1.explain how the following scientist opened the way to a brave new world: the microscopic world…

1.Explain how the following scientist opened the way to a brave new world:

THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD….

Van Leeuwenhoek

First to record a microscopic Observation! Witnessed many small things that had never been seen, and wouldn’t be seen again for 2 centuries..Including bacteria, protist, teeth scrappings, and sperm.

Drawings of spermCells as seen by

Leeuwenhoek

Cartoon Illustrating how

Microscopic Observations Impacted 19th

Century London.

ROBERT HOOKE

Created the first microscope!

Observed a thin slice of cork cells

Viewed the cell walls

Named them cells

ROBERT BROWN

Discovered a dark mass in the center of the cell. Named it the nucleus.

Schleiden

Discovered thatALL parts of thePlant were made Of cells..Not just

Cork!

Schwann

German zoologist

Discovered that

All parts of an

Animal were made up of cells.

VIRCHOW

Russian scientist that first observed mitosis.

Learned that cells come from other cells.

2. Explain why the cell is considered the smallest biological entity:

The cell is the smallest structure that retains all the qualifications for live.

3. List the three parts of the current cell theory:

All living things are made of cells.

The cell is the basic unit of life!

Cells come from other cells!

4. Differentiate the two types of cells that are actually found in nature:

Prokaryotic cells

Ancient cellType. Evolved

Without aNucleus.

BacteriaAre the onlyRemainingExamples.

Eukaryotic cells

More modern cells. Evolved WITH A NUCLEUS!

All living things on earth today except for bacteria, are composed of eukaryotic cells.

How do you know??

5. Draw, color, and label the following example of a prokaryotic cell:

6. DRAW AND COLOR THE FOLLOWING

EXAMPLES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS:

Skin cell.Shaped like a

Jig-saw puzzlePiece for strong

Interlocking Action.

Locks together toForm skin.

Muscle cell.Constructed of protein.

Designed to change shape: contractAnd stretch out: in order to cause

Movement.

Bone cell.Diamond shaped

For strength.Living osteocyteFound embedded

In a ground Substance of Calcium andPhosphates.

Red Blood Cells, called Erythrocytes, are round in shape.

This allows them to travel throughThe blood vessels without getting

Stuck.

Sperm cells.Unique shapeLike a tadpole.It has a flagella

This shapeIs importantBecause the Cell has to

Swim.

The Nerve Cell!Branched Dendrites collect electrical impulses, and the forked axon endings transmit the impulse to the next nerve cell.

7. What is the Cell Membrane?

(3)

A specialized plasma membrane that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment.Genetically designed for a specific shape so the cell can do a specific job.

Uses membrane proteins to control what enters and what leaves the cell

8. Explain the role of the

nucleus or the nucleoid area.

The nucleus is found in eukaryotic cells. It has a special plasma membrane called the nuclear envelop that surrounds it. It houses and protects the chromosomes from chemical reactions that are occurring within the cytoplasm.

The nucleoid area is a generalized part of the cytoplasm where the chromosome can be found.

The nucleoid area offers NO protection because there is not that much going on within the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell.

9. Describe the composition of the cytoplasm:

a.A sticky semi-fluid substance made of water and dissolved nutrients.

b.Particles that have been brought in from the outside.

c.Membrane-bound worksites

10. How does the cell use the

plasma membrane?

(a) To form a boundary between the inside and the outside.

(b) To subdivide the cytoplasm into isolated worksites.

11. Explain the following analogy:

The human body is really like a big

city.

The human body is made up of many DIFFERENT kinds of cells, all doing specific jobs, to keep the human body healthy.

12. How does the human body

grow?

The human body grows by creating new cells.

You get bigger because the body has produced MORE cells.

13. How big are cells?

Microscopic

Why is it necessary that they remain this size:

The cell must move nutrients in and waste out by diffusion. Thus, the cell could not maintain itself if it were bigger.

14. What are Organelles?

Isolated worksites, surrounded by a plasma membrane.

15. Why was the evolution of organelles necessary?

(three points:a,b,c)

a.)Various chemical reactions were going on inside the cytoplasm.

b)They were interfering with each other.

c)The cell closed off each worksite with a plasma membrane.

16. Identify the JOB of the following eukaryotic organelles found in animal cells:

Cell membrane

Job:

To control what enters andLeaves the cell.

Cytoplasm

Job:

To provide a site for theLife support systems of the

Cell to function.

Nucleus

Job:

Protect the chromosomes!

Nucleolus

Job:

Manufacture Ribosomes.

Chromosomes:

Job:

A “READ-ONLY” storageFacility for genetic instruction.

Ribosomes

Job:

To assemble strains of aminoAcids into various proteins

Needed by the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Job:

To transport the assembled Protein from the ribosome to

The Golgi body.

Golgi Body

Job:

To sort and package the newProteins into transport vesicles

So they can be moved out of theCell.

Lysosome

Job:

Contains digestive enzymes Which dissolve any and all

Substances brought inside the cell

Peroxisomes:

Job:

To digest proteins and fattyAcids, and convert the hydrogen

Peroxide that is created intoWater and oxygen.

Transport Vesicles

Job

Like shuttle buses. They moveMaterials to and from the nucleus

And cell membrane.

Mitochondria

Job

To slowly tear apart the sugar Molecule and transfer the energyTo small ATP carrier molecules.

Vacuoles

Job

Storage of food, water, or waste

Cytoskeleton

Job

Protein framework of the cell.Moves things around inside theCell, and even moves the cell

Itself.

17. Describe the following eukaryotic cells found in PLANTS:

Plastids:

Describe:

Used for sugar production and Storage

Central Vacuole

•Describe

Largest organelle in a plant cell.Stores Water and other nutrients.

Provides the water pressureNecessary for Turger.

Cell Wall

Describe:

Rigid structure. Gives the plantCell shape , and protects the cell

From losing or gaining too muchWater.

Glyoxisomes

Describe

Found in seeds. Enzymes convertFats and oils to SUGAR to allow

For rapid growth of the plant Embryo.

18. Draw a picture of a nucleus and label the parts:

19. Differentiate free floating ribosomes and studded ribosomes:

Free floating ribosomes assemble proteins that are used immediately by the cell.

Studded ribosomes are on the nuclear membrane and the ER, they are carried by the ER to the golgi where they are shipped out of the cell.

20. Differentiate the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum:

Rough ER and Smooth ER are both involved in the transport of assembled proteins to the golgi; however, the Rough ER has Ribosomes attached to it and the Smooth ER does not.

21. Explain the INTERDEPENDENCE between the chromosomes, Nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi body, and thr transport vesicles in creating the cytomembrane system:

The chromosomes contain the Instructions that will tell the

Ribosomes which amino acidsTo use to make a specific

Protein.

Manufactures the ribosomesThat will assemble the protein.

Site where the amino acids areAssembled into the protein thatThe chromosome was coding

For.

Transports the newly assembledProtein from the ribosome

To the golgi.

Takes the protein from the ERAnd packages it up into

A transport vesicle for shipment

Containing the freshly loadedProtein from the golgi, it Carries the protein to the

Cell membrane for movementOut of the cell.

22. Draw and label an interior

drawing of a mitochondrion.

23. Differentiate the jobs of the two

chambers inside the mitochondria:

In the outer chamber, the sugar molecule is slowly broken down.

The christie, are electron transport chains. Here the energy is placed into the bonds of tiny ATP molecules.

24. Identify the following

specialized plant plastids:

Chloroplast:

A photosynthetic plastid. This is where the sugar molecules are assembled in a plant.

Job of the Stroma?

Fluid filled compartment where the sugar molecule

Is assembled.

What is the job of the grana?

A stack of photosyntheticthylakoid

What is the Thylakoid?

Photosynthetic pouch full of Chlorophyll. Absorbs radiant

Energy from the sun.

25. What is Chlorophyll?

A green liquid that is sensitive to sunlight. When sunlight hits it, electrons are knocked out of orbit, these moving electrons transfers the solar energy to the bonds of the sugar molecule being assembled in the stroma.

26. What are Chromoplast?

Plastids that store RED and BROWN pigments that give color to petals, flowers, fruits, and roots.

27. What are Amyloplast?

Colorless plastids that store Starch granules.

28. Central Vacuole:

Draw a picture of a plant cell showing the central vacuole:

List two reasons why the function of the central vacuole

is critical for the plant:

A.The water that is stored in the central vacuole is used in the photosynthesis process. The hydrogen atoms are used to assemble the sugar molecule:

Remember? C6H12O6

b. The water provides PRESSURE that

causes the plant to stand up. This is called

TURGER.

In a mature plant, how much of the cells interior is taken up by the central vacuole?

90%

29. Cytoskeleton:

a.What is the cytoskeleton?

An interconnected system of bundled fibers, slender threads,and lattices that extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane.

b. What are the two components of the

cytoskeleton?

JOBBundles of protein that tug and

Pull on the Cell membrane, Causing the entire cell to move.

Name:Microfilaments:

A

Job:Thin strands of protein that tugAnd pull things around within

The cytoplasm.

Name:Microtubules

B

30. Explain how the cytoskeleton is able to move things around inside the cell. 4

Microtubuless extend themselves as the ribosomes build new protein.

They attach to what ever needs moving.

Lysosomes eat away at the other end causing the microtubule to get shorter.

This causes the attached object to move.

31. Explain how the cytoskeleton is able to move the entire

cell.3

Microfilaments actively slide past one another to bring about movement.

Ex. Muscle contraction in humans.

Amoeboid motion in an amoeba.

32. Compare and contrast the flagella

and the cilia:

Flagella are long, but not very numerous. Provide movement for some protist and in animal sperm cells.

Cilia are shorter and more numerous and can provide location for free living one celled animals.

33. What are MTOC’s?

Special bundles of protein that create TEMPORARY microtubules.

Two examples: Centrioles which create spindle fibers during mitosis,

And the base of flagella and cilia

34. Cell Walls

a.What are cell walls?

Carbohydrate frameworks for mechanical support.

b. What organisms are cell walls found in?

a.Plants

b.Bacteria

c.Some protist and fungi

c. What is the Primary Cell Wall?

A pliable wall of cellulose created by a plant. Created first.d. Secondary Cell wall?

Harder rigid layers that are later added to the outside of the Primary cell wall.

e. How does the plant use Cutin, Suberin, and Waxes?

For protection from insects and water loss.

f. Describe the Plasmodesmata and explain its function:

Tunnels between adjacent plant cells that allow for movement of cytoplasm from cell to cell.

(called cytoplasmic streaming)

34. What is meant by Ground Substance?

A matrix of collagin, fibrous proteins, and carbohydrates through which molecules diffuse from cell to cell.

Example: Calcium and phosphates which create the non-living part of the bone.

35. Describe the following types of

junctions found between animal

cells.

a.TIGHT JUNCTIONS:

Tight junctions occur between cells of epithelial (skin) tissues in

which the cytoskeleton of one cell fuses with the cytoskeleton of the

next cell.

b. Adhering junctions:

Spot welds at the cell membranes of two adjacent cells that need to be held together during stretching.

Ex. Muscle cells.

c. Gap junction:

Small open channels that directly link the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. This allows for rapid transit of nutrients and signals between cells.

36. Discuss the Symbiotic Theory:

States that at some place in time, one bacteria may have engulfed another bacteria. Instead of digesting the engulfed bacteria, the two began to work together for their common good.

Evidence?

Well, both mitochondria and chloroplast have their on individual DNA and can undergo division on their own.