19 grammar i and ii

Chapter 19 Grammar, Parts I and II

Subjunctive Mood

• A mood is the way a verb is used in the sentence:– a fact is indicative– a command is imperative– an exhortation, wish, or possibility is subjunctive

Present Subjunctive1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th esse

parem moneam regam capiam audiam sim

pares moneas regas capias audias sis

paret moneat regat capiat audiat sit

paremus moneamus regamus capiamus audiamus simus

paretis moneatis regatis capiatis audiatis sitis

parent moneant regant capiant audiant sint

Exercise 19.1

1. uoco, uocare2. dormio, dormire3. defendo, defendere4. festino, festinare5. facio, facere6. studeo, studere7. adsum, adesse

Present Subjunctive Translations

• Basic translation is ‘may ____’• In a main clause, it can be translated 3 ways:

amemus1. let us love (exhortation)

2. may we love! (wish)3. we may love (possibility)

Exercise 19.3 #1-2

1. fortiter pugnemus.2. ne fugiamus.

Imperfect Subjunctive

parare monēre regere capere audire esse

pararem monerem regerem caperem audirem essem

parares moneres regeres caperes audires esses

pararet moneret regeret caperet audiret esset

pararemus moneremus regeremus caperemus audiremus essemus

pararetis moneretis regeretis caperetis audiretis essetis

pararent monerent regerent caperent audirent essent

Translate as ‘might ___’

Purpose Clauses

• The subjunctive is typically used in subordinate clauses

• These are usually introduced with ut (positive) or ne (negative)

collem ascendimus ut templum uideamus.

festinamus ne sero adueniamus.

Exercise 19.4 #1-3

1. festinamus ut te adiuuemus.2. Horatius Delphos iter facit ut Apollinis fanum

(shrine) uideat.3. homines ab omnibus partibus Graeciae

Delphos ueniunt ut dei oracular petant.

Indirect Commands

• This is the report of a command• Introduced with ut/ne

pater puero imperat ut domum redeat.

magister pueris imperauit ne luderent.

Exercise 19.9 #1-4

1. mater filiae imperauit ne in uia luderet.2. filia matrem rogauit ut se ad forum duceret.3. mater filiam iussit in casa manere et se

iuuare.4. puella patri persuadet ut se ad forum ducat.

Exercise 19.10 #1-2

1. Horatius “Delphos mecum ueni, Pompei,” inquit.

2. Horatius Pompeium excitauit et “surge, Pompei,” inquit.

Sequence of Tenses

• A quick word about the sequence of tenses (more in Part III):– Present and Imperfect subjunctives make the

subordinate clause happen at the same time as the main clause.

Exercise Translations

19.3.1: Let us fight bravely.19.3.2: Let us not flee. or May we not flee.19.4.1:We are hurrying so that we may help you.19.4.2:Horatius makes a journey to Delphi so that he may see the shrine of Apollo.19.4.3: Men come from all parts of Greece so that they may seek the oracles of the god.19.9.1: Mother ordered the daughter not to play in the street.19.9.2: The daughter asked the mother to take her to the forum.19.9.3: Mother ordered the daughter to remain in the house and to help her.19.9.4: The girl persuades the father to take her to the forum.