non fiction text books
http://www.squidoo.com/teachingwithpicturebooks#module16222962
Non-Fictiontexts
Online resources
Maths uses visual images all the time
And Science
Body and Movement
Anatomy and Health
IDEas slide
• Book boxes for curriculum topics – include graphic novels and picture books
• Publicise visual aspect of your stock • Deliver INSET• Leaflets ?
• End of morning 15 mins short as at 15.8
Afternoon activities
• Watson & the shark followed by group exercise using picture from Herts collection
• The shape Game• Finish with Harris Burdock pictures – groups
read out stories• Plenary
Using works of art
Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley
4 slides to go in here from previous presentation
Watson and the Shark by John Singleton Copley
• Ideas on using paintings • Information on the Herts Art collection• Information on Ashmolean Museum and
National Gallery Take One Picture
Using images to stimulate imagination and curiosity
• “Picture This” gives excellent examples of what you can do
• Opportunity to use lots of books in your library which are not often used. Try setting quizzes round any non-fiction books with pictures
• Have a bit of fun!
• Every picture tells a story!• Each group has an illustration• What is your story ? 10 mins
– Characters, feelings, actions ?• Storytelling
Create Your Story
Using visual inspiration to create a story
Resources
• Booktrust• House of Illustration• The Big Picture• Carnegie/Greenaway Shadowing• Anthony Browne• JISC resources – echalk, scran ?
Publishers and Useful Links
• www.scholastic.com/graphix• http://titanbooks.com/home/uk - Titan Books• http://www.selfmadehero.com/ - Self Made Hero • http://www.classicalcomics.com/index.html - graphic novel adaptations of classic literature• http://www.tokyopop.com/ - TokyoPop• http://www.viz.com/ - Viz Media major publisher of manga in English who give age appropriate signs• http://www.koyagi.com/Libguide.html - Resources for librarians• http://www.ugo.com/channels/comics/heromachine2/heromachine2.asp - Hero machine - make your own superheros• http://www.makebeliefscomix.com/Drawing - Makebeliefsscomix - Make your own comic• http://www.comicsresearch.org/genres.html - Research on comics and graphic novels• http://graphicnovelreporter.com/ - Graphic Novel Reporter • http://www.comicbookresources.com/ - News about comics and graphic novels • http://www.noflyingnotights.com/• http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/literacy/findresources/graphicnovels/index.asp - creating your own graphic novels• http://www.grovel.org.uk/
Bibliography• Reading is Fundamental, Tips for Looking at Picture Books in the Classroom
http://www.rif.org/parents/tips/tip.mspx?View=61• Shadowing Site – Carnegie/Greenaway Medals, - www.ckg.org.uk, • Youngman, Angela, Inspiring Interest in Literature with Manga - www.teachingexpertise.com• Mary Purdon, Lessons from Anthony Browne• Julia Bartel, Graphic Novels for Kids, Tweens and Teens• Madelyn Travis, Extending Storytelling Boundaries• Librarian’s Guide to Manga http://www.koyagi.com/Libguide.html• Paul Gravett, Manga Sixty Years of Japanese Comics• Scott McCloud (1994) Understanding Comics • Mel Gibson, Graphic Novels Across the Curriculum - http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/literacy/findresources/graphicnovels/section/intro.asp • Google Images• Learning Live – Visual Literacy
http://www.learninglive.co.uk/teachers/primary/literacy/materials/visual_literacy/index.asp • Image of cloud - - www.imdchennai.gov.in/local_wx_fcst.htm• The Big Picture - www.bigpicture.org.uk• Booktrust - www.booktrust.org.uk/Home• House of Illustration – www.houseofillustration.org.uk
Bibliography• The Big Picture ‘Looking at Books’ www.bigpicture.org.uk• Bowkett, Steve ‘ Countdown to Non-Fiction Writing’, Routledge 2010• Buzan, Tony ‘Buzan’s iMindmap’ 2010• Carel Press: Great Library Ideas, 2008• Copley, John Singleton: Watson and the Shark (1777-1778)• Department for Children, Schools & Families, http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/, accessed 26/4/09• Frey Nancy and Douglas Fisher ‘Teaching Visual Literacy’ Corwin Press 2008• Dodo image www.justmauritius.net• Google Images• Hopson, Ingrid, “Transition from Year 6 to Year 7”• House of Illustration – www.houseofillustration.org.uk • Mary Glasgow Magazines – ‘Bonjour’ (French) & ‘Schuss’ (German)• National Gallery of Art (Washington) website - http://www.nga.gov/home.htm• Picture This - http://museumca.org/picturethis/caption.html• Reading is Fundamental – www.rif.org/• Scarfe, Gerald Heros and Villains• Shadowing Site – Carnegie/Greenaway Medals, www.ckg.org.uk, accessed May 2010• Youngman,Angela “Inspiring interest in literature with Manga” www.teachingexpertise.com• Wormworks - Helen Cooper’s speeches and articles www.wormworks.com
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